菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、文蛤和紫石房蛤血细胞的分类研究

采用流式细胞仪对菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、文蛤和紫石房蛤4种双壳贝类的血细胞分类进行了比较研究。通过比较4种贝类的前向角散射光(FSC)和侧向角散射光(SSC)双参数点图以及FSC和SSC单参数直方图,发现4种贝类的血细胞均可根据其细胞质中是否有颗粒分为透明细胞和颗粒细胞两种基本类型,中国蛤蜊和紫石房蛤的颗粒细胞又可分为小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞两个亚群,菲律宾蛤仔的颗粒细胞又可以区分为小颗粒细胞、中颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞3个亚群,而文蛤只有颗粒细胞,通过统计分析双参数点图中的各细胞亚群,4种贝类血细胞亚群的含量存在一定差异。     

流式细胞术与显微观察对罗氏沼虾血细胞的比较研究

应用流式细胞术和显微观察对罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachium rosenbergii）血细胞的分类分群和各类细胞组成比例进行研究，比较2种方法的优缺点。应用显微观察，根据细胞颗粒的有无和大小以及细胞染色情况，可把罗氏沼虾血细胞分为透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞。根据其血细胞的前向角散射光（FSC）和侧向角散射光（SSC）特性的不同，也将血细胞分为3个亚群：透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞。检测各种细胞所占的比例，2种方法测得比例均为：小颗粒细胞〉大颗粒细胞〉透明细胞；2方法的结果存在显著差异（P〈0．05），但相关性极显著（P〈0．01）。利用流式细胞术可更快捷、准确，减少人为误差，显微观察可对细胞内部结构进行更深入的分析，并可进行细胞实际大小和细胞密度的测定。2种方法互补不足，可更快速、准确、全面地进行细胞基础特征的研究。     

流式细胞术在克氏原螯虾血细胞的分类、活性和免疫功能研究中的应用

应用流式细胞术(FCM)对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)血细胞的分类、活性和免疫功能进行了研究。结果显示:血细胞可分为透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞三个亚群,组成比例分别为(26.25±5.29)%、(51.44±7.02)%和(11.20±1.82)%;螯虾血细胞的平均总凋亡率约为3.12%;血细胞对荧光大肠杆菌的吞噬活力显著(P<0.05)高于荧光微球,吞噬率分别为17.04%和14.57%;血细胞在自然生理状态下含有一定量的活性氧,其在两类颗粒细胞的含量显著(P<0.05)高于透明细胞,在大颗粒细胞中最高。结果表明,FCM能较好地应用于虾类的血细胞分类和功能研究。     

橄榄蛏蚌血细胞形态及吞噬能力的初步研究

对橄榄蛏蚌(Solenaia oleivora)血细胞的形态特征和吞噬作用进行了初步研究。基于瑞氏染色后血细胞的形态、颜色、大小等特征,可将橄榄蛏蚌的血细胞分为大颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、透明细胞、类淋巴细胞共4种类型。透明细胞的直径最大,小颗粒细胞次之,类淋巴细胞最小;透明细胞的胞核直径最大,小颗粒细胞次之,大颗粒细胞最小。类淋巴细胞的核质比最大(0.67),其他3种细胞的核质比为0.37～0.48。4种血细胞所占比例以小颗粒细胞最高(43.6%),透明细胞次之(36.6%),类淋巴细胞最低(7.0%)。橄榄蛏蚌平均血细胞浓度为(4.21±1.51)×105个/mL,个体的血细胞浓度与体重(或壳长)不相关(P>0.05),不同体重组(或壳长组)的平均血细胞浓度无显著差异(P>0.05)。在37℃体外吞噬试验中,橄榄蛏蚌血细胞对金黄色葡萄球菌的吞噬比例为(43.6±7.0)%,吞噬指数为(0.743±0.145)。4种血细胞中,小颗粒细胞的吞噬比例最大(0.288±0.061),类淋巴细胞不具吞噬能力。     

白洋淀日本沼虾血细胞的初步研究

对取自华北白洋淀种群的日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)血细胞进行显微形态观察、分类、测量和计数。依据细胞的形态,胞质中颗粒的数量和密度以及细胞的核质比把日本沼虾血细胞分为透明细胞(hyaline cell,HC)、半颗粒细胞(semigranular cell,SGC)和颗粒细胞(granular cell,GC)3类。血细胞大小依次为颗粒细胞>半颗粒细胞>透明细胞。血细胞密度为(1.13±0.50)×106个/mL,其中GC占48.5%,SGC占31.8%,HC占19.7%。并对我国日本沼虾的华南种群、华中种群及白洋淀所在地华北种群的血细胞大小和数量进行了比较。     

病原感染条件下中国对虾二倍体和三倍体血液学变化

以热休克诱导获得中国对虾三倍体，通过口服或注射的方式对二倍体和三倍体中国对虾进行了白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和鳗弧菌感染实验，研究了病原感染前后二倍体和三倍体中国对虾血液学的变化并首次报道了三倍体中国对虾血细胞的组成。实验结果表明：三倍体和二倍体中国对虾均对WSSV敏感，三倍体未显示出明显的抗性。WSSV感染4d后，对虾外周循环系统的血细胞数量明显减少，三倍体和二倍体对虾血细胞数量均降为对照组的10％左右。对虾血细胞组成发生变化，大颗粒细胞明显减少，小颗粒细胞相应增加，而透明细胞所占比例基本不变；大颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞内颗粒物质均有所减少，出现空泡或细胞外突起等异常结构。注射鳗弧菌感染后两种对虾的血细胞数量均有所减少，血细胞数量的减少与弧菌的注射量呈正相关关系：三倍体中国对虾血细胞组成与二倍体相似，但其密度仅为二倍体的40％左右：本研究结果为三倍体对虾抗逆特性的研究提供了一定依据和参考。     

凡纳滨对虾不同类型血细胞的活性氧水平和酯酶活性

应用流式细胞术(FCM)测定凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)不同类型血细胞(透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞)的非诱导性和诱导性活性氧(ROS)含量以及非特异性酯酶活性,探讨不同类型血细胞的免疫功能.结果显示,透明细胞的非诱导性ROS含量最低,显著低于小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞(P＜0.05),大颗粒细胞的非诱导性ROS含量最高;经脂多糖(LPS)刺激后,透明细胞的ROS含量没有显著变化(P＞0.05),小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞的ROS含量显著提高(P＜0.05);大颗粒细胞的酯酶活性显著高于小颗粒细胞和透明细胞(P＜0.05).研究表明,3类血细胞在活性氧含量和酯酶活性的功能上存在差异,两类颗粒细胞的活性氧水平较高,大颗粒细胞的酯酶活性较强.     

泥蚶血细胞的形态结构特征及部分免疫功能

利用光镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜及流式细胞仪技术对泥蚶血细胞形态结构以及吞噬活性进行了研究。根据细胞大小、形态结构、颗粒特点,光镜下可将血细胞区分为红色颗粒细胞(占89.67%)、嗜碱性颗粒细胞(占7.05%)、透明细胞(占3.28%)3种主要类型。健康泥蚶血淋巴中血细胞平均密度为(3.29±0.82)×10⁶ /mL。透射电镜下观察到颗粒细胞Ⅰ型、颗粒细胞Ⅱ型、无颗粒细胞;扫描电镜观察下,细胞表面光滑,部分细胞表面有小的突起物。用流式细胞仪检测出P1(13.13%)亚群和P2(78.83%)两个细胞亚群以及没有固定形态的细胞(近8%)。利用APIZYM 试剂盒对健康泥蚶血细胞及血清中的19种酶进行检测,在血细胞中检测到11种酶,在血清中检测到了13种酶,经酵母聚糖刺激后,碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、类脂脂酶、N-乙酰葡萄糖胺酶在血细胞和血清中的水平大幅升高。体外吞噬实验观察显示,红色颗粒细胞对酵母聚糖具有明显的吞噬能力,嗜碱性颗粒细胞和透明细胞吞噬作用不显著;在经嗜水气单胞杆菌刺激后,嗜碱性颗粒细胞出现大量聚集现象,透明细胞能吸附颗粒物。吞噬活性研究表明,温度、盐度对泥蚶血细胞的吞噬活性有显著的影响,在泥蚶适宜生长温度(13~30 ℃)区间和最适盐度(20.0~26.2)×10^-12区间,血细胞吞噬活性达到最高值。     

成年日本新糠虾血细胞组成、形态及其不同发育阶段的免疫活性酶

采用光镜和电镜的方法,以血细胞所含颗粒与否,颗粒多少和核质比等将成年日本新糠虾血细胞进行分型,并对各型血细胞所占比例进行统计。利用生化分析的方法,对不同发育阶段(新孵后0、10、20和30d)日本新糠虾全组织中磷酸酶(酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶)、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶的活性进行测定。结果表明,日本新糠虾血细胞可为3种类型,它们分别为透明细胞、半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞。它们的胞体大小依次增大,核质比依次降低。对此3种类型血细胞比例分别统计后发现,颗粒细胞所占比例最多约为47.53%±0.02,其次是半颗粒细胞约为31.23%±0.01,最少的是透明细胞约为21.24%±0.02。日本新糠虾体内磷酸酶(酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶)、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶的活性均有随个体发育而呈降低的趋势。3种酶中以溶菌酶的活性最高,平均约为305.20U/mg蛋白,其次是酸性磷酸酶约为0.2365U/mg蛋白,而酚氧化酶和酸性磷酸酶在成体中的活性基本一致,约为0.1295U/mg蛋白。研究表明,日本新糠虾血细胞组成中,以颗粒细胞为主。溶菌酶是其主要的免疫活性物质。日本新糠虾体内磷酸酶(酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶)、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活性有随其个体发育而逐渐...     

黑褐新糠虾血细胞形态及其与日本新糠虾对溶藻弧菌敏感性的比较

实验采用Giemsa与Wright' s两种染色方法对黑褐新糠虾血细胞进行染色,根据血细胞大小,所含颗粒与否,颗粒多少和核质比将其分型,并对各型血细胞所占比例进行统计.结果表明,通过比较Giemsa染色与Wright's染色两种方法的染色时间和效果,Wright's染色更加适合糠虾血细胞.通过染色,将黑褐新糠虾血细胞分为3种类型,它们分别为透明细胞、半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞.它们的胞体大小依次增大,核质比依次降低.对此3种类型血细胞比例分别统计后发现,颗粒细胞所占比例最多约( 48.38％±0.05％),其次是半颗粒细胞约为(35.22％±0.04％),最少的为透明细胞约为(16.40％±0.01％).对不同浓度溶藻弧菌的感染试验发现,日本新糠虾在较短的时间内出现死亡,即48h,而黑褐新糠虾72 h出现死亡,各浓度组中日本新糠虾死亡率均高于黑褐新糠虾.黑褐新糠虾相对日本新糠虾来说,对溶藻弧菌具有较低的敏感性,可能与其血细胞中颗粒和半颗粒比例较高有关.     

Morphological, structural, and functional characterization of the haemocytes of the scallop, Argopecten irradians

Argopecten irradians is one of the most important commercial species of Pectinidae family in China. The internal defense system of mollusks consists of circulating haemocytes. In order to characterize the haemocytes of the scallop A. irradians, light and electron microscopical studies were carried out. Four types of haemocytes were recognized: type I small hyalinocytes (2.38 ± 0.08 μm, 30-35%), type II large hyalinocytes (4.41 ± 0.33 μm, 15-20%), type III small granulocytes (4.15 ± 0.26 μm, 20-25%), and type IV large granulocytes (8.26 ± 0.52 μm, 25-30%). Granulocyte types showed smaller N/C ratios than hyalinocytes. The mean haemocyte concentration was about (3.75 ± 0.65) × 10⁷ cells ml^− 1 of haemolymph. Among haemocytes, 44.7% are granular and 55.3% are agranular. These gave a relatively systematic classification scheme for haemocytes of A. irradians. Three types of granules were identified: type I, with high electron-density; type II, with low electron-density; and type III, with a middle level of electron-density, based on TEM studies. Different haemocyte types were not separated with DDGC of Percoll in this study. Both granulocytes and hyalinocytes showed a phagocytic response to the two strains of bacteria, Escherichia coli and RLOs. The phagocytic ability of granulocyte was significantly higher (41-48%) than that of hyalinocyte (9.2-11.2%).     

Kinetic analysis of internalization of white spot syndrome virus by haemocyte subpopulations of penaeid shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), and the outcome for virus and cell

Little is known about the innate antiviral defence of shrimp haemocytes. In this context, the haemocytes of penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were separated by iodixanol density gradient centrifugation into five subpopulations (sub): sub 1 (hyalinocytes), sub 2 and 3 (prohyalinocytes), sub 4 (semigranulocytes) and sub 5 (granulocytes) and exposed to beads, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and ultraviolet (UV)‐killed WSSV. In a first experiment, the uptake of beads, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and UV‐killed WSSV by these different haemocyte subpopulations was investigated using confocal microscopy. Only haemocytes of sub 1, 4 and 5 were internalizing beads, WSSV and UV‐killed WSSV. Beads were engulfed by a much larger percentage of cells (91.2 in sub 1; 84.1 in sub 4 and 58.1 in sub 5) compared to WSSV (9.6 in sub 1; 10.5 in sub 4 and 7.9 in sub 5) and UV‐killed WSSV (12.9 in sub 1; 13.3 in sub 4; and 11.8 in sub 5). In a second experiment, it was shown that upon internalization, WSS virions lost their envelope most probably by fusion with the cellular membrane of the endosome (starting between 30 and 60 min post‐inoculation) and that afterwards the capsid started to become disintegrated (from 360 min post‐inoculation). Expression of new viral proteins was not observed. Incubation of haemocyte subpopulations with WSSV but not with UV‐killed WSSV and polystyrene beads resulted in a significant drop in haemocyte viability. To find the underlying mechanism, a third experiment was performed in which haemocyte subpopulations were exposed to a short WSSV DNA fragment (VP19) and CpG ODNs. These small DNA fragments induced cell death. In conclusion, WSSV is efficiently internalized by hyalinocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes, after which the virus loses its envelope; as soon as the capsids start to disintegrate, cell death is activated, which in part may be explained by the exposure of viral DNA to cellular‐sensing molecules.     

Tanner crab Chionocetes bairdi Rathbun haemocyte classification and an evaluation of using differential counts to measure infection with a fungal disease

Abstract. The circulating haemocytes of the tanner crab, Chionocetes bairdi , were studied and classified as hyalinocytes, intermediate granulocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes. Differential haemocyte counts of normal crabs and crabs infected with an apparently pathogenic unnamed ascomycete fungus revealed a shift in the hyalinocyte-granulocyte ratio in infected crabs. There was a highly significant increase in the percentage of granulocytes and a corresponding decrease in hyalinocytes in infected crabs. This shift was thought to be caused by a marked increase in the relative number of eosinophilic gianulocytes. There was also a highly significant statistical relationship between the severity of the internal fungus infection, established by histopathological analysis of the major organ systems, and the increased number of circulating eosinophilic granulocytes. The results of the study indicate that differential haemocyte counts may be a valuable tool in monitoring the health of C. bairdi populations.     

Characterization of haemocytes of the Indian edible oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston)

The haemocytes of the Indian edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis were characterized using light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic study was conducted by staining a monolayer of the haemocytes with Geimsa. Cells without granules and with a large nucleus occupying much of the cytoplasmic area were grouped as hyalinocytes. Those with lesser amounts of basophilic cytoplasmic granules were characterized as semigranulocytes and those with large amounts of a mixture of acidophilic and basophilic granules were termed as granulocytes. Ultrastructural studies also revealed the presence of three types of haemocytes. Scanning electron microscopic studies were used to study the spreading behaviour of the haemocytes. Cytochemical studies revealed the presence of acidphosphatase, peroxidase and prophenol oxidase in the cells.     

凡纳滨对虾白斑综合征血液病理研究

对自然发病、投喂和注射感染的凡纳滨对虾白斑综合征（white spot syndrome，WSS）血液病理进行研究，结果发现：不同感染方式患病对虾的血液病理变化相似，表现为：1．患病对虾血细胞总数、透明细胞数量极显著减少，小颗粒细胞、大颗粒细胞极显著增加。2．显微病理变化主要表现为血涂片中血细胞明显减少且分布不均匀，破损或解体的细胞增多，呈典型的溶血状态。3．超微病理变化表现为，大部分血细胞坏死，少数血细胞呈不典型的凋亡。患病对虾的血细胞核中可见大量白斑综合征病毒（white spot syndrome virus，WSSV）粒子。病理变化表明血细胞是WSSV的主要靶细胞。     

Identification of immune cells interacting with Vibrio spp. and its in vitro post-phagocytic killing mechanism of haemocytes in the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

Immune cells were identified and their interaction towards Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. anguillarum was studied in vitro in the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus indicus. Haemocytes were divided into agranulocytes, semi-dense granulocytes and dense granulocytes according to their morphology. Agranulocytes (100%) and 0.3–0.7% of granulocytes were actively involved in coagulation. Granulocytes were involved in in vitro phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign materials. Phagocytosis was enhanced by prior opsonization of bacteria with cell-free shrimp haemolymph. Semi-dense granulocytes were phagocytic towards V. alginolyticus with and without opsonization at the rate of 91.1% and 83.1%, respectively ( P < 0.05 ). Granulocyte death observed after 2 h with opsonized haemolymph was 26.1%. About 64.5% of dense granulocytes and 23.2% of semi-dense granulocytes were actively involved in encapsulation, forming capsules. A spectrophotometric nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay was used to demonstrate the production of superoxide anions (O₂⁻) by shrimp haemocytes. All the Vibrio spp. were able to induce superoxide anions (O₂⁻) during phagocytosis. Live Vibrio sp. induced O₂⁻ production in haemocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Significant activity was detected with a 40:1 bacteria to haemocyte ratio ( P < 0.05 ). NBT reduction assay for measuring the post-phagocytic killing mechanism in shrimp haemocytes might be a valuable tool for monitoring shrimp health and immunological studies.     

Differences in uptake and killing of pathogenic and non‐pathogenic bacteria by haemocyte subpopulations of penaeid shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei, (Boone)

Phagocytosis is an important function of both invertebrate and vertebrate blood cells. In this study, the phagocytic activity of haemocyte subpopulations of penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, (Boone), against pathogenic and non‐pathogenic particles was investigated in vitro. The haemocytes of penaeid shrimp were firstly separated by centrifugation on a continuous density gradient of iodixanol into four fractions with five subpopulations (sub), of which sub 1 (hyalinocytes) and sub 4 (semi‐granulocytes) have the main function in phagocytosis of both pathogenic and non‐pathogenic bacteria as well as fluorescent polystyrene beads. It was found that these haemocyte subpopulations engulfed virulent Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio harveyi at a higher rate than non‐virulent Escherichia coli and polystyrene beads. When these bacteria were mixed with shrimp haemocyte subpopulations and incubated for 180 min, the percentage of viable intracellular V. campbellii (25.5 ± 6.0%) recovered was significantly higher than the percentage recovered from V. harveyi (13.5 ± 1.1%). No viable intracellular E. coli was observed in this study. In contrast to V. harveyi and E. coli, V. campbellii containing endosomes did not acidify in time. Incubation of haemocyte subpopulations with the most virulent V. campbellii strain resulted in a significant drop in haemocyte viability (41.4 ± 6.3% in sub 1 and 30.2 ± 15.1% in sub 4) after 180 min post‐inoculation in comparison with the less virulent V. harveyi (84.1 ± 5.6% in sub 1 and 83.4 ± 4.1% in sub 4) and non‐virulent E. coli (92.7 ± 2.8% in sub 1 and 92.3 ± 5.6% in sub 4) and polystyrene beads (91.9 ± 1.6% in sub 1 and 84.4 ± 3.4% in sub 4). These findings may be a valuable tool for monitoring shrimp health and immunological studies.     

Molecular cloning,sequence analysis and tissue expression of translationally controlled tumour protein from the WSSV‐infected Indian shrimp Penaeus indicus

The gene coding for translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) was polymerase chain reaction amplified from haemocyte cDNA of Indian shrimp, Penaeus indicus, and sequenced. The N‐terminal region, a conserved one among all the TCTPs, was shown to have one substitution at position 37, in the Indian isolate. Besides this, there were two substitutions in the C‐terminal region (135, 149), exclusive to the Indian isolate. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a close relatedness of TCTP from P. indicus to Fenneropenaeus chinensis compared with other isolates. Translationally controlled tumour protein gene expression was found to be elevated in the haemocytes of WSSV‐infected shrimps compared with the uninfected ones. However, tissues from the infected shrimps did not exhibit any detectable levels of TCTP expression.