中国林蛙蝌蚪对盐度的适应性

在水温16～18℃的野外条件下，采用单因子静态急性毒性实验法，研究中国林蛙蝌蚪对盐度的适应能力。结果表明，在pH为7．3～8．1的池塘水质条件下，盐度对中国林蛙蝌蚪的24、48、72和96h半致死值(LC50)分别为8．09‰、7．32‰、5．37‰和3．349‰；零致死值(LC0)分别为6．22‰、6．13‰、3．09‰和2．17‰；全致死值(LC100)分别为9．72‰、8．49‰、7．82‰和5．37‰；10％致死值(LC10)分别为6．82‰、6．39‰、3．69‰和3．22‰；90％致死值(LC90)分别为9．33‰、8．7l‰、7．37‰和4．72‰；安全值(SC)为1．70‰。建议野外蝌蚪饲养池的水体盐度控制在2．0‰以下。     

欧洲鳗鲡对不同生态因子的耐受反应及相关血液生化指标变化的研究

对欧鳗在不同生态因子条件下的急性耐受反应及相关的血液生化指标进行跟踪测定 ,结果表明 :①欧鳗的致死水温为 38 5℃ ;水温 4 5℃至 0℃时 ,进入僵卧的冬眠状态 ;耐受的盐度为 5 0 5‰ ;pH的耐受反应随水温的升高其反应的时间缩短 ,耐受的范围缩小 ,2 0℃时pH值为 11 32和 3 2 ,2 5℃时 pH值为 10 9和 3 7,30℃时 pH值为 10 70和 3 85。NH+ 4 -N和NO-2 -N的耐受反应均随着水温升高 ,其出现异常反应的时间缩短 ,NH+ 4 -N值达 5 5mg/L ,反应时间达 96h ,欧鳗仍未见死亡 ,NO-2 -N值在 30℃ ,反应时间达 98h ,其致死浓度为 4 0mg/L。②血液中反映肾功能的Cr值和反映机体应激状态的AST、CK值均随pH值的变化、NH4+ -N、NO-2 -N的升高而增加 ,而反映机体渗透压的Na+ 、Cl-数值则呈现下降的趋势 ,同时pH值的变化比NH4+ -N、NO-2 -N的升高对欧鳗血液中AST、CK值的增加的影响程度更大。     

单环刺螠增养殖生物学的研究

单环刺螠个体鲜出肉率大致为冬季39～47％，春季17～27％。食性为滤食性，以水中悬浮性颗粒为食。气温7℃，干露时间持续72h．均能成活。生活水温是0～30℃，临界高温32．5℃，临界低温-4℃。生活的盐度范围是15～36，适宜盐度范围24．94～35．77。pH值的耐受范围是4．46～9．5，适宜范围7.5～9．42。在溶解氧含量达1．14mg／L时，活动正常。     

甲醛对中华虎头蟹Ⅱ期潘状幼体的急性毒性

在盐度28．0～29．0、水温23—24℃和pH8．6～8．7条件下,采用急性毒性试验方法研究了甲醛溶液（37．O％～40．0％）对中华虎头蟹（Orithyia sinica）Ⅱ期溢状幼体的急性毒性。结果表明,甲醛溶液对溢状幼体的24h、48h,及96h的半致死质量浓度分别为131．0μL·L-1、110．3μL·L-1,及98．7μL·L-1;安全浓度为23．4μL·L-1。     

盐度与pH对云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼活力的影响

为探讨盐度、pH对云纹石斑鱼Epinephelus moara胚胎发育和仔鱼活力的影响,采用单因子实验的方法,在水温22±0．2℃条件下,将受精卵在不同盐度（5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40和45）、不同pH（5．5、6．0、6．5、7．0、7．5、8．0、8．5、9．0和9．5）下孵化,观察比较其孵化率HR、畸形率DR以及对初孵仔鱼活力和仔鱼培育周期的影响。并在上述设定条件下,进行了初孵仔鱼耐受试验,测定其存活率SR及生存活力指数（SAI）。结果表明,云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育的最低和最高临界盐度分别为10和45,最低和最高临界PH分别为6．O和9．5;盐度、PH的适宜范围分别是20～40、6．5～9．0,最适范围分别是30～35、7．5～8．0。仔鱼生存盐度、pH的适宜范围分别是20～35、6．0～9．0,最适范围分别是25～30、7．5～8．0。     

几种常见药物对斑点叉尾鮰的毒性试验

在水温20℃～26℃条件下，采用生物毒性试验方法用食盐、二溴海因、高锰酸钾对斑点叉尾鮰的急性毒性试验。高锰酸钾对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是6．36mg／l，48h半致死浓度是5．00mg／l，安全浓度是0．93mg／l；二溴海因对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是2．7mg／l，48h半致死浓度是1．01mg／l，安全浓度是0．04mg／l；食盐对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是4689mg／l，48h半致死浓度是45237mg／l，安全浓度为12577mg／l。     

中美洲原产地鳗鲡苗种对几种生态因子的耐受性研究

初步研究了产自中美洲地区的美洲鳗鲡（Anguilla rostrata）苗种对于温度、pH值、溶解氧、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、光强等生态因子的适宜范围及耐受极限。结果显示：鳗苗适宜水温是20℃～28℃,临界上限和下限分别是38℃及0℃;鳗苗正常活动的溶氧临界值是1.0 mg L-1,半数窒息点为0.7 mg L-1;适宜pH为4～10,耐受的上下限分别为11和3;非离子态氨对鳗苗24、48、72、96h的半致死浓度分别是4.54、4.08、4.08、2.62 mg L-1,安全浓度为0.26 mg L-1;亚硝酸盐对鳗苗24、48、72、96h的半致死浓度分别是92.05、65.81、45.54、37.06 mg L-1,安全浓度为3.71 mg L-1;引起鳗苗不安的光强阈值是5.88 µE/m2/s。     

嘉庚蛸对温度、盐度的耐受性试验

2003年4～10月在试验条件下研究了嘉庚蛸成体对温度、盐度等环境因子的耐受能力。利用温水和冰水调节水温，在温控加热器和生物冰袋的协助下完成温度耐受性试验；通过淡水和海水晶调节试验过程中所需的盐度变化。试验结果表明：嘉庚蛸的适宜温度范围为12．0℃～31．0℃，临界上限水温为35．2℃，临界下限水温为0．5℃；耐受盐度的范围比较广泛，为4．8～48．5，适宜养殖的盐度为18．4～33．1。较高的耐受性范围可以保证嘉庚蛸更好地适应其生存的环境，不至于由于环境因子的激变造成嘉庚蛸的大规模死亡。因此，人工养殖和育苗过程中，保持环境因子的稳定是获得高孵化率的先决条件。     

环境因子对发光细菌的生长及日本对虾仔虾感染死亡率的影响

以水温、盐度、pH、COD、NH3－N为环境因子，哈维氏弧菌（Vibro harveyi)感染日本对虾（Penaeus japonicus）仔虾，试验进行3d。结果表明，水温、温度、pH和COD对发光细菌的生长和日本对虾仔虾的感染死亡率具有明显的促进作用。在水温30℃，盐度32．8，pH7．654和COD10．2mg／L时，发光细菌在试验结束时的数量比初始时分别增加了11．2倍，6．5倍和7．9倍；日本对虾仔虾的死亡率比对照组分别增加了60％，45％，43％和50％。NH3－N对发光细菌的促生长作用不明显，但其质量浓度1．2－1．6mg/L时，能增加日本对虾仔虾对发光病的感染率和死亡率。     

碱度、pH对中国林蛙蝌蚪成活的影响

在水温16～18℃的野外条件下,采用单因子静态急性毒性实验法,研究水环境中碱度、pH对中国林蛙(Ranachensinensis)蝌蚪的毒性效应。结果表明,在pH为7 0～8 5、盐度为0 18g/L时,碱度对中国林蛙蝌蚪的24,48,72,96h的半致死值(LC50)分别为14 36,11 8,10 35,7 68mmol/L,安全值(SC)为2 41mmol/L。在相同盐度下,碱度为1 41mmol/L时,pH对中国林蛙蝌蚪的24、48、72和96hLC50值分别为10 33(3 92),10 18(4 07),10 08(4 11),10 02(4 16)。蝌蚪长期生长与生存的pH为6 0～9 0,碱度上限为3 0mmol/L。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.