3种市售养殖对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的核酸探针检测

对虾白斑综合征病毒是对虾养殖业危害最为严重的病毒, 每年给对虾养殖造成很大经济损失, 已成为对虾养殖业可持续发展的严重障碍。在过去的十几年中, 人们采取各种方法防止白斑综合征病毒的传播。中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis )、凡纳滨对虾( Litopenae vannamei)、日本囊对虾(Marsup enaeus jap onicus)是我国主要的对虾养殖品种, 也是白斑综合征病毒的敏感宿主。按照煮沸- 乙醇沉淀法快速、简便提取市售30 只中国明对虾、28只凡纳滨对虾、29只日本囊对虾DNA, 然后用地高辛标记的核酸探针进行斑点杂交检测白斑综合征病毒,从而了解市场中养殖对虾携带白斑综合征病毒的情况。检测结果显示, 所有样品均未感染白斑综合征病毒, 说明目前白斑综合征病毒在一定程度上得到了有效控制。     

3种市售养殖对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的核酸探针检测

对虾白斑综合征病毒是对虾养殖业危害最为严重的病毒,每年给对虾养殖造成很大经济损失,已成为对虾养殖业可持续发展的严重障碍.在过去的十几年中,人们采取各种方法防止白斑综合征病毒的传播.中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)、日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)是我国主要的对虾养殖品种,也是白斑综合征病毒的敏感宿主.按照煮沸-乙醇沉淀法快速、简便提取市售30只中国明对虾、28只凡纳滨对虾、29只日本囊对虾DNA,然后用地高辛标记的核酸探针进行斑点杂交检测白斑综合征病毒,从而了解市场中养殖对虾携带白斑综合征病毒的情况.检测结果显示,所有样品均未感染白斑综合征病毒,说明目前白斑综合征病毒在一定程度上得到了有效控制.     

氨氮胁迫下白斑综合征病毒对凡纳滨对虾的致病性

为了评价养殖水环境中氨氮(NH_4-N)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的危害性,开展了NH_4-N胁迫对凡纳滨对虾感染白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)后的死亡率、WSSV增殖速率和对虾主要免疫相关酶活性影响的实验。在NH_4-N胁迫质量浓度为15.6 mg·L-1,分别注射2×105和2×106个WSSV粒子,结果显示,NH_4-N胁迫下注射2×105个WSSV粒子的凡纳滨对虾第144小时死亡率达到53.3%,显著高于无胁迫组(40.0%)。对虾鳃组织WSSV荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,NH_4-N胁迫下凡纳滨对虾鳃组织内WSSV的增殖加快。此外,免疫相关酶活性结果显示,NH_4-N浓度突变会促使对虾血清中酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性短暂升高后持续降低。由此可见,NH_4-N胁迫会加快WSSV在患病凡纳滨对虾体内的增殖,导致更高死亡率,这可能是因为胁迫造成了对虾免疫相关酶活性降低和抗病原感染能力下降。     

白斑综合征病毒和桃拉综合征病毒对凡纳滨对虾的混合感染

2003年10月青岛胶州市对虾养殖场养殖的凡纳滨对虾出现大规模死亡，死亡率在90％以上，典型症状为肝胰腺发红、通过镜检排除寄生虫和细菌感染后，利用免疫荧光抗体技术(IFAT)和PCR方法从病虾鳃中检出白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)，同时利用RT—PCR方法住同一批病虾鳃中检出桃拉综合征病毒(TSV)。结合发病症状，可以认定两种病毒的混合感染造成了凡纳滨对虾的大规模死亡。     

中国对虾和日本对虾对白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)敏感性的比较

用10⁵拷贝、10⁴拷贝和10³拷贝3个剂量的白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)粗提液分别对中国对虾和日本对虾进行人工注射感染,比较两种对虾对WSSV敏感性的差异,以探讨日本对虾白斑综合征(WSS)低发病率的原因,为对虾的病害防治提供参考。结果显示:用10⁵拷贝、10⁴拷贝和10³拷贝的WSSV粗提液注射后,中国对虾的平均存活时间分别为54.21±0.60 h、71.26±4.26 h和75.04±5.73 h;日本对虾平均存活时间分别为77.61±4.45 h、105.84±6.36 h和168.82±13.15 h。中国对虾和日本对虾的存活时间均随着病毒剂量的降低而延长。同剂量病毒注射下,日本对虾组的存活时间均长于中国对虾组,差异显著(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,日本对虾对WSSV的抵抗力较中国对虾强。     

毒死蜱胁迫下WSSV对凡纳滨对虾的致病性

为了评价养殖水环境中毒死蜱对凡纳滨对虾生存的危害性,开展了毒死蜱胁迫下白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)对凡纳滨对虾致死实验,分析了毒死蜱胁迫下凡纳滨对虾鳃组织WSSV含量和肌肉组织乙酰胆碱酯酶活性变化。通过急性毒性实验测定了毒死蜱对凡纳滨对虾的半致死浓度(LC₅₀),随着暴露时间的延长,LC₅₀值显著下降,存在着浓度-反应的正向关系,96 h LC₅₀为0.758 μg/L(0.521～0.987 μg/L)。在此基础上,确定了毒死蜱胁迫实验浓度为0.2 μg/L,此浓度下药浴4 d后对凡纳滨对虾注射WSSV,结果显示:毒死蜱胁迫下注射WSSV组的对虾死亡率(83.33?Ee4.7%)极显著高于乙醇-WSSV组(40.00?Ee0.9%);对虾鳃组织WSSV荧光定量PCR检测结果显示:感染72 h后,毒死蜱-WSSV组WSSV含量约是乙醇-WSSV组的4倍;感染96 h后,毒死蜱-WSSV组WSSV含量显著增加,约是72 h毒死蜱-WSSV组的4.9倍,是96 h乙醇-WSSV组的5.9倍。毒死蜱胁迫下,对虾肌肉组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性低于对照组20%左右。由此可见,毒死蜱胁迫下,WSSV增殖速率加快,导致对虾死亡率升高。     

2005～2009年凡纳滨对虾白斑综合征和桃拉综合征的流行情况分析

文章概述了中国2005～2009年凡纳滨对虾（Penaeus vonnamei）白斑综合征（WSD）和桃拉综合征（TS）的发病特点及流行情况，分析了2种病毒病发生的原因，并提出了防治措施。分析表明，凡纳滨对虾感染白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）和桃粒综合征病毒（TSV）后，TS的发病率为9．22％～12．39％，死亡率12．74％-24．74％；WSD的发病率为4．50％～9．12％，死亡率10．62％～18．95％。TSD的发病率高于WSD，死亡率除2007年外也高于WSD。     

白斑综合征病毒感染对凡纳滨对虾热休克蛋白60和90表达的影响

采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染凡纳滨对虾不同时段鳃、肠、肝胰腺、肌肉、类淋巴和血细胞组织中热休克蛋白(HSP)60和90基因mRNA转录水平的变化。结果显示,HSP60和HSP90在这6个组织中都有表达,WSSV感染影响各组织中HSP60和HSP90 mRNA转录水平的表达,WSSV感染抑制HSP60在鳃、肠、肌肉和血细胞的表达,促进HSP90在鳃、肠、肝胰腺、肌肉、血细胞和类淋巴的表达,表明HSP60和HSP90参与WSSV感染免疫反应。     

凡纳滨对虾白斑综合征血液病理研究

对自然发病、投喂和注射感染的凡纳滨对虾白斑综合征（white spot syndrome，WSS）血液病理进行研究，结果发现：不同感染方式患病对虾的血液病理变化相似，表现为：1．患病对虾血细胞总数、透明细胞数量极显著减少，小颗粒细胞、大颗粒细胞极显著增加。2．显微病理变化主要表现为血涂片中血细胞明显减少且分布不均匀，破损或解体的细胞增多，呈典型的溶血状态。3．超微病理变化表现为，大部分血细胞坏死，少数血细胞呈不典型的凋亡。患病对虾的血细胞核中可见大量白斑综合征病毒（white spot syndrome virus，WSSV）粒子。病理变化表明血细胞是WSSV的主要靶细胞。     

氨氮和亚硝基氮共同胁迫对凡纳滨对虾感染WSSV的影响

为了评价养殖水环境中氨氮和亚硝基氮对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的危害性,开展了氨氮和亚硝基氮共同胁迫对凡纳滨对虾感染WSSV后的死亡率、WSSV在患病对虾体内增殖速率和对虾主要免疫相关酶活性影响的研究。实验设置氨氮(NH+4)和亚硝基氮(NO-2)的共同胁迫浓度均为20 mg·L-1,分别注射10-4和10-5稀释度的WSSV提取液。结果显示,胁迫下感染10-4WSSV的凡纳滨对虾144 h死亡率达到100%,显著高于无胁迫组(76.67%),相同实验条件下高浓度病毒感染组死亡率高于低浓度组。对虾鳃组织WSSV荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,氨氮和亚硝基氮共同胁迫下凡纳滨对虾体内WSSV的增殖加快,感染48 h后胁迫组病毒量是无胁迫组的1.6倍,72 h时病毒量达到无胁迫组的2.0~3.7倍。此外,免疫相关酶活性结果显示,氨氮和亚硝基氮浓度突变会促使对虾血清中酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性先短暂升高然后降低。由此可见,氨氮和亚硝基氮共同胁迫会加快WSSV在患病凡纳滨对虾体内的增殖,导致更高死亡率,这可能是因为胁迫造成了对虾免疫相关酶活性的降低和抗病原感染能力下降所致。     

Virulence status,viral accommodation and structural protein profiles of white spot syndrome virus isolates in farmed Penaeus monodon from the southeast coast of India

The objective of this study was to investigate the reason for variation in the virulence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from different shrimp farms in the Southeast coast of India. Six isolates of WSSV from farms experiencing outbreaks (virulent WSSV; vWSSV) and three isolates of WSSV from farms that had infected shrimps but no outbreaks (non‐virulent WSSV; nvWSSV) were collected from different farms in the Southeast coast of India. The sampled animals were all positive for WSSV by first‐step PCR. The viral isolates were compared using histopathology, electron microscopy, SDS‐PAGE analysis of viral structural proteins, an in vivo infectivity experiment and sequence comparison of major structural protein VP28; there were no differences between isolates in these analyses. A significant observation was that the haemolymph protein profile of nvWSSV‐infected shrimps showed three extra polypeptide bands at 41, 33 and 24 kDa that were not found in the haemolymph protein profile of vWSSV‐infected shrimps. The data obtained in this study suggest that the observed difference in the virulence of WSSV may not be due to any change in the virus, rather it could be due to the shrimp defence system producing certain factors that help it to accommodate the virus without causing any mortality.     

Purification of white spot syndrome virus by iodixanol density gradient centrifugation

Up to now, only a few brief procedures for purifying white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) have been described. They were mainly based on sucrose, NaBr and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. This work describes for the first time the purification of WSSV through iodixanol density gradients, using virus isolated from infected tissues and haemolymph of Penaeus vannamei (Boone). The purification from tissues included a concentration step by centrifugation (2.5 h at 60 000  g ) onto a 50% iodixanol cushion and a purification step by centrifugation (3 h at 80 000  g ) through a discontinuous iodixanol gradient (phosphate‐buffered saline, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The purification from infected haemolymph enclosed a dialysis step with a membrane of 1 000 kDa (18 h) and a purification step through the earlier iodixanol gradient. The gradients were collected in fractions and analysed. The number of particles, infectivity titre (in vivo), total protein and viral protein content were evaluated. The purification from infected tissues gave WSSV suspensions with a very high infectivity and an acceptable purity, while virus purified from haemolymph had a high infectivity and a very high purity. Additionally, it was observed that WSSV has an unusually low buoyant density and that it is very sensitive to high external pressures.     

白斑症病毒在日本对虾体内的感染增殖

用投喂患白斑症病毒病的虾组织人工感染日本对虾稚虾,每日取样,整虾冰冻切片,单克隆抗体的荧光抗体方法,原位观察病毒在虾体内的感染增殖,结果表明：感染后三天内,在感染虾的各组织器官内均未观察到明显的病毒感染的阳性细胞,每四天首先在鳃丝腔内的小量血细胞观察到病毒感染;第五天除血细胞外同时在血窦,鳃上皮组织,皮下组织内观察到,第六天进而在心脏,胃上皮组织内观察到：第七天进一步又在淋巴器官,中肠内观察到,八     

聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测养殖对虾的白斑症病毒（WSSV）感染

对虾WSSV病是亚洲对虾养殖业中的一个棘手问题。本研究采用Kimura引物 ,用PCR技术对不同生长期的中国对虾 (Penaeuschinensis)进行了WSSV的检测 ,同时也检测了对虾发病时养殖池中多见的野生厚蟹 (Helicesp .)和矛尾刺虎鱼 (Acanthogobiushasta)。检测结果表明 :分别在检测的 5尾亲虾中的 1尾 ,6尾仔虾中的 1尾 ,5尾稚虾中的 3尾及所检测的 5尾病虾和 2只厚蟹中获得到 982bp的PCR扩增产物 ,说明为WSSV感染阳性。在检测的 2尾矛尾刺虎鱼中均未获得PCR扩增产物 ,说明为WSSV感染阴性。在亲虾、虾苗以及虾池内的野生厚蟹中检测到WSSV感染的阳性结果表明 :WSSV感染的亲虾有可能是病毒的储主 ,WSSV感染的野生厚蟹有可能是病毒中间宿主或病毒的携带者 ,它们在对虾WSSV病的感染、传播中起了重要的作用     

Prevalence of white spot syndrome virus infection detected by one-step and nested PCR in selected tiger shrimp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penaeus monodon</Emphasis>) hatcheries

White spot syndrome (WSS) is considered as a great threat to commercial farming of the tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The causal agent of WSS is a DNA virus called white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The prevalence of this dreadful virus infection has been studied in five randomly selected hatcheries located in the Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh. Both one-step and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) involving two pairs of primers, namely, 146F1/146R1 and 146F2/146R2, amplifying the 1447 bp and 941 bp fragments, respectively, were conducted to detect the WSSV. Out of 60 randomly collected shrimps, 12 (20%) were found to be positive by one-step PCR, while 18 (30%) were found to be positive by nested PCR. The nested PCR was found to be much more sensitive than the one-step PCR. The shrimp specimens showing clinical signs of WSS were positive for WSSV by both one-step and nested PCR. Some of the apparently healthy samples were also found to be positive for WSSV by nested PCR. Among the two primer-pairs, the inner pair amplifying the 941 bp fragment was more sensitive than the outer primer pair amplifying the 1447 bp fragment when used in one-step PCR.     

热灭活WSSV诱导的中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)在不同温度下的免疫致敏反应

本研究拟探究经热灭活的白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)能否诱导中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)产生免疫致敏反应.将具有典型白斑综合征症状的对虾肌肉剁碎后经60℃灭活lh,采用单尾定量口饲的方法,连续6d投喂不同水温条件(15℃、23℃、28℃、32℃)下的实验组对虾(E15℃、E23℃、E28℃、E32℃);同时设置常温(23℃)条件下阳性对照组C23℃(投喂未经灭活的WSSV毒饵)、对照组CF23℃(只投喂商业配合饲料).在实验第13天对存活个体进行第二次人工WSSV感染,结果显示,WSSV经60℃处理lh可彻底失活,表现为连续投喂6d至第二次人工感染期间无对虾死亡,而阳性对照组C23℃死亡率为100％.截止实验第19天,E15℃、E23℃、E28℃、E32℃各组存活率分别为80.41％、33.29％、8.47％、16.43％,CF23℃组的存活率为8.89％,E15℃组与其他各实验组差异极显著(P＜0.01),E230℃与CF23℃、E28℃、E32℃组差异显著(P＜0.05),E28℃和E32℃组差异不显著(P＞0.05);对各组实验材料进行WSSV绝对荧光定量检测,结果显示,经热灭活WSSV诱导的中国明对虾二次感染WSSV后,28℃环境下病毒增殖速度最快,高温(32℃)和低温(15℃)都会不同程度抑制WSSV的增殖速度.实验表明,热灭活WSSV可以诱导中国明对虾产生免疫致敏反应,对受WSSV感染的中国明对虾具有一定的保护作用;温度与WSSV的增殖速度密切相关.     

Quantitative real time PCR for the measurement of white spot syndrome virus in shrimp

Quantitative real time PCR, recently developed in molecular biology, is applied in this paper to quantify the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in infected shrimp tissue. The WSSV content in moribund shrimp of all species tested ( Penaeus stylirostris, P. monodon, P. vannamei ) ranged from 2.0 × 10⁴ to 9.0 × 10¹⁰ WSSV copies μg^–1 of total DNA ( n =26). In whole moribund post-larvae, 4.3 × 10⁹ WSSV copies μg^–1 of DNA were detected which is equivalent to 5.7 × 10¹⁰ WSSV copies g^–1 of post-larvae. The comparison of WSSV content between different tissues showed that muscle and hepatopancreas tissues contained 10 times less virus than gills, pleopods and haemolymph. With inocula of known virus content, bioassays by immersion challenge showed that a minimum of five logs of WSSV copies was necessary to establish disease in the challenged shrimp. In contrast, five logs of WSSV copies injected into shrimp muscle produced a LT-50 of 52 h. This real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is sensitive (four copies), specific (negative with DNA from shrimp baculoviruses and parvoviruses), dynamic (seven logs) and easy to perform (96 tests in <4 h).     

Production of polyclonal antiserum against recombinant VP28 protein and its application for the detection of white spot syndrome virus in crustaceans

The VP28 gene of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was cloned into pRSET B expression vector. The VP28 protein was expressed as a protein with a 6-histidine taq in Escherichia coli GJ1158 with NaCl induction. Antiserum was raised against this recombinant-VP28 protein in rabbits and it recognized VP28 protein in naturally and experimentally WSSV-infected shrimp, marine crabs, freshwater prawns and freshwater crabs. The antiserum did not recognize any of the other known WSSV structural proteins. Various organs such as eyestalks, head muscle, gill tissue, heart tissue, haemolymph, tail tissue and appendages were found to be good materials for detection of WSSV using the antiserum and detection of WSSV was successful in experimentally infected Penaeus monodon and P. indicus at 12 and 24 h post-infection (p.i.), respectively. The antiserum was capable of detecting WSSV in 5 ng of total haemolymph protein from WSSV-infected shrimp.     

白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）在对虾养殖过程中传播途径的调查

为探讨人工养殖条件下池塘中对虾是如何感染暴发性流行病，作者通过对人工养殖对虾暴发白斑综合症的池塘进行生物调查和取样，经ＰＣＲ检测，获得了一些有意义的结果。发现：在暴发白斑病的池塘中，中国对虾和日本对虾以及池中的脊尾白均可检测到阳性，阳性率大小与发病的程度有关；蟹类未检测到阳性个体；鱼类和底栖的沙蚕亦未检测到阳怕；浮游动物的糠虾类未检测到阳性；桡足类检测为阳性，说明桡足类是对虾白斑病毒中宿主之一，由携带病毒的桡足类水平传播给对虾等以此为饵的甲壳类动物。