甲醛对合浦绒螯蟹的急性毒性研究

在水温24~30℃、溶解氧5mg/L及pH 8.5~8.8条件下,采用急性毒性试验方法,研究不同含量甲醛对质量约16g的合浦绒螯蟹的急性毒性。结果表明,48h以内,甲醛质量浓度低于500mg/L对合浦绒螯蟹的存活率和存活时间无显著影响(P0.05),96h以内,甲醛质量浓底低于250mg/L对合浦绒螯蟹的存活率和存活时间无显著影响(P0.05);甲醛对合浦绒螯蟹的12、24、36、48、60、72、84、96h半致死质量浓度分别为1991.788、1644.522、1273.757、1724.642、1177.963、1147.138、963.129、873.590mg/L,安全质量浓度为87.359mg/L。     

高效氯氰菊酯对中华绒螯60 d慢性毒理及病理研究

为研究高效氯氰菊酯对中华绒螯扣蟹生长发育的影响,该实验采取急性毒性试验方式,以60d为记录周期,定时测定其体质量与存活率。试验结果表明,中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)扣蟹在高效氯氰菊酯(0.10、1.00mg/L处理组)作用下体质量明显降低。尤其是1.00mg/L浓度组最明显。0.01mg/L处理组和对照组扣蟹无明显异常现象。且在1.00mg/L浓度组下存活率较其他浓度也下降得很快。说明相比较0.10mg/L和0.01mg/L,1.00mg/L浓度的高效氯氰菊酯对中华绒螯扣蟹毒性最强。石蜡切片结果显示:一定浓度的氯氰菊酯会对河蟹的肝胰腺、鳃和肌肉组织产生明显的病理变化。     

过氧乙酸对中华绒螯蟹及池塘生物的毒性研究

水温(20±1)℃下,采用静态生物毒性试验的方法,研究了过氧乙酸对中华绒螯蟹Ⅲ期仔蟹、幼蟹、日本沼虾及伊乐藻、金鱼藻和苦草的毒性。试验结果表明,过氧乙酸对中华绒螯蟹Ⅲ期仔蟹的24、48、72h和96h的半致死质量浓度分别为39.36、34.36、30.55mg/L和28.05mg/L,安全质量浓度为7.86mg/L;对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的24、48、72h和96h的半致死质量浓度分别为43.55、40.70、36.53mg/L和31.60mg/L,安全质量浓度为10.67mg/L,过氧乙酸对日本沼虾的24、48、72h和96h的半致死质量浓度分别为17.14、14.98、12.02mg/L和9.50mg/L,安全质量浓度为3.43mg/L。根据安全质量浓度可知,对过氧乙酸的耐受性顺序为中华绒螯蟹幼蟹Ⅲ期仔蟹日本沼虾。过氧乙酸对伊乐藻、金鱼藻和苦草的96h半有效质量浓度分别为20.13、39.78mg/L和33.67mg/L,因此,在蟹塘使用过氧乙酸消毒时,用量需控制在3.43mg/L以下,防止过氧乙酸的药害。     

氨氮对锈斑蟳早期幼体的急性毒性

在pH 8.5、水温(28.5±0.5)℃、盐度30条件下,用500 ml烧杯设置10、20、40、801、60 mg/L5个氨氮(总氮)质量浓度梯度和1个对照组(天然海水),研究氨氮对锈斑蟳早期幼体(Z1)急性毒性试验。结果表明,氨氮暴露12 h,40 mg/L以下质量浓度组毒性作用不显著,但80 mg/L以上质量浓度组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);氨氮暴露24 h,20 mg/L以下质量浓度组毒性作用不显著,但40 mg/L以上质量浓度组与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05);氨氮暴露36～96 h,0、10 mg/L组间差异不显著,但20 mg/L以上质量浓度组与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05)。12、24、36、48、60、72 h氨氮暴露的半致死质量浓度分别为85.566、36.171、22.880、12.485、8.299、4.313 mg/L。锈斑蟳早期幼体培育的安全质量浓度为0.431 mg/L。     

溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹血细胞DNA的损伤

为研究溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹的遗传毒性作用,将中华绒螯蟹分为5组进行半静水毒性试验,分别为0μg/L的空白对照组,只添加丙酮的溶剂对照组,以及0.10、0.20、0.40μg/L的溴氰菊酯质量浓度试验组。通过彗星检测的方法,分别测定溴氰菊酯暴露1、2、4、8、12d后中华绒螯蟹血细胞拖尾率及Olive尾距(OTM值)。结果显示,溶剂组在各时间点拖尾率及Olive尾距均同对照组无显著差异(P0.05),表明溶剂丙酮并非造成中华绒螯蟹血细胞DNA损伤的原因。溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹血细胞有较强的DNA损伤作用,1d后0.20μg/L和0.40μg/L组拖尾率和Olive尾距均显著高于对照组(P0.05),此后3个质量浓度组在各时间点均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),至12d后仍未恢复。拖尾率和Olive尾距随着暴露时间增加而上升,呈现明显的时间效应和剂量效应,表明其可以作为评估溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹遗传毒性的敏感指标。     

苯噻酰草胺胁迫对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的毒性效应

为探讨苯噻酰草胺对中国重要经济水产动物中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹的毒性效应,采用半静态体外暴露法,研究了苯噻酰草胺对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的致死效应和急性毒性,并测定了14 d短期暴露过程中鳃和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量变化规律。结果表明,苯噻酰草胺对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹毒性等级为高毒,24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为5.31、2.11、0.47和0.18 mg/L,安全浓度为0.018 mg/L。低浓度苯噻酰草胺(0.01 mg/L)胁迫能够在短期内促进生物体的防御能力,暴露14 d鳃组织中的SOD、CAT活力及MDA含量随着胁迫时间延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,肝胰腺中SOD、CAT活力受到显著诱导(P0.05),MDA含量与对照组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。在0.04、0.16 mg/L苯噻酰草胺浓度胁迫下,鳃组织中SOD、CAT活力在暴露14 d后被明显抑制,MDA含量显著升高(P0.05);肝胰腺组织中的SOD、CAT活力与丙二醛含量均显著升高(P0.05)。研究表明较高浓度的苯噻酰草胺可导致中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的氧化胁迫,引起不可逆的氧化损伤。[中国渔业质量与标准,2021,11(4):01-08]     

草甘膦对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的毒性影响

为研究水稻种植过程中常用除草剂草甘膦对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的毒性作用,通过48 h半静水法测定草甘膦对中华绒螯蟹的半致死浓度(LC₅₀)和安全浓度(SC),并据此结果设定28 d慢性试验浓度,测定中华绒螯蟹的死亡率、蜕壳率和平均蜕壳天数,以及肝胰腺组织学变化。试验结果表明,急性毒性试验中,草甘膦12、24、36、48 h对中华绒螯蟹的半致死浓度分别为18.91、16.67、13.99、12.09 mg/L,安全浓度为1.9 mg/L;慢性毒性试验中,相比对照组,试验组草甘膦浓度达到0.6 mg/L后中华绒螯蟹的死亡率显著升高,草甘膦浓度达到0.3 mg/L时中华绒螯蟹的蜕壳率显著降低,各组间平均蜕壳时间统计学显示无明显差异,但组织学试验表明,中华绒螯蟹长时间暴露于低于安全浓度的草甘膦中依然会造成肝胰腺的损伤。     

氨氮对红星梭子蟹早期幼体的急性毒性

在盐度30、pH 8.5、温度28.8～29.8℃、投喂扁藻和轮虫的条件下,设置10、20、40、80、160mg/L共5个氨氮梯度和1个对照组(天然海水),进行了氨氮对红星梭子蟹早期幼体(第Ⅰ期溞状幼体,Z1)的急性毒性试验。结果发现,氨氮暴露12～72h,红星梭子蟹早期幼体活力组间差异显著(P<0.05),当氨氮继续暴露至84～96h,早期幼体活力组间差异不显著(P>0.05);氨氮暴露12～96h,红星梭子蟹早期幼体存活率组间差异显著(P<0.05),但对照组与10mg/L试验组差异不显著(P>0.05);红星梭子蟹早期幼体的氨氮暴露12、24、36h时的半致死质量浓度分别为80.94、27.96、14.43mg/L,红星梭子蟹早期幼体暴露36h的氨氮安全质量浓度为1.44mg/L。     

氨氮胁迫对中华绒螯蟹免疫指标及肝胰腺组织结构的影响

以中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)为研究对象,蟹初始体质量为(71.25±1.13)g。设计对照组(不额外添加氨氮,水中本底氨氮质量浓度约为1 mg/L)、低浓度组(10 mg/L NH4Cl)、中浓度组(50 mg/L NH4Cl)、高浓度组(100 mg/L NH4Cl)4种不同的氨氮质量浓度,分别于胁迫的第1天、3天、5天、15天抽取血淋巴进行相关免疫指标测定,并观察氨氮胁迫15 d后对肝胰腺组织结构的影响。结果表明:(1)3个处理组的血细胞密度(DHC)在胁迫初期(第1天和第3天)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在胁迫第5天,各组血细胞密度均升至最高;但至第15天时,高浓度组的DHC下降,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。低浓度的氨氮胁迫在短期内可促进超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,高浓度的氨氮胁迫却抑制其活性;随胁迫时间延长,SOD活性变化趋势与DHC相似,CAT活性在胁迫第5天时出现显著下降(P<0.05),且3个氨氮处理组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而第15天时各组之间差异不显著。丙二醛(MDA)含量随胁迫时间延长而不断增加,不同浓度的氨氮胁迫使MDA增加速度不同,浓度越高,MDA在体内累积量越大;(2)与对照组相比,3个氨氮处理组的中华绒螯蟹在遭受氨氮胁迫15 d后,其肝胰腺B细胞数量均减少,转运泡体积明显增大,细胞核增大且数量增多;而且在高浓度组中,中华绒螯蟹的部分肝小管基膜破裂、细胞结构模糊,少量细胞核解体。结论认为,随着氨氮胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,中华绒螯蟹DHC逐渐下降,MDA含量逐渐增加,机体非特异性免疫防御系统遭到损伤,同时机体细胞和组织受到伤害甚至出现死亡。研究结果从免疫学与形态学的角度阐明了氨氮胁迫对中华绒螯蟹的毒害机制。     

镉、汞单独及联合胁迫对中华绒螯蟹的急性毒性

采用静水体外暴露法,根据Cd2+和Hg2+的24h全致死和无死亡质量浓度区间,按等对数间距设立6个质量浓度组,即Cd2+为25.00、52.23、109.13、228.00、476.37、993.27mg/L,Hg2+为3.00、7.26、17.58、42.57、103.06、249.53mg/L,研究了Cd2+和Hg2+对体质量48.58~87.09g的中华绒螯蟹的急性染毒;以Cd2+、Hg2+的96h半致死质量浓度为一个毒性单位,按照毒性比1∶1设置5个质量浓度组研究了镉-汞联合毒性。4d的试验结果表明,Cd2+对中华绒螯蟹的24、48、72、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为654.226、192.429、70.767、40.279mg/L;Hg2+对中华绒螯蟹的24、48、72、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为164.157、19.214、6.738、3.641 mg/L,Hg2+对中华绒螯蟹的毒性比Cd2+明显。Cd2+、Hg2+对中华绒螯蟹的安全质量浓度分别为4.994mg/L和0.079mg/L。Hg2+和Cd2+联合作用对中华绒螯蟹24、48、72、96h的相加指数分别为4.291、4.587、3.367和2.003,具有显著的协同效应。     

不同盐度对大竹蛏存活的影响

通过对体长9—10 cm、体重40.94±4.95 g的大竹蛏进行不同盐度条件下的对比试验。结果表明,海 水盐度的变化对大竹蛏的存活有显著影响,大竹蛏的存活盐度为13-35.适宜盐度为15—30。     

Dispersal of large farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, from simulated escapes at fish farms in Norway and Scotland

Abstract  Individually tagged farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were released from fish farms in simulated escapes in Scotland ( n  =   678) and Norway ( n  =   597) to compare migratory behaviour and dispersal. Large fish (510–870 mm fork length) were released to simulate the escape of aquaculture growers. Fish were released in spring and all recaptures of tagged fish were reported during summer and autumn of the year of release. Recapture rates were respectively 7.0 and 0.6% of the salmon released in Norway and Scotland, indicating a higher mortality or a lower exploitation or reporting rate for Scottish fish. Recaptures of Norwegian fish were all from Norway and mostly within 150 km of the release site; 64% were taken by anglers in fresh water. By contrast, the three salmon recaptured from the release in Scotland were reported from Norway (Hardangerfjord and Lofoten) and western Sweden (River Göta); two detached tags were found on beaches in Scotland north of the release site. These findings establish the capacity for long distance dispersal among escapees from aquaculture facilities and suggest a net easterly bias in long distance dispersal of salmon escaping from Scottish fish farms.     

An investigation of the biological basis of return variability for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Great Central and Sproat lakes,Vancouver Island

We tested whether variations in stock characteristics (spawner and smolt abundance) and biotic conditions (prey variability, predation, competition) during the early marine period explained variations in the return of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to Great Central and Sproat lakes, adjacent lakes on the west coast of Vancouver Island. There are two freshwater age groups in each lake; fish spend 1 or 2 yrs in freshwater after hatching. We tested the influences of stock and biotic factors on the return of each of the two age groups from each of the two lakes. Results of regression analyses showed that prey biomass variability best explained the variation in return for all lake‐age groups. Euphausiid (Thysanoessa spinifera) and cladoceran (Evadne) prey biomass variability explained between 0.75 and 0.95 (adjusted R²) of the variation in return. There appear to be instances of a mismatch between the seasonality of prey productivity and the apparent critical period of feeding for juvenile sockeye.     

盐度对才女虫幼虫存活的影响

试验结果表明，采自盐度16水体中的才女虫（Polydora sp.)幼虫，其24h存活盐幅为40－3；采自盐度5水体中的才女虫幼虫，其24h存活盐幅为15－3。盐度16水体中的才女虫幼虫经过逐步驯化后，盐度生态幅增大，其24h安全存活盐幅为50－2。     

Hydropower operations in groundwater‐influenced rivers: implications for Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar,early life stage development and survival

During their early life stages (egg maturation, hatching, alevin development), between late autumn and early spring, young Atlantic salmon are exposed to surface‐groundwater interactions in the hyporheic zone and may depend on influx of subsurface water during periods of regulated low discharge for survival. Two studies, one in a seasonally regulated river and one in a river exposed to hydropeaking, displayed unexpectedly high survival of eggs in surface de‐watered areas because of the influx of oxygen‐rich subsurface water. Field observations of newly hatched alevins in these two rivers showed them to be more sensitive (i.e. suffered higher mortality from) to surface de‐watering than were eggs. Exposure to dry conditions in drawdown areas was highlighted as the main cause for alevin mortality. Therefore, shorter periods of surface de‐watering in the river with hydropeaking resulted in higher alevin survival than the seasonally regulated river when still permanently drained after egg hatching. Greater consideration should be given to all early life‐history stages when implementing discharge release strategies, and the extent of groundwater influence and the potential for flexible hydropower operations should be taken into account.     

方斑东风螺对盐度适应性的研究

通过实验生态学的方法，在温度28．2～29．7℃、pH7．6—8．3的条件下，研究了养殖方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolata）的适宜、最适生存盐度及适宜、最适生长盐度，以期为养殖生产提供科学依据。生存临界盐度界定为120h50％死亡的盐度（120hLS50），其范围为适宜生存盐度；生长临界盐度界定为增长率为最佳一组30％所对应的盐度，其范围为适宜生长盐度；把经过多重比较结果显示无显著差异的存活率或13生长量最高的几个实验组所对应的盐度范围作为最适生存或生长盐度。研究结果表明，方斑东风螺适宜生存盐度为19．18～41．39，最适生存盐度为26．0—34．4；适宜生长盐度为19．28～39．96，最适生长盐度为26．0—31．6。当盐度变化超出最适范围时，养殖方斑东风螺对低盐更为敏感。     

Determining an effective density regime for rearing juvenile Austropotamobius pallipes in a small‐scale closed system hatchery

With recent advances in aquaculture techniques, captive‐breeding of the endangered white‐clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes for restocking is becoming a widespread conservation method. Establishing optimal stocking densities for aquaculture is essential in maximizing productivity, and increases the likelihood of crayfish survival when released. A 240‐day experiment took place using 2‐month‐old juvenile, captive‐born, A. pallipes, within a small‐scale, closed‐circuit hatchery to investigate survival, growth and aggression at three treatment densities, low (100/m²), medium (200/m²) and high (300/m²). Crayfish were counted and measured every 60 days between August 2015 and April 2016. Mean survival rates were high across all three densities (87.7% ± 2.8%). Carapace length was significantly longer at low density than at medium and high densities. While growth rate was not significantly different between treatments, it was significantly higher in the first 2 months, across all three treatments (47.1% ± 6.6%) than in subsequent periods (14.1% ± 5.8%). Size variation within groups increased with density, suggesting that social dominance hierarchies are established with increasing stocking density: dominant individuals are larger and competitively exclude smaller individuals from food resources. Males were significantly larger than females from 6 months of age, (when they could be reliably sexed), in all three treatments. The larger male size suggests that sexual dimorphism begins prior to sexual maturity, with males growing faster and being more dominant and aggressive than females. In conclusion, young‐of‐the‐year A. pallipes can be reared at high densities without compromising survival; however, the optimal stocking density that maximizes growth and health is 100/m².     

不同环境条件对方斑东风螺幼螺生长、存活的影响

本文报道了壳高4.13 mm的方斑东风螺幼螺,在不同密度、换水量、投饵率条件下的生长、存活情况.结果表明,在0.6～4.0万个/m2的密度范围内,在小水泥池(0.9 m×0.6 m×0.6 m),日换水量100～400%条件下,密度0.6万个/m2试验组生长最快,28 d平均体重增长24.4 mg/d,体重日均增长率5.9%,存活率最高,28 d平均存活率95.9%,且换水量达到100%以后,换水量的增大,对幼螺的生长和存活率的提高无明显促进作用.认为合适的条件是:密度0.6万粒/m2或略大于0.6万粒/m2,日换水量100～200%,日投饵率6～7%.     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)的生存临界盐度与适宜生长盐度

对海捕半滑舌鳎幼鱼的生存临界盐度及在不同盐度下的生长情况进行了初步研究。结果表明,半滑舌鳎的生存临界盐度为14-37ppt;盐度对半滑舌鳎的生长有显著影响,其适宜生长的盐度为22～29ppt,最适生长盐度为26ppt左右。盐度过高或过低,都会导致半滑舌鳎的生长率下降。     

Development of hatchery technology for the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen): effect of microalgal species on larval survival

The silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) is a new candidate for aquaculture and there is not much information available on its larval rearing. Investigations carried out using microalgae alone in the culture system for the initial feeding of the silver pomfret larvae showed that Chlorella, Isochrysis and Nannochloropsis without rotifers are not conducive to the survival of newly hatched larvae. At 6 days after hatching (DAH), a maximum survival of 3% (1.8 ± 1.69%) was observed with Isochrysis followed by Nannochloropsis (0.35 ± 0.21%) and Chlorella (0.25 ± 0.21%). All control larvae died at 6 DAH without microalgae. Further investigations using the above microalgae with rotifers and a mixture of these same microalgae with rotifers showed that significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival could be achieved in the mixture of microalgae with rotifers in the culture system. At 12 DAH, the larval survival was 9.73 ± 1.39% in mixed species of algae compared with that of Isochrysis (6.93 ± 1.86%), Nannochloropsis (6.83 ± 0.61%), Chlorella (5.93 ± 2.76%) and seawater without microalgae or the control (0.73 ± 0.31%). The first incidence of feeding on rotifers at 4 DAH was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in all treatments with microalgae than that of the control. The incidence of feeding in mixed species of algae at 4 DAH (60.0 ± 0.00%) and in Isochrysis (55.0 ± 35.36%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of Chlorella (40.0 ± 0.00%) and the control (25.0 ± 7.07%). Prey consumption of individual larvae increased significantly (P < 0.01) at 8 DAH compared with that at 4 DAH. During this period, predation on rotifers by larvae was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in mixed species of algae (12.85 ± 5.73 rotifers larva^?1) than that of the control (6.75 ± 1.20 rotifers larva^?1). The fatty acid composition of rotifers used during this investigation shows that significantly higher (P < 0.05) ω3 HUFA was present in rotifers treated with mixed algae plus commercial enrichment media ‘Super Selco’ and ‘DHA Protein Selco’. Rearing of silver pomfret larvae up to the juvenile stage using mixed species of microalgae in the hatchery has been discussed. During 38 days of the larval rearing period, it was possible to achieve 3.6–4.2% larval survival with a mean of 3.9 ± 0.42%, which was considerably higher than in previous attempts (survival up to 1.5%).