峡江鱼道过鱼效果初步评价

鱼道是解决拦河筑坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要手段之一。为了满足兴建峡江水利枢纽工程后洄游鱼类上溯的要求,保护赣江水生生态环境的完整性,减缓工程对鱼类种群遗传交流的影响,针对峡江水利枢纽实际情况制定了鱼道过鱼方式。鱼道采用垂直竖缝式结构设计,由上游鱼道(出口段)、坝体过鱼孔口、下游主、副鱼道(进口段)、集鱼系统及连接段组成,设计主要过鱼季节为4—7月,流速0.7～1.2 m/s。采用仪器监测与人工观察相结合的方式对峡江鱼道过鱼效果进行了初步监测。监测结果显示:2017年监测到过鱼总数67.8万尾,其中上行占41.67%;期间共监测到22种鱼类,共计4目、7科、18属,以小型鱼类为主,如贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)、三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);不同季节过鱼数量不同,其中以二季度最多,占总数49.17%,过鱼数量以7月最多;过鱼数量昼夜差别大,以上午10:00至下午16:00是过鱼数量最多;与国内其他鱼道相比,峡江鱼道过鱼数量较多,过鱼效果显著。     

连江西牛鱼道运行效果的初步研究

鱼道建设被认为是有效缓解水坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要方法之一,而鱼道效果监测是评价其功能的重要环节。连江西牛鱼道是广东省第一座建立在水坝主体上的过鱼通道,为了解其运行效果,采用张网法和截堵法,２０１２年３－８月共６次对西牛鱼道的过鱼效果进行监测。研究表明,西牛鱼道共监测到鱼类３目、８科、３０属、３８种,以银鮈（Squalidus argentatus）、乐山小鳔鮈（Microphysogobio kiatingensis）、子陵吻鰕虎（Rhinogobit giurinus）等小型鱼类为优势类群。进入鱼道的鱼类呈现昼夜差异,上午集鱼效果要显著优于其他时间段;不同季节集鱼的种类和数量呈现较大差别,３－８月集鱼数量逐渐减少,集鱼种类数以５月最多。与国内外其他鱼道的过鱼效果比较,西牛鱼道能较好地发挥其功能。     

东南太平洋智利竹鱼渔场渔获物的种类组成与多样性

根据2009年3~6月和2012年3~5月在东南太平洋智利竹鱼(Trachurus murphyi)渔场(39°42'S~46°42'S;79°30'W~97°30'W)的渔获种类组成和数量分布调查数据,分析了其种类组成的月份和昼夜差异及其物种多样性。结果表明:调查期间共发现鱼类13科20种和未定种鱼类1种,其中鲭科4种、乌鲂科3种、头足类3种,均隶属于柔鱼科。从数量分布来看,2009和2012年均是以智利竹鱼比例最高,分别为92.55%和92.38%;其次为日本鲭(Scomber japonicus),分别为4.99%和0.15%;在头足类中,茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)数量比例最高,分别为1.17%和1.12%。从出现频次来看,智利竹鱼、日本鲭、日本乌鲂(Brama japonica)、茎柔鱼出现频次较高,其它种类出现频次很低;约88%的种类幼鱼比例低于10%。2012年白天渔获种类有13种,低于夜间的17种;智利竹鱼白天的数量比例比夜晚要高约11%,日本乌鲂、灯笼鱼科、茎柔鱼等种类则是夜间的数量比例和出现频次高于白天。2009年智利竹鱼渔场拖网渔获物的物种丰富度指数(D)为2.2~3.7,2012年为2.1~3.0;Pielous种类均匀度指数(J)在3~6月均很低,Shannon-weaver指数(H')在2009和2012年各个月份均低于0.8,反映了该渔业渔获物群落多样性较低。综合来说,东南太平洋智利竹鱼渔场渔获的种类数相对较低、群落结构较为单一,该作业对当地海域幼鱼资源的影响很低。     

鄱阳湖湖口鱼类资源现状调查

2014年5月-12月对鄱阳湖湖口县水域鱼类资源进行逐月调查,对该水域鱼类种类组成、渔获物结构、优势种、群落多样性指数和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)进行分析。结果显示,在鄱阳湖湖口水域共采集鱼类52种,隶属于7目12科40属;优势种分别为鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鳙(Aristichys nobilis)和光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus),占样本个体总数的61.34%;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(Hi)为2.59,Margalef种类丰富度指数(D)为6.09,Pielou均匀度指数(J')为0.65,Simpson优势度指数(λ)为0.87,相对稀有种数(R)为97.87%;该水域定置网CPUE为1.10~6.21 kg/d,与湖口水位呈显著正相关(P0.05)。鄱阳湖湖口水域渔业捕捞个体以小型鱼类居多,洄游型鱼类的幼鱼补充群体数量极少,鱼类群落多样性指数有上升趋势。     

长洲水利枢纽鱼道功能的初步研究

鱼道是解决水坝阻隔鱼类上溯的重要途径之一,过鱼效果的监测是其科学运行的重要环节。２011年和2012年４－６月对试运行阶段的长洲水利枢纽鱼道进行了监测采样;共计采集到鱼类３０种,主要优势种类为银飘鱼（Pseudolaubuca sinensis）、餐（Hemiculter leucisclus）、瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）、赤眼鳟（Spualiobarbus curriculus）、鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella）、日本鳗鲡（Anguill japonica）,青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）、草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys）、鳙（Aristichthys mobilis）也有出现;体长6０～870ｍｍ的个体可以通过鱼道上溯;鱼道中鲢体重达1.５ｋｇ,鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲶（Schilbe intermedius）体重达到2.８ｋｇ,采集到最大规格的种类为鳡（Elopichthys bambusa）,体长达870ｍｍ,体重7061ｇ。监测数据表明,长洲水利枢纽鱼道具有较好的过鱼功能,但监测中未采集到西江重要的洄游性鱼类广东鲂（Megalobrama hoffmanni）。从不同批次监测到的鱼类种类组成及规格上分析,鱼道运行效果明显受水文变化的影响,其运行及效果监测需要充分考虑水文状况及西江鱼类的生态习性。     

东海区鳓鱼的摄食习性

利用2008年5月、8月、11月和2009年2月在东海区采集到的309 ind鳓鱼(Ilisha elongata)样品为研究对象,对其胃含物进行了分析,应用K-W非参数检验、卡方检验等方法,对不同季节鳓鱼的食物组成进行了研究。结果表明,东海鳓鱼的饵料生物种类有60余种,浮游甲壳类、鱼类和不可辨认的头足类为其主要食物类群。按相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)排序,优势饵料种类最高的是七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum)(IRI%为46.54%),其次是中国毛虾(Acetes chinensis)(IRI%为30.38%)、太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifica)(IRI%为12.08%)和不可辨认的头足类(IRI%为6.48%)等。统计分析检验表明,鳓鱼的空胃率和平均胃饱满系数有显著的季节变化(P<0.01),而无明显的叉长变化,摄食强度春季最高,秋季次之,夏季相对较高,而冬季最低。     

新疆某枢纽工程鱼道的设计

新疆某枢纽工程为低水头拦河建筑物,位于河流平原区,两岸地形平坦开阔。１１月－翌年３月,泄洪闸全部开启,河道基本为自然状态,鱼类可以自由通过;４－１０月,部分泄洪闸关闭,是本工程的过鱼季节。过鱼对象主要是新疆裸重唇鱼等需要短距离迁徙的裂鳆鱼类,兼顾草鱼、鲢等经济鱼类。综合考虑诱鱼能力、过鱼能力、鱼类适应程度、建造成本和运行维护等因素,其过鱼设施经过比选后选定为仿自然通道型鱼道。介绍了该工程仿自然通道型鱼道的论证与设计过程,为低水头拦河建筑物的过鱼设施设计提供借鉴。     

峡江水利枢纽鱼道过鱼效果的初步研究

为了解峡江水利枢纽鱼道过鱼效果,采用张网法和截堵法,于2019年10月、2020年1月、2020年4月、2020年8月对峡江水利枢纽鱼道的过鱼效果开展季度调查.鱼道内共采集鱼类4605尾,计42种,隶属于4目、9科、34属,以中小型鱼类为主,体长范围为2.3～48.5 cm,优势种为宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus...     

论中华鲟过坝的可能性

<正> 长江葛洲坝动工以来,围绕救护中华鲟的措施问题引起了一些争论。有一种颇具代表性的意见是主张采取人工繁殖放流的措施,反对在葛洲坝建造过鱼工程。主要理由是:根据国外过鱼工程实际运转经验,鲟鱼从未通过鱼道,升鱼机过鲟效果亦不好;鲟鱼与鲑鳟鱼生态习性不同,能否通过过鱼工程值得考虑;鲟鱼爱走深槽,难以越过大江电厂下游可能形成的大面积淤滩,到达电厂下游的鱼道入口(假如建造鱼道的话);葛洲坝上游还要建造三峡等水利枢纽,亲鲟和幼鲟上溯下行将会迷失方向无法洄游等等。     

银盘水电站鱼类资源现状和缓解工程影响的保护措施探讨

2009年6月和10月对乌江下游银盘水电站工程影响区域的鱼类现状进行了调查,共采集到鱼类77种,其中鲤科鱼类有45种,占种类数的58.44%,鳅科10种,占12.99%,鲿科11种,占14.29%。从彭水至白马,鲤科鱼类所占比例逐渐增大,鲿科鱼类所占比例逐渐减小。优势种类数量排在前10位的依次为瓦氏黄颡鱼、鱼歺又、宜昌鳅鮀、大鳍鳠、圆筒吻鮈、蛇鮈、吻鮈、鲫、粗唇鮠和泉水鱼,它们占影响区域江段总数量的80.04%;质量优势种类依次为瓦氏黄颡鱼、铜鱼、吻鮈、南方鲇、圆筒吻鮈、鲤、大鳍鳠、墨头鱼、鲫和歺鱼又,它们占影响区域江段总质量的73.83%。结合工程建设造成的大坝阻隔,库区江段生境萎缩或丧失,以及坝下江段水文情势变化加剧、气体过饱和、下泄水温低等可能对鱼类资源产生影响的因素分析,提出增殖放流、过鱼设施建设、改进消能方案以及优化调度规程等多项保护措施,达到保护鱼类资源、促使工程影响区的生态环境呈良性循环的目的。     

A quantitative assessment of fish passage efficiency

In an attempt to restore the connectivity of fragmented river habitats, a variety of passage facilities have been installed at river barriers. Despite the cost of building these structures, there has been no quantitative evaluation of their overall success at restoring fish passage. We reviewed articles from 1960 to 2011, extracted data from 65 papers on fish passage efficiency, size and species of fish, and fishway characteristics to determine the best predictors of fishway efficiency. Because data were scarce for fishes other than salmonids (order Salmoniformes), we combined data for all non‐salmonids for our analysis. On average, downstream passage efficiency was 68.5%, slightly higher than upstream passage efficiency of 41.7%, and neither differed across the geographical regions of study. Salmonids were more successful than non‐salmonids in passing upstream (61.7 vs. 21.1%) and downstream (74.6 vs. 39.6%) through fish passage facilities. Passage efficiency differed significantly between types of fishways; pool and weir, pool and slot and natural fishways had the highest efficiencies, whereas Denil and fish locks/elevators had the lowest. Upstream passage efficiency decreased significantly with fishway slope, but increased with fishway length, and water velocity. An information‐theoretic analysis indicated that the best predictors of fish passage efficiency were order of fish (i.e. salmonids > non‐salmonids), type of fishway and length of fishway. Overall, the low efficiency of passage facilities indicated that most need to be improved to sufficiently mitigate habitat fragmentation for the complete fish community across a range of environmental conditions.     

Denil fishway utilization patterns and passage of several warmwater species relative to seasonal, thermal and hydraulic dynamics

Abstract – Two different Denil fishways on the Grand River, Ontario, were used as check-points to evaluate the upstream movement of fishes past a low-head weir and to examine the proportions and inferred swimming performance of non-salmonid warmwater fishes that used each fishway type. Traps installed at fishway exits were used to collect fish during 24-hour sampling periods, over 40–51 days each year, from 1995 to 1997. Passage rates, size selectivity, water temperature, water velocity and turbidity for the periods of maximum passage for each year were examined. General species composition from trap samples shifted from catostomids to cyprinids to ictalurids to percids and centrarchids, with some overlap, as water temperatures increased from 8 °C to 25 °C in the spring and early summer. Water depths, and therefore water velocities in each fishway, were independent of river discharge due to variable accumulations of debris on upstream trash-racks. Relationships between the water velocity and the swimming and position-holding abilities of several species emerged. Turbidity was directly related to river discharge and precipitation events, and many species demonstrated maximum fishway use during periods of increased turbidity. This study 1) provided evidence of strongly directional upstream movements among several species that were previously considered non-migratory and 2) describes physical and hydraulic conditions during fishway use for 29 non-salmonid fish species.     

Use of a vertical-slot fishway by galaxiids in Western Australia

Abstract –  The Goodga River Fishway is the first vertical-slot fishway in Western Australia and was opened in April 2003 with the aim of increasing the habitat available to two galaxiids; the trout minnow ( Galaxias truttaceus ), a highly restricted freshwater fish species in Western Australia, and the widespread common jollytail ( Galaxias maculatus ). The fishway was designed to function during low flows to coincide with the upstream spawning migration of G. truttaceus . Prior to the opening of the fishway, no fish were found above the Goodga River gauging station (weir), which is approximately 2 km upstream of the river's entrance to Moates Lake. Fish migrations were monitored in each season between April 2003 and February 2005. Galaxias truttaceus utilised the fishway in all sampling periods. Adult fish migrated up the fishway prior to spawning, while large numbers of new recruits (small juveniles) negotiated the fishway during November 2003 and 2004. More G. truttaceus and G. maculatus were captured on the fishway during daylight hours compared with the night; however, larger G. truttaceus were more commonly captured at night whereas G. maculatus on the fishway were larger during the day. The fact that fishway utilisation by G. maculatus was consistent during all samples and new recruits migrated during periods of low flow demonstrates the importance of understanding the migration patterns of the target species when designing fishways.     

海河流域大清河水系的鱼类多样性

为了解大清河水系的鱼类种群多样性组成特点,于2018—2019年间对大清河水系进行多次鱼类调查,结合历史文献资料,梳理了大清河水系的鱼类种类共85种,其中自然分布的淡水鱼类共计8目17科59属78种。这些鱼类多为常见种,珍稀濒危物种占比低,可以充分代表海河流域鱼类区系,是大清河鱼类群落组成的重要特点。然而现状调查只能调查到42种,其中尚自然分布于流域的种类则降低到33种,且以小型鱼类、小个体鱼类为主。Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数分别为1.98、1.14、0.81,同海河流域其他水系相比,表明大清河水系鱼类物种多样性一般 较低,且各区域分布较均匀。多角度考察显示,目前流域鱼类区系的完整性已被高度破坏,鱼类多样性呈现出显著的下降趋势。经济发展驱动的用水需求和大清河流域水资源量不足是导致鱼类多样性减少的主要原因,生境变化、水域污染、水工建设、过度捕捞等也是不可忽视的因素。因此保证一定生态流量和一定程度恢复河流连通性、加强水污染治理、开展人工增殖放流、加大禁捕力度等,都可改善流域鱼类多样性现状。     

Fish and lamprey passage in a combined Denil and vertical slot fishway

A fishway (fish pass), consisting of vertical slot and Denil sections, was constructed at the lowest dam on the River Kemijoki, northern Finland, in 1993. The river was one of the best salmon rivers in Europe until 1949, when the dam and the hydropower plant were completed close to the river mouth. From 1993 to 1995, nearly 1000 adult salmonids passed through the fishway despite heavy fishing below the dam. Of environmental variables measured, water temperature, headwater level, and discharge through the power plant in relation to season changes explained most of the variation in Baltic salmon, Salmo salar L., numbers. They had a minor effect on trout, Salmo trutta L. Migratory whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), entered the fishway but were not observed in its uppermost pool. River lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis (L.), passed through the vertical slot section of the fishway after plastic bristles were fastened into the bottom of the slots.     

Biological effectiveness of an inexpensive nature‐like fishway for passage of warmwater fish in a small Ontario stream

Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nature‐like fishways, particularly in low gradient warmwater streams with diverse fish communities. We evaluated a nature‐like fishway that was installed to facilitate upstream passage at a low head dam on Indian Creek near Spencerville, Ontario, Canada. A passive integrated transponder (PIT) array was used to quantify attraction and passage efficiency for 391 PIT tagged warmwater fish, represented by seven species. Attraction efficiency for the three most common species, common shiner (Luxilus cornutus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), was 63.3%, 83.7% and 65.6%, respectively, and passage efficiencies were 5.1%, 38.4% and 25%, respectively. Creek chub were able to locate the fishway in less time than white sucker and common shiner; however, took longer to successfully pass. Manipulation of creek chub release locations was used to separate issues of attraction and passage and revealed that passage efficiency was highest (76.2%) for those released within the fishway and intermediate for those released at the entrance (42.1%). This multispecies fishway improved stream connectivity, but additional work is needed to fine tune its configuration. Similar projects that engage stakeholders in nature‐like fishway construction are a promising approach for the thousands of small dams that occur on low gradient streams around the globe, but those studies should incorporate a biological evaluation to ensure that attraction and passage efficiency are optimised.     

Upstream passage of fish through a vertical-slot fishway in an Australian subtropical river

The effectiveness of a vertical-slot fishway on the Burnett River barrage for facilitating migration of fish was assessed. In 100 samples taken at the top and bottom of the fishway, over 52 000 fish representing 34 species were collected at a maximum rate of 4500 fish per day. In contrast, less than 2000 fish ascended the original pool-and-weir fishway in 128, 24 h samples at the top between 1984 and 1987. Juvenile size classes dominated the abundance of many species in the present study and fish between 24 and 930 mm in length ascended the vertical-slot fishway. However, passage of small fish was restricted and for new fishways on tidal barriers a further reduction in head loss between pools is recommended. Importantly, the width of the vertical-slots was too small for effective upstream passage of large Queensland lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft). The greatest diversity of fish species was found during low river flows. The findings suggest that vertical-slot fishways with wide pools and low turbulence pass a diverse range of fish fauna present in subtropical coastal rivers.     

Optimising Denil fishways for passage of small and large fishes

Abstract  An 8-m long experimental fishway was trialled at three different slopes [8.3% (1:12), 14.3% (1:7) and 20% (1:5)] to examine the potential of the single-plane Denil fishway for the passage of small- and large-bodied native fishes in Australia. Fish between 45 and 630 mm ascended the fishway. The lowest slope enabled the full size range of bony herring Nematalosa erebi (Günther), from 45 to 350 mm fork length, to ascend the fishway successfully as well as a higher numerical proportion; 88% at the 8.3% slope compared with 31% at the 20% slope (fish numbers per trial = 33–3936). These results dispel the notion that Denil fishways are inherently poor for small fishes. Manipulating the design parameters of slope, length, width and possibly depth-over-breadth ratio enables Denil fishways to pass a wide size range of fish, which may greatly extend their present application and enable them to make a greater contribution to the rehabilitation of diverse fish communities.     

流溪河保护区鱼类群落结构及其时空变动

为了解流溪河光倒刺鲃国家级水产种质资源保护区鱼类群落结构,分析不同河段、不同季节鱼类群落多样性的变化,于2017年12月-2018年10月对保护区上、中、下游的鱼类开展了每个季度一次的调查。调查结果显示,共采集鱼类57种,隶属于5目14科50属,其中鲤形目43种、鲈形目6种、鲇形目5种,合鳃鱼目2种,鳉形目1种;计算57种鱼类的相对重要性指数,结果显示,尼罗罗非鱼、越南■及鲤鱼为2017-2018年度优势种;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数计算结果显示,下游鱼类群落的多样性及均匀度最高,夏季鱼类群落的多样性、丰富度及均匀度最高;各监测点之间的种类相似性系数显示,保护区上中游、上下游之间鱼类种类组成为中等不相似,中下游种类组成为中等相似,春夏、春冬、夏冬及夏秋季节鱼类种类组成为中等不相似,春秋、秋冬季节为中等相似;ABC分析结果显示,春、夏及冬季鱼类群落处于稳定状态,秋季处于中度干扰状态。     

Assessing upstream invasion risk in alien freshwater fishes based on intrinsic variations in swimming speed performance

Managing the spread and impact of invasive species requires an understanding of what limits their dispersal into new areas. Here, we investigated an intrinsic component of invasive species dispersal, via assessments of the swimming speed performance of four species of alien freshwater fish at risk of invading the upper reaches of a montane river system in south‐east Australia. Using water flow measurements taken from a range of potential barriers to their upstream dispersal (fishways, culverts, natural riffle habitats), we assessed the likelihood of alien species passage based on intrinsic differences in swimming speed performance. With the four alien fish species displaying a wide range of sprint swimming speed (U_sprint) capabilities, our logistic regression analysis identified pipe culverts as being a challenge to dispersal by all but the largest individuals of one species (Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Notably, fishway installations facilitating passage of the sympatric threatened species, Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica), could allow upstream dispersal of a key threatening species (European perch, Perca fluviatilis). Our study highlights the utility of locomotor capabilities for assessing the likelihood of upstream dispersal by species following human‐assisted introductions to the lower parts of a catchment.