对虾养殖池沉积环境中TOC_TP_TN和pH及质量评价模型

１９９５年冬季,研究了青岛地区即墨市丰城、王村、城阳区上马、流亭等乡镇的对虾养殖区８０个虾池沉积物中有机碳（ＴＯＣ）、总氮（ＴＮ）、总磷（ＴＰ）和ｐＨ与池龄的关系。结果表明,沉积物中ＴＯＣ随年代而积累,除即墨丰城泥沙质虾池外,与池龄成正线性相关,相关系数（γ）为０．７４２２￣０．８３３０（Ｐ＜０．０５）;沉积物中ＴＮ亦随年代而积累,所有调查区沉积物中ＴＮ与池龄成正线性相关,相关系数（γ）为０．４６０３￣０．８５７４（Ｐ＜０．０５）;沉积物中ＴＰ随年代而降低,与池龄成负线性相关,城阳流亭养殖区的相关系统（γ）为０．４２６１（０．１＞Ｐ＞０．０５）,其它养殖区（γ）为０．４９５６￣０．９０６０（Ｐ＜０．０５）。沉积物的ｐＨ与池龄的关系无规律可循。提出了虾池底质环境质量的评价模型。     

莱州湾虾池养殖罗非鱼的静水围隔生态系浮游植物的初步研究↑（*）

本文报道了在１９９４年７月至９月间莱州湾海水养罗非鱼围隔生态系浮游植物优势种、叶绿素浓度与理化因子的关系。各浮游植物优势种与理化因子的相关性基本一致，但其相关程度不同，主要优势种卵形隐藻、海洋原甲藻和扁藻与各理化因子的关系最紧密。从总体水平上，各种理化因子对浮游植物影响的相对重要性依次为ＴＮ＞ｐＨ＞ＴＰ＞ＮＯ２－Ｎ＞ＤＯ＞ＣＯＤ＞ＳＤ＞ＮＨ４－Ｎ＞ＰＯ４－Ｐ。氮磷对浮游植物的相对影响取决于氮、磷的比值。在本实验条件下，适宜的 ＴＮ／ＴＰ为 １８左右。施鸡粪和投饵两种养鱼方式中，氮和磷分别是浮游植物生长的限制因子。本文还就浮游植物变动对罗非鱼的影响进行了讨论。     

氯化物水型盐碱池塘的限制性营养盐研究↑（*）

研究了沿黄盐碱地池塘水（ＣｌⅡＮａ 和ＣｌⅢＮａ） 的主要营养盐（Ｎ、Ｐ） 的限制作用和适宜施肥浓度。首次发现该类型池塘普遍表现为氮限制。塘水中无机氮浓度很低,只有（２３ ．５６ ±１２ ．５３） μｇ／Ｌ（ Ｍ±ＳＤ） ,与无机磷的比值仅为１ ．０２ ±０ ．８５ ;而总氮和总磷并不低,分别为（３ ．３５ ±１ ．０８） ｍｇ／Ｌ 和（０ ．２４ ±０ ．１１） ｍｇ／Ｌ;ＴＮ／ＴＰ为１４ ．９４ ±３ ．４３ 。适宜的施肥Ｎ∶Ｐ（ 重量） 为（１０ ～１５）∶１ 。文中提出了１ 种氮限制指数：ＩＮＬ＝ （ＤＯＩＮ１ ．０－ ＤＯＩｃ）／（ＤＯＩＮ１ ．０Ｐ０ ．１ － ＤＯＩｃ） ,并拟合出ＩＮＬ 与ＴＮ／ＴＰ的相关模型,ＩＮＬ 可准确地表示氮限制程度。文章最后分析了氮限制的原因。     

黑龙滩水库网箱养鱼对水环境的影响

水库面积１６９３ｈａ，１９９３年伴随养鱼饲料进入水体的ＴＮ９６．２７ｔ，ＴＰ３４．０４ｔ，成为水库的污染源。一年沉积库底的残饵、粪便经推算为１６２５ｔ，构成内、荷二次污染源。对网箱区内外水体ＳＤ、ＴＮ、ＴＰ、Ｃｈｌａ，Ｈ２Ｓ、浮游植物和底栖动物的测定结果表明，网箱养鱼已促进了网箱区水质富营养化。ＤＯ减少、缺氧层增厚晃环境变化的一个重要标志，并直接影响网箱养鱼效果。为保证库多功能的正常发挥，在保持网     

碳酸盐碱、pH对中国对虾幼虾的致毒效应

实验结果表明，ｐＨ为８．６、９．０、９．３和９．５时，中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）幼虾２４ｈ半致死碱度（ＬＣ５０）分别为２２．００、１１．６６、６．５７和３．２８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；随着碱度、ｐＨ的升高，中国对虾幼虾的存活率下降。碱度和ｐＨ对幼虾的致毒效应应具综合作用，ｐＨ８。６～９．０时，ＨＣＯ３＾－、ＣＯ３＾２－共同影响幼虾的存活率；ｐＨ９．０～９．５时，ＯＨ＾－协同ＣＯ３＾２－影     

有机污染提高双壳贝类对弧菌易感性的研究↑（*）

在实验室条件下,通过投饵不换水所形成的有机污染来研究有机污染提高双壳贝类对弧菌的易感性。结果表明,有机污染时间越高长,弧菌的浓度越高;弧菌的数量与有机污染环境中氨及无机氮（ＴＩＮ） 呈显著的正相关,与亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ－２ － Ｎ） 和总有机碳（ＴＯＣ） 有比较明显的正相关;试验贝类死亡与弧菌浓度呈正相关,它们对弧菌的易感性依次为栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝、太平洋牡蛎、海湾扇贝、紫贻贝。     

生石灰与漂白粉不宜混合清塘

生石灰主要化学成分为氧化钙（ＣａＯ），遇水后发生化学反应，产生氢氧化钙（Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２），并放出大量热量。反应式为： ＣａＯ ＋ Ｈ２Ｏ→ Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２，Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２ Ｃａ２＋＋２ＯＨ－，短时间内，可使水中ｐＨ值提高到１１以上，在这强碱性条件下，水和泥中各种病原菌、野杂鱼以及其它敌害生物均可杀死。氢氧化钙吸收二氧化碳后形成碳酸钙（ＣａＣＯ３），碳酸钙能疏松底泥，改善底泥通气状况，加快细菌分解有机质，并释放出能被底泥吸收的氮、磷、钾等营养盐，增强水的肥度。钙本身又是绿色植物及动物不可缺少的营养元素…     

灰色聚类分析在水库水质科学管理上的应用

灰色聚类法是在模糊聚类的基础上发展起来的新的聚类方法。本文选取ＴＰ、ＴＮ、ＣＯＤ３项因子作为评价因子，对石河水库的水质营养状态进行了评价，结果表明石河水库已处于中营养时期。最后对石河水库的可持续发展提出了一些相应对策。     

转基因鱼试验湖浮游生物群落DNA指纹与理化因子的关系

对转基因鱼试验湖７个采样点的浮游生物群落进行了ＰＣＲ－ＤＧＧＥ指纹分析，并进而探讨了ＤＮＡ指纹与理化因子的关系。结果表明：（１）ＰＣＲ－ＤＧＧＥ指纹图谱中共含１０４谱带，其中原核谱带５８条，真核谱带４６条，其多态性位点分别为８７．９％和８２．６％。（２）各站点的理化因子中，Ⅰ站的ＴＰ含量最高（０．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ），ＴＮ含量在Ⅲ站最高（０．３４ｍｇ／Ｌ），且各站点波动较大，Ⅴ站的透明度最低（６３．００ｃｍ）；ＮＯ３－Ｎ、ＮＨ４－Ｎ、ｐＨ、ＤＯ、ＣＯＤ及电导率在各站点变化不大。基于原核生物图谱的相似性聚类分析表明，浮游生物群落Ⅵ和Ⅶ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ相似度分别较高，Ⅰ站有别于其它各站，单独为１枝；基于真核生物图谱的聚类分析显示，Ⅰ、Ⅱ站聚为１枝，Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ依次相聚后与Ⅲ站聚为另１大枝，Ⅰ、Ⅱ站与Ⅲ站相距较近；理化因子的主成分分析结果与之基本吻合。因此，浮游生物群落ＤＮＡ多态性与环境理化因子是密切相关的，这类资料的积累将为在分子水平上建立水质预测预报体系奠定基础，为评价转基因鱼生态安全性提供依据。     

北民湖自然资源的调查及渔业开发初探

１９９０年，调查了北民湖（１４６７ｈｍ２）的水质，水生生物等情况，该湖氮、磷营养缺乏（ＴＮ１．１８３０ｍｇ／ｌ，ＴＰ０．０２０１５ｍｇ／ｌ），ＴＮ∶ＴＰ＝５８．７１∶１，为浮游生物生长限制因子，折算产鱼潜力为３１．６２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，通过人工定点施化肥，使其ＴＮ，ＴＰ达到２．０５８４ｍｇ／ｌ，０．２１４５ｍｇ／ｌ，ＴＮ∶ＴＰ＝９．６∶１，投放鱼种３７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年产鱼２８４．０４ｔ，折合１９３．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，为１９８９年鱼产量２８．６４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的６．７６０倍。     

上海地区池塘沉积物中氮、磷、有机碳及重金属风险评价

为综合评估上海地区池塘沉积物环境质量状况，2016-2019年对上海地区36个养殖场池塘采集沉积物样品360个，检测和分析沉积物中总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、总有机碳（TOC）及重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量。研究结果表明，池塘0~10 cm层和10~20 cm层沉积物中TN、TP、TOC及各重金属均值分布无显著差异（P>0.05），0~20 cm层沉积物（干重）中TN、TP和TOC平均含量分别为（873.37±352.45）mg/kg、（685.66±199.66）mg/kg和（6.62±3.05）mg/g，三者相关性显著。综合污染指数法和有机指数法评价结果表明，池塘沉积物中氮和有机物质的累积量较低，磷累积量相对较高，均低于其他地区高产池塘。池塘沉积物中Cr、Cd、Cu和Hg样品超标率分别为6.42%、3.21%、4.13%和1.38%，Zn、Pb和As无超标现象。地质累积指数、潜在生态危害指数法和一致性沉积物质量基准评价结果表明，上海地区池塘沉积物中重金属整体上处于清洁等级、低潜在生态危害状态，预测不会引发生物毒性效应。     

乳山湾东流区滩涂贝类养殖环境中自身污染现状分析

根据2004年6、8和10月对乳山湾的3个航次的调查资料,研究了乳山湾总氮、总磷、总有机碳的平面分布和垂直分布。结果表明,TOC、TP的平均含量及其各层次含量均未超标,TN部分超标。无论平面分布还是垂直分布,TOC、TP、TN的含量季节差异不明显,但具有明显的地域特征:TP、TN、TOC最大值,集中在污水排放口和高密度养殖区;垂直分布,大部分站位表层以下垂直变化基本趋于平稳,各层次含量基本相近;养殖区与非养殖区相比,TOC、TP的平均含量及其各层次含量基本表现为养殖区大于非养殖区,但二者相差不大。结果显示,乳山湾集约化贝类养殖对其滩涂养殖环境尚未造成积累性自身污染。     

流沙湾表层沉积物中碳、氮、磷的分布特征和污染评价

2012年5月至2013年1月,每季度在流沙湾内湾养殖区、外湾养殖区和外湾非养殖区采集沉积物和水质样品,测定沉积物的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）质量分数,以及底层水溶解氧（DO）和水温（T）,结合水动力分析,研究其表层沉积物中富营养物质碳（ C）、氮（N）、磷（P）的分布特征和受污染程度。结果表明,流沙湾的物理地形决定了湾内流场水流缓慢、内外湾之间水交换过程缓慢的固有特征。底层水 DO 自春季开始逐步升高,冬季达到最大值。内湾养殖区的底层水 DO 均值低于外湾。表层沉积物 TOC 和 TP 质量分数没有明显的季节差异,但 TN 质量分数在春、夏季明显高于秋、冬季。养殖区的 TOC、TN 质量分数均显著高于非养殖区,且以内湾养殖区最高,其 TP 空间差异不显著。流沙湾表层沉积物 TOC 年平均有机碳污染指数为1.29,TN污染指数达2.98,而 TP 磷污染指数仅为0.92,表明该海域已受到中等水平的氮污染和低水平的有机碳污染,且现有养殖格局加速了养殖区的富营养物质沉积。     

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Bottom Soil Profiles in Ponds at Auburn, Alabama, USA and a Proposed System for Describing Pond Soil Horizons

Soil cores were taken from each of three, 2-, 23-, and 52-yr-old research ponds (650–1,010 m² area) at Auburn, Alabama. Many physical and chemical variables changed in intensity with increasing depth in cores. Compared to original compacted pond soil, sediment contained more moisture; had lower bulk density (<1.4 g/cm³); possessed higher percentages of silt and clay; had greater porosity, specific surface area, and cation exchange capacity; and contained greater concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. Sediment organic matter was highly decomposed as evidenced by low proportions (5–15%) of carbon and nitrogen associated with the light fraction (soil retained on a 53-μm sieve). Sediment depth at 100-cm water depth increased with pond age (11.7 cm, 28.3 cm, and 48.3 cm in 2-, 23-, and 52-yr-old ponds, respectively), but sediment composition did not change greatly over time. Successive layers in cores were as follows: 1) water near the soil-water interface with a high concentration of solids; 2) high moisture content sediment with dry bulk density <0.3 g/cm³; 3) lower moisture content sediment with bulk density between 0.3 and 0.5–0.7 g/cm³; 4) rapid transition of bulk density from 0.5–0.7 g/cm³ to 1.4 g/cm³; 5) original compacted soil with bulk density of 1.4–1.7 g/cm³. We propose that these five layers be referred to as F (flocculent layer), S (stirred or mixed sediment), M (mature, bulk, un-mixed sediment), T (transitional layer), and P (original, undisturbed pond bottom) horizons, respectively. Superficial, oxidized sediment is termed an S_o horizon, and the reduced part of the S horizon is termed an S_r horizon. The upper part of the T horizon is an MT horizon when it is similar to the M horizon, or a FT horizon when it resembles the P horizon. A system for delineating horizons in pond soil profiles will be valuable in future attempts to classify pond soils.     

Chemistry of Sediment Pore Water in Aquaculture Ponds Built on Clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama

The composition of sediment pore water was determined for ponds constructed on clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama. Pore water was anaerobic and contained much higher concentrations of ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), and sulfide (S²⁻) than surface or bottom waters. Concentrations of SRP and TP in pore water were higher in ponds with high soil phosphorus concentrations than in a new pond with less soil phosphorus. Increased concentrations of organic matter in soil or larger inputs of feed to ponds favored greater microbial activity in soils and higher concentrations of TAN in pore water. The pH of pore water was 6.5–7.0, and pH was apparently controlled by the equilibrium:

Movement of Fe²⁺, SRP, and S²⁻ from pore water into pond water apparently was prevented by the oxidized layer of soil just below the soil-water interface. Pond managers should concentrate on maintaining this oxidized layer to reduce the tendency for toxic substances to diffuse into the pond water.     

Heavy metal concentrations and sediment quality of a cage farm on Lake Volta,Ghana

This study involved the determination of sediment quality and heavy metals in the water column and bottom sediment of a selected cage fish farm in Lake Volta, to assess the potential impact of metals and organic matter pollution on the lake due to cage fish farming. Sediment analysis indicated that the texture of all sampling sites was sandy clay loam with sand dominating with a range of 31.5%–81.2%. The organic matter (TOM) ranged from 4.42%–8.89%, while organic carbon (TOC) was from 2.57%–5.22%. Total nitrogen (TN) fluctuated between 0.22% and 0.45%; total phosphate ranged between 0.22% and 5.30%. The TOC, TOM and TN content in the farm sediment were significantly lower than those of the reference sites (ANOVA, p < .05). Lead, copper, cadmium and selenium were not detected in the water. The results revealed that heavy metal concentrations in the water column and sediments were low and within tolerable levels, indicating no influence of metals from fish feed was observed on the lake water quality. However, the farm seemed to have moderate impact on sediment quality from organic matter. Water and sediment quality monitoring should be embarked upon periodically to ensure sustainable cage culture in the Lake Volta.     

珠三角地区密养淡水鱼塘水质状况分析与评价

池塘养殖是珠三角地区淡水渔业生产的主要形式。2012年5月～12月对草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、云斑尖塘鳢（Oxyeleotris marmoratus）、大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）和乌鳢（Channa argus）等该地区几种主要密养淡水品种鱼塘水质进行监测,分析水体理化环境因子,并选取pH、溶解氧（DO）、非离子氨（NH3）、氨氮（NH4^＋-N）、硝酸盐氮（NO3^--N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO2^--N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）和透明度等10项因子,采用单项污染指数和负荷比对监测参数进行单项评价,用综合污染指数法对各池塘水质进行整体评价。结果表明4种密养淡水鱼塘营养盐负荷高问题突出,NH3、NO3^--N、NO2^--N、TN和TP为池塘中的主要污染因素;草鱼池塘主要污染物为NH3和TN,其污染负荷合计为37.58%;云斑尖塘鳢池塘主要污染物为NH3、NO3^--N和TN,其污染负荷达59.37%;大口黑鲈池塘的主要污染物为NH3、TN、NO3^--N和NO2^--N,其污染负荷高达66.80%;乌鳢池塘的主要污染物为TN、NO3^--N、TP和NH3,其污染负荷达59.43%;对CODMn的分析与评价结果显示,池塘水体中还原性有机质含量高;由综合污染指数判定,所有池塘水体均为＂重污染＂等级,并超出警戒水平。     

珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地沉积物碳、氮分布研究

为了对珠江口红树林湿地沉积物有机质有更为全面、深入的认识,以珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地为对象,对其沉积物有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)的含量分布、储量及来源进行了研究。结果表明,淇澳岛7种主要红树[秋茄(Kandelia candel)、无瓣海桑(Sonneratia opetala)、桐花(Aegiceras corniculatum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)、海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)]群落表层沉积物TOC质量分数介于1.125%~1.969%,TN质量分数介于0.058%~0.136%。其中秋茄林内TOC含量最高,无瓣海桑林缘TOC含量最高,而木榄林内、林缘TOC含量均最低,且各红树群落TOC含量均呈林内大于林缘的特征。表层沉积物碳氮比(C/N)为12.032~26.690,显示出高等植物对其有机质组成具有较高的贡献率,其中植被内源有机碳的平均贡献率约为70.21%。受土地利用变化等因素的影响,0~30 cm层沉积物的TOC和TN含量均呈现出波动变化的趋势。0~30 cm层沉积物有机碳储量(SOC)介于56.83~69.54 t·hm?2,显示出淇澳岛红树林湿地较强的有机碳埋藏能力。     

Beneficial co‐culture of jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta (Kishinouye) and sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka): implications for pelagic‐benthic coupling

This study investigated monthly changes of sedimentation and sediment properties in three different culture systems (ponds) – i.e. jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta monoculture (J), sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and jellyfish co‐culture (SJ) and sea cucumber monoculture (S) – to verify the feasibility of co‐culturing jellyfish and sea cucumbers. Results showed that jellyfish culture accelerated the settling velocity of total particulate matter (TPM). Average TPM settling velocities in the SJ (75.6 g m^?2 day^?1) and J (71.1 g m^?2 day^?1) ponds were significantly higher than that in the S pond (21.7 g m^?2 day^?1) from June to September during the jellyfish culture period. Average settling velocities of organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the SJ pond increased significantly by 3.0, 2.9, 3.3 and 3.8 times, respectively, compared with those in the S pond. Sediment contents of OM, TOC, TN and TP in the SJ and J ponds were significantly higher than those in the S pond during the jellyfish culture season. The specific growth rate of sea cucumbers feeding on SJ sediment was significantly higher than that of those feeding on S sediment. Co‐culturing sea cucumbers with jellyfish may help alleviate benthic nutrient loading due to the jellyfish and provide a secondary cash crop.