鹰嘴龟生物学特性及驯化养殖技术

<正>鹰嘴龟,学名平胸龟,又名大头龟、三不像、鹰嘴龙尾龟等,在我国主要分布于安徽、江苏、浙江、江西、福建及两广、湖南、云南等地,国外分布于老挝、越南、柬埔寨、泰国、缅甸等。鹰嘴龟是平胸龟科唯一成员,根据外形和产地分为5个亚种,即中国种、越南种、泰国种、缅甸种和云南种。但在我国鹰嘴龟人工养殖的历史较短,其生活习性与其他淡水龟类相差较远。目前,鹰嘴龟的人工养殖仍然较     

八种主要经济龟类简介及其养殖前景（二）

5平胸龟 平胸龟（Platysternon megacephalum）,别名鹰嘴龟、大头龟、鹰嘴龙尾龟、三不像、鹦鹉龟等,分类上属爬行纲、龟鳖目、平胸龟科、平胸龟属。其分布较广,在我国南方各省及香港特别行政区均有出产。     

龟鳖博览：平胸龟

平胸龟,别名鹰嘴龟、大头一龟、鹰嘴龙尾龟、鹦鹉龟,属爬行纲、龟鳖目、平胸龟科、平胸龟属。平胸龟分布较广,在我国南方各省（区）及香港特别行政区均有出产,国外见于越南、老挝、柬埔寨、泰国和缅甸等国家。     

鹰嘴龟及其人工养殖技术

鹰嘴龟及其人工养殖技术鹰嘴龟除了保持其他龟的所有特点外，其尾巴、龟壳、头部、眼睛。龟嘴等部位，特别是带钩的嘴与山鹰完全相似。它静卧时，如不仔细察看，常误认为是只山鹰落地。游动时，象只雄鹰在水中飞翔。看了后，令人欣喜不已。鹰嘴龟除了具有滋补、药用、观赏...     

鹰嘴龟人工繁殖技术初报

<正>鹰嘴龟,学名平胸龟,是一种古老的龟类。它是亚洲地区特有的珍稀濒危龟类之一,2003年被世界濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约列为附录Ⅱ濒危野生动物保护名录。鹰嘴龟的发现已有100多年的历史,但在我国人工养殖的历史较短,其生活习性与其他淡水龟类相差较大。目前,鹰嘴龟的人工驯化养殖仍然较少,而人工繁殖则鲜有成功,导致其数量日趋减少,难以形成规模开     

皖南平胸龟资源调查及保护区成效浅析

<正>中国平胸龟(Platysternon megacephalum Gray,1831),别称平胸大头龟、鹰嘴龟。分类上属于龟鳖目Chelonia曲颈龟亚目Cryptodira平胸龟科Platysternidaeg平胸龟属Platysternon。平胸龟是亚洲特产,也是我国该科,该属唯一种。其外形独特,具鹰嘴,大龟头与长龟尾不能缩入壳内,是我国淡水龟中最特殊的一种。历史上在皖南山区溪流有较为广泛的     

答读者问

浙江奉化读者汪建伟来信：询问何处可供金钱龟、大鳄龟、黄缘盒龟、鹰嘴龟种源及其市场价和有关详细情况：能否提供龟类养殖方面的知识、市场、地址和联系人？     

凤冠麒麟龙尾鹰嘴绿毛龟基龟的生物学与人工培育

凤冠麒麟龙尾鹰嘴绿毛龟（图1、图2），又名：凤冠龙尾双缨龟、麒麟鹰嘴绿毛龟、鹰嘴龙尾绿毛龟、鹦鹉龟等，是中国古代皇家宫廷和高等级寺庙中镇寺镇庙的“祥瑞灵物”之一，也是当今国际大型场馆、厅堂的高档摆饰品和我国作为国家馈赠最为尊贵遗宾的礼品，名字因其外形而取。     

平胸龟的生物学及人工养殖

平胸龟Ｐｌａｔｕｙｓｔｅｒｎｏｎｍｅｇａｃｅｐｈａｌｕｍ俗称鹰嘴龟、鹦鹉龟等 ,属平胸龟科、平胸龟属。在我国分布于江苏、安徽、江西、浙江、广东、广西、湖南、海南等省区 ,国外分布于越南、泰国等地。1　形态特征平胸龟外形奇特 ,亚洲没有体形相近的龟。体极扁平 ,头大 ,近三角形 ,头背部覆以大块角质硬壳 ,上喙钩曲呈鹰嘴状。眼较大。背甲长卵形且中央较平 ,前后边缘不呈锯齿状 ,棕红色或棕橄榄色 ,腹甲橄榄色 ,较小且平。背腹甲借韧带相连。四肢较扁平 ,上有鳞片 ,前指 5爪 ,后趾 4爪 ,指 (趾 )间具蹼。尾奇长 ,有的超过背甲长度 …     

家庭养龟业前景广阔

龟既是一种高档滋补食品,又具有很高的药用价值和观赏价值。龟是一种长寿而奇特的动物,半年不进食是它的本能,一年不吃食也饿不死。龟很适合人工养殖,具有广阔的市场前景。龟的品种很多,如龟乌、黄喉水龟、鹰嘴龟、金头龟、金钱龟、巴西龟、鳄龟等等。本文仅以发展家庭室内繁殖乌龟为例,进行论述。 近年来,人工养龟逐渐兴起,并且经历了     

中华鳖太湖群体与台湾群体的生长比较

对中华鳖的太湖群体和台湾群体,采用完全随机区组设计方法,在两个养鳖场,从稚鳖至成鳖阶段进行生长比较试验。两场温室和大棚试验的结果一致表明,太湖群体和台湾群体的生长规律有同有异。其共同点是,从稚鳖到体重２５０ｇ左右,日增重率逐步加快,个体间生长差异均较大;不同点是,在这一阶段,台湾鳖的日增重率较太湖鳖平均高出１０％左右,且个体间生长差异较小。     

Relative Exposure Index: an important factor in sea turtle nesting distribution

• 1. The threatened status of many sea turtle populations and their vulnerability to coastal development and predicted climate change emphasize the importance of understanding the role of environmental factors in their distribution and ecological processes. The factors driving the distribution of sea turtle nesting sites at a broad spatial scale is poorly understood.
• 2. In light of the lack of understanding about physical factors that drive the distribution of turtle nesting, the relationship between nesting site distribution and the exposure of coastal areas to wind and wind‐generated waves was analysed. To achieve this, a Relative Exposure Index (REI) was developed for an extensive area in north‐eastern Australia and values of the index for nesting sites of five different sea turtle species and randomly selected non‐nesting sites were compared.
• 3. Although there are differences between species, the results show that sea turtles nest in areas of higher REI values suggesting that wind exposure is related to the spatial distribution of sea turtle nesting sites, and it may also influence nest site selection in female turtles and/or the dispersal of hatchlings towards oceanic currents.
• 4. The combination of these results with further research on other driving environmental factors, like oceanic currents, has the potential to allow for the identification and prediction of future nesting sites, for which conservation and management may become essential. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

中华鳖七群体体形和腹部黑斑图案的差异比较

对我国中华鳖代表性7个地方群体的成鳖阶段和后备亲鳖阶段的体形和腹部黑斑图案进行了，比较和分析。(1)把包括背甲周长、背甲宽、裙边后侧宽等16个参数转化为以背甲长为基数的15项比例性状进行多元函数分析。聚类分析表明，太湖鳖和崇明鳖较近，黄河鳖和淮河鳖较近，洞庭湖鳖和鄱阳湖鳖较近。主成份分析表明，把7群体一起分析的绘图，相互覆盖较多，不易分清：若是取3个群体，如对黄河鳖、洞庭湖鳖及太湖鳖分析绘图，则趋同性和趋异性十分清楚。判别分析表明，7群体的判别准确率在44％～73％之间，黄河鳖群体的判别准确率最高；(2)裙边宽厚度是中华鳖的重要经济指标。黄河鳖、淮河鳖及洞庭湖鳖的裙边均较宽而厚，其裙边后侧宽／背甲长之比超过7群体总平均值1～4．6个百分点；(3)中华鳖体色存在群体间固有的差异。首先表现在腹部的黑色斑块的有无和多少上，在后备亲鳖阶段，黄河鳖腹部全白的比例达100％，洞庭湖鳖和鄱阳湖鳖及淮河鳖腹部全白的比例在80％～90％；太湖鳖、崇明鳖及台湾鳖腹部全白的比例仅12％～22％。其次表现在腹部黑色斑块的出现频率和黑色程度有从黄、淮河流域和长江中游水域向长江下游水域及台湾增高、增强的明显趋势。黄河鳖、淮河鳖、洞庭湖鳖及鄱阳湖鳖是为“玉鳖”群，太湖鳖、崇明鳖及台湾鳖是为“花鳖”群。中华鳖腹部黑色斑块图案，是既受遗传控制，也受环境影响，还受遗传-环境相互作用的复杂表型。     

饲料种类对中华鳖营养成分的影响

以每立方米 0 .5只的密度放养体重为 2 5 0g左右的鳖种 ,分别投喂冰鲜鱼、30 %冰鲜鱼 +70 %配合饲料的混合饲料和配合饲料。养殖期 5个月 ,各取 6尾 6 0 0g左右的雄性商品鳖进行营养成分测定和比较。结果表明 :3种鳖的脂肪率、粗蛋白含量和脂肪酸组成差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。但肌肉中的粗脂肪、氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸含量均极显著地以冰鲜鱼饲料饲喂的鳖为高 (P <0 .0 1)。肌肉与裙边组织中的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸的积累与饲料中相应的氨基酸含量呈显著的相关关系 (r1=0 .784 3,r2 =0 .90 6 2 ,P <0 .0 1) ,其积累量随饲料中含量变化而变化。饲料对商品鳖的风味和营养价值有一定的影响。     

Reducing sea turtle by-catch in pelagic longline fisheries

Reducing by‐catch of sea turtles in pelagic longline fisheries, in concert with activities to reduce other anthropogenic sources of mortality, may contribute to the recovery of marine turtle populations. Here, we review research on strategies to reduce sea turtle by‐catch. Due to the state of management regimes in most longline fisheries, strategies to reduce turtle interactions must not only be effective but also must be commercially viable. Because most research has been initiated only recently, many results are not yet peer‐reviewed, published or readily accessible. Moreover, most experiments have small sample sizes and have been conducted over only a few seasons in a small number of fisheries; many study designs preclude drawing conclusions about the independent effect of single factors on turtle by‐catch and target catch rates; and few studies consider effects on other by‐catch species. In the US North Atlantic longline swordfish fishery, 4.9‐cm wide circle hooks with fish bait significantly reduced sea turtle by‐catch rates and the proportion of hard‐shell turtles that swallowed hooks vs. being hooked in the mouth compared to 4.0‐cm wide J hooks with squid bait without compromising commercial viability for some target species. But these large circle hooks might not be effective or economically viable in other longline fisheries. The effectiveness and commercial viability of a turtle avoidance strategy may be fishery‐specific, depending on the size and species of turtles and target fish and other differences between fleets. Testing of turtle avoidance methods in individual fleets may therefore be necessary. It is a priority to conduct trials in longline fleets that set gear shallow, those overlapping the most threatened turtle populations and fleets overlapping high densities of turtles such as those fishing near breeding colonies. In addition to trials using large 4.9‐cm wide circle hooks in place of smaller J and Japan tuna hooks, other fishing strategies are under assessment. These include: (i) using small circle hooks (≤ 4.6‐cm narrowest width) in place of smaller J and Japan tuna hooks; (ii) setting gear below turtle‐abundant depths; (iii) single hooking fish bait vs. multiple hook threading; (iv) reducing gear soak time and retrieval during daytime; and (v) avoiding by‐catch hotspots through fleet communication programmes and area and seasonal closures.     

微卫星标记分析乌龟养殖群体的遗传多样性

利用8个微卫星标记对7个乌龟养殖群体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的检测。结果显示,7个养殖群体都表现出较高的多态性,8个位点共检测出130个等位基因,范围在9～26,平均16.25;其多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.57～0.92,平均值为0.71;观测杂合度(HO)和期望杂合度(HE)分别为0.30～0.87和0.60～0.93。分子变异方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,遗传变异5.91%来自群体间,84.29%来自群体内部,两两群体间FST值在0.0143～0.1127,其中57.14%的两两群体间无分化,42.86%的两两群体间出现了中等程度的分化。哈迪-温伯格平衡检测表明,8个位点中有5个位点显著或极显著的偏离了哈迪-温伯格平衡,推测各群体中出现了近交繁殖的现象。7群体间遗传距离为0.1066～0.6468,UPGMA聚类分析表明,湖北荆州群体单独聚为一支,其余6个群体聚为另一支。另外,7个群体都存在特有等位基因,提示群体间等位基因扩散受到一定程度的限制,同时在育种上,可以作为亲本选育的一个重要参考指标。     

海龟的主要疾病及防治措施

海龟是国家二级保护动物,对海龟的常见的疾病及病因并就起防治方法进行了简单的阐述,有利于我们更好地保护海龟,为进一步开展海龟其他方面的研究打下良好的基础.     

Incidental catch of marine turtles by Italian trawlers and longliners in the central Mediterranean

• 1. The fishing effort and turtle catch of vessels harbouring at Lampedusa island and fishing in the wider central Mediterranean area was monitored using a voluntary logbook programme. Two large trawlers were monitored between 2003 and 2005 and six small vessels using trawl nets, pelagic longline or bottom longline were monitored in the summer 2005.
• 2. The observed turtle catch rates of pelagic longline and bottom trawl were among the highest recorded in the basin, and high catch rates by bottom longline were observed too. This suggests that the area contains major oceanic and neritic habitats for the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta in the Mediterranean Sea.
• 3. When fishing effort is considered, these results suggest a very high number of captures by Italian trawlers and longliners in the area, as well as by fleets from other countries. This is reason of concern for the conservation of the loggerhead turtle within the Mediterranean Sea.
• 4. Different fishing gear have different technical/operational characteristics affecting turtle catch and mortality and the present knowledge about associated parameters of these gear varies too.
• 5. All this considered, specific actions are recommended: (i) an awareness campaign to fishermen to reduce post‐release mortality, (ii) technical modifications to pelagic longline gear to reduce turtle catch, (iii) further investigation into turtle bycatch in all fishing gear, with priority given to bottom longline fishing and quantification of mortality caused by trawlers, (iv) assessment of the turtle populations affected by fishing activity in the area, and (v) international cooperation in undertaking threat assessments, and implementing regulations, management measures and monitoring.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鳖组织浆对鼠免疫功能的影响

从体内抑制试验和体外培养巨噬细胞的杀瘤试验对甲鱼组织浆的抑瘤作用进行了研究。体内抑瘤试验采用组织浆灌胃方式,计算抑瘤率和生命延长率。体外试验将巨噬细胞与肿瘤细胞共培养,测定ＮＯ浓度与细胞毒效应。培养上清液中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）浓度采用ＮＯ试剂盒检测,细胞毒效应通过ＭＴＴ比色法检测。用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定用鳖组织浆大鼠脑、肝、血中的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）含量。结果表明,不同来源鳖的效果有区别,野生鳖和仿生养殖鳖２龄与４龄对Ｓ１８０小鼠肿瘤生长有明显的抑制作用（Ｐ〈０．０１）,其抑瘤率分别达７０．６９％和６３．１７％,荷瘤小鼠的生长延长率均显著高于空白对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,分别为４０．５９％和３９．９５％;１龄和２龄温室鳖的抑瘤效果也显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。不同来源和不同年龄的鳖组织抑瘤效果有差异,野生鳖、仿生鳖和温室     

微生态调节剂（PSB）对温室内巴西彩龟促生长的研究

将微生态调节剂ＰＳＢ添加剂在试验龟饲料中和泼洒于龟池内,经１００天观测,施用ＰＳＢ的试验组龟的增重率平均为３７．５％,饵料系数平均为１．８４;对照组分别为２７．３４％和２．３８。表明ＰＳＢ对巴西彩龟具有促生长和降低系数的作用。