马拉瓜丽体鱼仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在（28±1）℃条件下对马拉瓜丽体鱼（Cichlasoma managuense）仔鱼进行饥饿试验,确定仔鱼的不可逆点（PNR）,并研究延迟投饵对仔鱼成活和生长的影响。结果显示,仔鱼在4日龄时开口摄食,进入混合营养期,持续3 d;7日龄时卵黄囊消失,进入外源营养期。初次摄食率开始时仅为15%,6日龄时的初次摄食率最高达100%,9日龄以后初次摄食率急剧下降,PNR出现在仔鱼孵出后第9至第10日龄。延迟投饵1～3 d对仔鱼的成活率影响不大,延迟投饵4 d以上仔鱼成活率明显下降。完全饥饿条件下仔鱼全长在0～8日龄为正增长,之后开始转为负增长。延迟投饵1～3 d的12日龄仔鱼全长无显著差异（P〉0.05）;延迟投饵超过4 d的仔鱼全长则有极显著差异（P〈0.01）。马拉瓜丽体鱼仔鱼的最佳投喂时间应在仔鱼开口后的3 d之内。     

不同温度下鲇仔鱼的耐饥饿特性

对鲇仔鱼在不同温度下的耐饥饿能力进行了研究。结果显示:鲇仔鱼存在混合营养期,时间持续1~2 d;仔鱼出膜后的初次摄食时间在2~3日龄;最高初次摄食率出现在卵黄囊耗尽后的1~2 d,均可达100%,持续时间1~2 d;水温23、26、29、32℃时,鲇饥饿仔鱼抵达PNR的时间分别出现在脱膜后的第9.4天、第8天、第7.5天、第6.5天,自最高初次摄食率出现至仔鱼全部死亡的时间为3~4d。与鲢、鳙、草鱼的仔鱼相比,鲇仔鱼的耐饥饿能力较差。     

乌原鲤仔鱼摄食和饥饿耐受能力研究

研究掌握乌原鲤（Procypris merus）仔鱼早期培育过程的摄食特点和饥饿耐受力，将为乌原鲤苗种规模化培育提供重要的技术支撑。本文在水温20-22 ℃条件下，选用乌原鲤初孵仔鱼进行饥饿试验，研究饥饿胁迫对乌原鲤仔鱼生长、发育、存活、卵黄囊消耗、初次摄食率以及摄食强度的影响，确定了乌原鲤仔鱼的饥饿不可逆点（PNR）。结果显示，乌原鲤仔鱼5-9日龄为混合营养期。乌原鲤仔鱼5日龄开口摄食，初次摄食率仅达15 %，8日龄仔鱼摄食率达最高水平100 %，维持7 d，19日龄达到不可逆点。饥饿胁迫对乌原鲤仔鱼全长、体长、体高、肛前长、眼径等生长指标有极显著影响（P < 0.01）。试验结果表明，乌原鲤仔鱼具有较强的饥饿耐受能力。掌握乌原鲤仔鱼初次投喂时机，提高仔鱼成活率，可为乌原鲤的大规模培育提供技术指导。     

叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

为了更好地增殖和保护叶尔羌高原鳅（Triplophysa yarkandensisa）这一塔里木河水系优势土著鱼类，拟采用实验生态法，在水温（20±1）℃条件下，利用人工孵化获得叶尔羌高原鳅初孵仔鱼进行饥饿试验，确定仔鱼的不可逆点（PNR），并研究延迟投饵对仔鱼成活和生长的影响。结果显示，叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼3日龄即开口摄食，进入混合营养期，仔鱼卵黄囊于6～7日龄消耗完毕，混合营养期维持仅为3～4 d。初次摄食点出现在3日龄时，摄食率仅为16.7%，初次摄食率最高达在7日龄，摄食率可达90%，PNR出现在仔鱼孵出后的8～9日龄。3日龄后饥饿对仔鱼卵黄吸收速度影响显著((P< 0.05)；摄食仔鱼生长呈线性增加，饥饿仔鱼生长呈现先升高后降低的趋势。叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼的最佳投喂时间应在仔鱼开口后4d之内。研究表明：叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼个体较小，对于初次摄食饵料的的选择范围较小，食谱范围窄，初孵仔鱼死亡率高，对于高原鳅属仔鱼开口饵料有待进一步开发。     

杂交鳜仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在水温（24±1）℃条件下,对翘嘴鳜（♀）×斑鳜（♂）杂交所得的杂交鳜仔鱼进行饥饿试验,确定其初次摄食饥饿不可逆点（PNR）。研究结果表明：杂交鳜仔鱼4日龄开口,此刻仔鱼卵黄囊已吸收完毕,但油球仍在,仔鱼发育进入混合营养期。7日龄仔鱼油球吸收完毕,进入外源营养期,仔鱼混合营养期仅为3d。杂交鳜仔鱼初次摄食率开始时为15%,高峰期出现在油球即将耗尽时的6日龄仔鱼,可达70%。仔鱼不可逆点出现在7～8日龄,杂交鳜仔鱼具有初次摄食能力的时间为4～5d。     

延迟初次摄食对长薄鳅仔鱼的影响

为丰富长薄鳅（Leptobotia elongata）早期生活史资料,开展了延迟投喂对长薄鳅仔鱼形态、初次摄食率、不可逆点、生长率和死亡率的影响研究。结果显示：饥饿仔鱼鱼体消瘦、头大、尾小、身体显得不匀称,器官发育停止,游动缓慢;日龄2 d 时,初次摄食率达到60％,日龄3 d 时达到了100％,不可逆点出现在15～16 d,可恢复性饥饿时间长达13 d;饥饿仔鱼体长基本维持不变,甚至出现负增长;饥饿仔鱼的死亡率高峰出现在15～16 d,与不可逆点在同一天,当天死亡率达到45．92％,瞬时死亡率为32．91％。     

延迟投饵对真鲷,牙鲆仔鱼早期阶段摄食,存活及生长的影响

试验结果表明：（１）２日龄真鲷，牙鲆仔鱼初次摄食，在６￣７日龄和５￣６日龄，不能建立外源性营养的仔鱼分别进入ＰＮＲ期，而卵黄囊均在此前１￣２天已耗尽。混合营养期分别为３￣４天和１￣２天。（２）真鲷和牙鲆仔鱼在不同饥饰饿阶段初次摄食率的变化式型是：开始较低，此后逐步上升，高峰期出现在卵黄囊接近耗尽时，此后开始下降。记录到的最高初次摄食率分别为８６．７％和３５％。（３）牙鲆仔鱼体长的增长率随延迟投饵天     

齐口裂腹鱼仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆生长点的确定

水温17.3～21.5℃,取刚孵出的同一批齐口裂腹鱼仔鱼,暂养于2.0 m×0.8 m×0.6 m玻纤缸中,养殖到5日龄、即开口前1 d时,将仔鱼随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组500尾。6日龄A组试验鱼开口投喂,B组和C组不投喂,研究饥饿胁迫对齐口裂腹鱼仔鱼生长、发育、存活、卵黄囊吸收、摄食率及摄食强度的影响,确定齐口裂腹鱼仔鱼的不可逆生长点,即仔鱼初次摄食率低于最高初次摄食率50%时的日龄。试验结果显示,饥饿对齐口裂腹鱼仔鱼全长、体长、体高、肛前长等生长指标具有极显著影响(P0.01),对眼径、鳔等组织器官发育具有明显影响;齐口裂腹鱼仔鱼混合营养期为7 d;齐口裂腹鱼仔鱼初次摄食率约为15%,第13～14日龄仔鱼的初次摄食率达到最高值100%,17日龄仔鱼到达不可逆生长点;齐口裂腹鱼饥饿组仔鱼50%累计死亡率出现日龄为19日龄,在饥饿不可逆生长点之后。试验结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼仔鱼具有较强的饥饿耐受能力,齐口裂腹鱼最佳投喂时间为9日龄,最晚开口时间不晚于14～15日龄。     

延迟投饵对泥鳅仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响

试验分延迟0d、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d投饵和完全饥饿9个试验组,研究了延迟投饵对泥鳅仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响。结果显示：水温27℃±1℃时,泥鳅仔鱼3日龄开口,混合营养期2d,4日龄卵黄囊消失。开口当日初次摄食率为36%,最高初次摄食率出现在5日龄,达98%,饥饿不可逆点（PNR）在8～9日龄。延迟0d（正常投饵）和1d投饵组仔鱼体长一直呈增长趋势,至11日龄,两组仔鱼体长没有显著差异（P>0.05）;随延迟投饵天数的增加,仔鱼体长生长速度明显降低;完全饥饿组仔鱼3～5日龄呈正增长,随后转为负增长。延迟0d和1d投饵组,11日龄时仔鱼存活率分别为82.67%和89.33%,且两者无显著差异（P>0.05）;随延迟投饵天数的增加,11日龄时仔鱼存活率明显降低;完全饥饿组,11日龄时仔鱼全部死亡。     

饥饿对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)卵黄囊期仔鱼摄食和生长的影响

研究了在水温为(23±0.5)℃,盐度为29-30的培育条件下,饥饿胁迫对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)仔鱼生长、摄食、存活等一系列的变化。结果显示,2.5日龄体长出现负增长现象,3日龄仔鱼开口摄食,4.5日龄卵黄囊和油球消耗殆尽;仔鱼摄食率随日龄的变化呈先升高后降低,最终为0,最大值出现在卵黄囊和油球消失之后的当天,即5.5日龄仔鱼达到最大初次摄食率,摄食率为66.67%;6日龄仔鱼的初次摄食率为最大初次摄食率的1/2,仔鱼达到不可逆点,其混合营养的时间为2-3 d,即仔鱼初次摄食率发生到达不可逆点的时间为2.5 d;云纹石斑鱼仔鱼孵化出膜后的3-6 d为其摄食的重要时期。     

大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食及生长的研究↑（*）

本文以大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammosotakii)人工孵化所得的卵黄囊期仔鱼为材料,对仔鱼早期阶段的摄食及生长情况作了实验研究。结果表明:在13.5～14℃条件下,大泷六线鱼仔鱼6日龄开始摄食,约8日龄卵黄囊耗尽,10日龄饥饿仔鱼进入PNR期,混合营养期为2d;饥饿仔鱼的开口率(初次摄食率)开始较低,此后上升,到卵黄囊耗尽时达高峰(63%),以后又下降。仔鱼前期的生长率平均为0.254mm/d,饥饿仔鱼生长几乎停止,同期喂食仔鱼的生长率亦下降为0.102mm/d;摄食仔鱼在孵化后20d内的全长(L)和日龄(d)的相关式为L=0.085d 7.04。仔鱼存在昼夜摄食节律,在1昼夜中有2个摄食高峰,分别出现在14:00和20:00。     

延迟投饵对卵形鲳鲮早期仔鱼阶段摄食、成活及生长的影响

利用人工繁殖产生的卵形鲳够（Trachinotus ovatus）初孵仔鱼，在水温（26．8±1．4）℃、盐度28．2±0．8条件下，对延迟投饵0～6d的卵形鲳够仔鱼的摄食、生长及其成活情况进行了研究。结果显示，仔鱼于3Et龄开口，于开口的当天投饵及延迟投饵1、2、3、4和5d，投饵后2h内仔鱼的摄食率分别为15％、30％、50％、25％、15％和5％，每尾鱼的平均摄食量分别为0．4、0．6、1．3、0．6、0．3和0．1个轮虫。延迟投饵6d一组仔鱼的摄食率均为0。延迟投饵0、1和2d各组仔鱼的成活率相差不大，但延迟3d以上仔鱼的成活率急剧下降。卵形鲳鲣仔鱼的初次摄食饥饿不可逆点（PNR）出现在仔鱼开口后4d，开始投喂饵料的最佳时期应在仔鱼开口后的3d之内。     

Laboratory investigation of daily food intake and gut evacuation in larvae of African catfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias gariepinus</Emphasis> under different feeding conditions

Temporary accumulation of ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AAS) was measured to estimate food intake and gut evacuation in larvae of African catfish. Fish larvae were fed decapsulated cysts of Artemia containing AAS. In a first experiment it was found that no biosynthesis of AAS occurs in the larvae of this species. In a second experiment, the gut contents of the fish larvae fed were calculated as they changed during development. In a third experiment, the gut evacuation rate of fish larvae was determined during continuous and discontinuous feeding regimes in the first five days after the start of exogenous feeding. Food consumption by catfish larvae increased from 46.5% of their body dry weight (BDW) on day 1 after the start of exogenous feeding to 53.8% BDW on day 3. Thereafter, food consumption decreased to 27.8% BDW on day 5. A similar pattern was observed for gut evacuation, which increased during the first days of exogenous feeding and decreased as fish growth continued. The rate of gut evacuation in a continuous feeding regime was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that under discontinuous feeding. On day 1 post-hatch and 7 h after first food ingestion the fish larvae evacuated 87% of the food in continuous feeding compared with 43% under discontinuous feeding. It was found that gut emptying differs during larval development. Under continuous feeding, on days 1 and 3 post-hatch and 11 h after the first meal 90% of the food was evacuated compared with 71% evacuated on day 5. The advantages and limitations of the AAS method for estimation of food consumption by fish larvae are discussed.     

Rates of Yolk Utilization and Effects of Delayed Initial Feeding in the Larvae of the Freshwater Fishes Rohu and Singhi

The yolk utilization rates and effects of delayed initial feeding were examined on the feeding ability, survival and growth of the larvae of two freshwater species, rohu, Labeo rohita and singhi, Heteropneustes fossilis reared in the laboratory at 26 (2) °C. Although the yolk reserves in both species lasted at least 7 days after hatching, all larvae initiated feeding by the fifth day, indicating a short period of mixed (endogenous and exogenous) feeding. When first feeding was delayed beyond the fifth day, subsequent weight gains and survival rates declined progressively for both rohu and singhi, although their feeding abilities were not adversely affected until the seventh (singhi) and eleventh (rohu) day. The point of no return (PNR) (when 50% of the unfed larvae were unable to feed when offered food) was reached in singhi when they were 8 days old and in rohu when they were 14 days old. Even among the larvae that fed at PNR, their subsequent mortality rate was nearly 100%, reflecting the irreversible effects of starvation. This study showed that rohu were more resistant to starvation than singhi.     

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)仔稚幼鱼肠道菌群结构比较分析

采用MiSeq 16S rRNA高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析方法,构建了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)工厂化人工育苗模式下仔稚幼鱼阶段6个不同发育时期18个样品的16SrRNA基因测序文库,共获得7462个OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit),分类为42个菌门972个菌属.对肠道菌群的形成过程及结构多样性变化分析显示,牙鲆初孵仔鱼的菌群组成多样性丰富,体内的优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);在9日龄和21日龄摄食轮虫(Rotifer)和卤虫(Artemia sp.)幼体样品中,肠道的优势菌群结构较单一,变形菌门成为此时期肠道的优势菌群;45日龄摄食配合饲料后,肠道中变形菌门的相对丰度显著降低,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度明显增大,成为肠道菌群的优势菌群.在属水平的菌群结构中发现,牙鲆仔稚幼鱼肠道优势菌群的种类和数量都发生了较大变化,在9日龄和21日龄时期肠道中弧菌属(Vibrio)相对丰度最高,到45日龄后相对丰度锐减到最低水平;拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和普氏菌属(Prevotella)在80日龄后达到较高水平,成为肠道优势菌属;厚壁菌门的8个菌属在80-115日龄时期均发展成为优势菌属,定植于牙鲆的肠道.本研究揭示了工厂化人工育苗模式下牙鲆仔稚幼鱼肠道菌群结构及演替规律.     

饥饿对白甲鱼(Onychostoma sima)仔鱼摄食、生长的影响

在实验室条件下,采用观察、测量记录外部形态特征等方法研究了饥饿胁迫下白甲鱼(Onychostoma sima)仔鱼的摄食、生长、形态和存活的变化。结果显示:在水温(20±1.5)℃时,饥饿组和投喂组白甲鱼仔鱼在孵化后第4天开始摄食,初次摄食率为48%,第6天初次摄食比率达到100%。饥饿组仔鱼抵达饥饿不可逆点(PNR)的时间为13.5 d,50%累计死亡率出现时间基本上与PNR出现时间相同(13.5 d),表明第13.5天为白甲鱼早期发育中较为敏感的阶段。试验期间,饥饿仔鱼体重、体长、眼间距和体高分别在第6、7、11和12天后均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验结束(16 d)时饥饿组仔鱼体重、体长和眼径的瞬时增长率均显著低于摄食组(P<0.05),而头长、体高和眼间距差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明饥饿对仔鱼生长发育起延迟作用,混合营养期延迟投喂,仔鱼生长发育水平明显低于正常投喂仔鱼。     

Feeding rhythm and growth of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, during its early life stages

The feeding rhythm and growth characteristics of the early life stages of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, were studied. Larvae began to prey on rotifers about 2–3 days after hatching at 23°C. About 12 days after hatching, larvae had grown to 8–9 mm in total length and were able to prey on Artemia larvae. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity for day‐6 larvae was highest at 12:00 and 18:00 hours, about 2–3 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day‐16 larvae occurred between 09:00 and 18:00 hours. By day 26, when the larvae had metamorphosed, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages, feeding intensity peaked at 18:00 and 24:00 hours concurrently with feeding incidence. Thus, tongue sole were found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre‐ and post‐metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in the daytime during the larval planktonic stage, and at night during the juvenile benthic stage. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 65%, 40% and 11% of body weight on days 6, 16 (larvae) and 26 (juveniles) respectively. Size variation increased markedly with development.     

杂交鳢仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

利用人工孵化的杂交鳢初孵仔鱼,在水温(26±1)℃条件下进行其饥饿试验并确定仔鱼的初次摄食不可逆点(PNR)。结果表明,杂交鳢仔鱼孵化后第2天开始摄食,进入混合营养期,此时卵黄囊缩小至原来的1/2,与油球一同继续被仔鱼吸收;孵化后第7天卵黄囊和油球被完全吸收,混合营养期为5d。杂交鳢仔鱼最高初次摄食率出现在孵化后第6天,此时卵黄囊已吸收完全,油球有残留。当初次摄食率降至最高初次摄食率的50%时,仔鱼进入不可逆期,不可逆点出现在仔鱼孵出后的第7～8天。