虾夷马粪海胆养殖技术研究进展

虾夷马粪海胆（Strongylocentrotus intermedius）又称虾夷马粪球海胆、中间球海胆,隶属于棘皮动物门、海胆纲、正形目,球海胆科,原产于日本北海道和青森县沿海．     

虾夷马粪球海胆人工育苗

虾夷马粪球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius）人工育苗中，亲胆采用0.5mol/L KCl溶液围口膜注射法催产，孵化密度20－30个／ml，个体培育期间以投喂角刺灌效果最好，当幼虫培育积温达367－369℃（约20－21d）附着变态，平均变态率为26.9%。共得稚胆334万枚。     

不同种海胆体腔细胞类型及体液中的酶活力

以中国主要经济海胆马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus Pulcherrimus)、虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)、光棘球海胆(Strongylocentrotus nudus)、紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina)以及杂交种海胆-马粪海胆(♀)×虾夷马粪海胆(♂)、虾夷马粪海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)、马粪海胆(♀)×紫海胆(♂)和紫海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)为对象,进行海胆的血细胞及体液中酶活力的研究。结果表明,海胆血细胞可分为4类,分别为色素细胞、纤毛游走细胞、变形吞噬细胞和无色球形细胞,比例分别为4.56%~10.96%、9.69%~12.18%、76.40%~85.36%和0.35%~1.03%;海胆血细胞体外有凝聚和吞噬现象。不同种海胆体液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(LSZ)的酶活力测定结果显示,紫海胆血清中各种酶的活性都较高,其中碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性在6种海胆中都是最高的,分别为2.871 U/mg和182.149 U/mL。马粪海胆(♀)×虾夷马粪海胆(♂)的溶菌酶活性最高,为0.085 U/mL;虾夷马粪海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)的酸性磷酸酶活性最高,为1.070 U/mg,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):33-38]     

日本海胆种苗生产及放流增殖现状

日本海胆的主要经济种类有马粪海胆、虾夷马粪海胆、光棘球海胆、红海胆、紫海胆、白须海胆等六种。     

盐渍裙带菜替代鲜海带投喂虾夷马粪海胆的试验

虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotusintermedius)为近年引进的养殖新种，因其品质优良、养殖期病害少、经济效益高而深受欢迎，目前已在辽宁、山东等沿海地区形成一定的养殖规模。鲜海带等鲜活藻类做为虾夷马粪海胆的主要饵料，由于受自然环境及自身生理特性的限制，难以保证常年供应，而淡干海带和盐渍海带等的投喂效果又不十分理想。为此，我们根据虾夷马粪海胆的食性，加工了部分盐渍裙带菜，进行投喂试验，以期达到解决虾夷马粪海胆筏式养殖过程中淡季饵料来源的目的。1供试海胆的选择　　试验海胆均为大连碧龙海珍品有限公司1996年人工…     

虾夷马粪海胆对饵料选择性研究

研究虾夷马粪海胆幼胆对鲜海带、盐渍海带、干海带、白菜和萝卜的饵料选择性。利用五种物料饲喂虾夷马粪海胆幼胆50天,检测海胆的成活率、生长情况。结果发现,摄食鲜海带和干海带组成活率最高,分别达到(99.83±0.29%)和(93.50±2.60%);摄食干海带和盐渍海带组的增重率最高,分别达到(120.36±3.13%)和(117.34土5.74%);摄食鲜海带和盐渍海带组的壳径扩增率最大,分别达到(4.74±0.45%)和(4.30±0.40%)。虾夷马粪海胆幼体摄食干海带时,饵料系数最低,为1.62±0.53。研究表明,鲜海带、干海带和盐渍海带都是虾夷马粪海胆的优选饵料。     

虾夷马粪海胆南方海域养殖试验

虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)又称虾夷马粪球海胆(以下简称海胆),隶属于棘皮动物门,海胆经纲,原产于日本,引入我国北方海区并繁殖成功[1].海胆可食用部分是其体腔内的生殖腺,又称海胆卵、海胆籽、海胆黄、海胆膏,色橙黄,味鲜香,占海胆总质量的8％～15％[2].海胆卵的主要营...     

光棘球海胆与虾夷马粪海胆摄食与吸收的初步研究

在同等摄食条件下，虾民粪海胆的生长明显快于光棘球海胆；虾夷马粪海胆的平均日摄食率，粗同化率高于光棘球海胆；     

浅析虾夷马粪海胆的筏式养殖

在北方沿海地区海水增养殖品种中,新近增添了一个“宠儿”,这就是被称作养殖精品的虾夷马粪海胆。虾夷马粪海胆为无脊椎动物,属棘皮动物门海胆纲,正球目,球海胆科的一个种类。它具有养殖不易发病、饵料来源广、成本低、生长速度快。生产操作管理简便、经济效益高等特点。根据我县浮筏试养虾夷马粪海胆生产过程总结分析,主要做法是：一、养殖海域环境的选择养殖海域选择在水清流畅,盐度较高,无工业污染源,淡水径流涉及较小,浮泥相对较少,水深10米以上,冬季无冻冰层的海区。同时,还应选择在自然生长的海藻比较繁茂,易于浮筏设施…     

水温、体重对虾夷马粪海胆耗氧量和排氨量的影响

实验结果表明 ,温度和体重对虾夷马粪海胆的耗氧量和排氨量有明显的影响 ,且两因子间存在着交互作用。虾夷马粪海胆的耗氧量 (QO,mg/个 h)和排氨量 (QN,μmol/个 h)与温度 (t,℃ )和湿重 (W ,g)存在下列关系 :QO=0 0 32 3W0 6832 1 0 42 8t,QN=0 0 2 0 5 6W0 612 81 12 94t。 2 4℃可能为虾夷马粪海胆代谢的转变点     

KC1对中间球海胆幼虫变态的诱导效果

中间球海胆（Strongylocentrotus intermedius)八腕后期幼虫，在KC1添加浓度100mmol/L海水中，分别处理5，10，15min后，均变态为正常稚海胆，中间试验及生产应用结果表明，经KC1处理，幼虫的附着时间缩短了36h，附着率则分别增加了40．4％，27．75％。     

Induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai larvae using bromomethane and potassium chloride

Larvae of Haliotis discus hannai were induced to settle and metamorphose by exposure to seawater supplemented with bromomethane. The settlement and metamorphosis of veliger larvae were observed with bromomethane concentrations of 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 ppm on the benthic diatom plates. The highest settlement and metamorphosis rates of larvae were observed in bromomethane concentrations of 600 ppm.

Abalone larvae were induced to settle and metamorphose by exposure to seawater supplemented with potassium chloride. The settlement and metamorphosis of veliger larvae was observed in potassium chloride concentrations of 14, 19, 24 and 29 mM on the benthic diatom plates. The highest settlement and metamorphosis rates of larvae were observed in potassium chloride concentrations of 14–19 mM.     

Inhibitory effect of 2,4-dibromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol on larval survival and metamorphosis of the sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Strongylocentrotus nudus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   As a possible factor leading to the low recruitment level of sea urchins in kelp forests, the inhibitory effect of 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) released from the large perennial brown algae Ecklonia kurome and Eisenia bicyclis on survival and metamorphosis of eight-armed larvae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus was examined. The percentage of larvae that underwent metamorphosis in filtered sea water after 1 h exposure to one-half dilution of saturated dibromomethane solution (∼60 ppm) as a chemical inducer reached approximately 100% after 1 h, while that in filtered sea water containing 1 ppm TBP was reduced to 73%. This was further reduced to less than 40% in the presence of 10 and 20 ppm TBP after 2 h. In filtered sea water containing 1 and 10 ppm DBP, the proportion of metamorphosed larvae was reduced markedly to 43 and 5% after 2 h, respectively. All larvae exposed to 50 ppm TBP and to 20 and 50 ppm DBP died after 1 h. These findings suggest that DBP is more toxic than TBP for sea urchin larvae, strongly inhibiting their metamorphosis.     

K^＋对几种海胆幼虫变态的诱导效果

K^ 是对海洋底栖无脊椎动物幼虫诱导普遍有效的无机离子。本文探讨了K^ 对红海胆等9种胆的变态诱导效果，分析了其安全使用浓度、处理时间等技术。对有关因子对变态率的影响进行了对比。     

光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体生长及消化酶活性的影响

本研究以紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina)为研究对象,通过水槽实验方法,模拟分析了自然光周期条件下光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体生长、存活以及体内消化酶活性的影响,旨在为紫海胆苗种的规模化繁育提供必要的生物学参数。研究发现,在实验设计的光照强度梯度(0、500、1000、2000、3000 lx)内,光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体的体长、躯干部骨针长度和口后腕骨针长度的影响趋势一致,影响程度由高到低为500 lx>0 lx>1000 lx>2000 lx>3000 lx。在500 lx条件下,紫海胆浮游幼体的体长、躯干部骨针长度和口后腕骨针长度都达到最高,且显著优于其他实验组(P<0.05),此时脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性最强;在2000 lx条件下,紫海胆的胃蛋白酶活性最强;在3000 lx条件下,紫海胆浮游幼体发育到11 d已全部死亡。研究表明,在500 lx光照强度下,紫海胆浮游幼体可保持最佳的生长速度、消化酶活性以及存活率,500 lx为紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的最佳光照强度。     

Increasing the stocking density in Paracentrotus lividus larviculture: Effects on survival and metamorphosis rates

The development of sustainable methods for sea urchin juvenile production is currently constrained by high mortality rates during larval growth and the high costs of larval rearing systems management. With the aim of developing a method for the production of juveniles of the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in a medium‐scale recirculating system, the present study focused on the effects of high stocking densities on larval growth. Plutei larvae were reared at three different densities (up to 7 ind/ml) in a semi‐static culture system. Larval survival and metamorphosis success were evaluated in order to identify the most effective density range. The highest metamorphosis rates (80%–95%) were obtained at 4 and 7 larvae/ml. These results are comparable with (and in some cases higher than) those reported for the same species at much lower larval densities. In conclusion, the rearing conditions tested here show for the first time that a significantly higher (4 ind/ml) stocking density than those of traditional P. lividus rearing methods (based on large volumes and low densities) can be adopted, thus supporting the feasibility of an increase in the final output of competent larvae with no increase in rearing volumes.     

Instantaneous effect of dibromomethane on metamorphosis of larvae of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius

A volatile chemical, dibromomethane (DBM), produced from red coralline algae is known as a chemical inducer of larval metamorphosis of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus. We performed experiments exposing DBM to the larvae of S. nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius through a hydrophobic membrane. Metamorphic rates resulting from different diluted DBM solutions and exposure times were ascertained. The highest metamorphic rate, more than 80% in both species, was found after 1 h exposure to 1/2 diluted DBM. With this dilution, more than 80% of S. nudus and S. intermedius larvae metamorphosed 1 h after start of the experiment after only 10 and 5 min exposure, respectively, which corresponded to the low concentrations of 52–61 ppm and 34–43 ppm DBM by GCMS analysis, respectively. These findings suggest that DBM has an instantaneous effect on high success of metamorphosis of larvae of S. nudus and S. intermedius.     

杂交海胆浮游幻体期的饵料效果研究

采用7种单胞藻饲育杂交海胆浮游幼体以研究其饵料效果。结果表明:简单角刺藻是最佳的饵料品种,牟 氏角毛藻稍次之,再次分别为:盐藻,湛江叉鞭金藻。而小新月菱形藻,扁藻,小球藻均不适合作为杂交海胆浮游幼体的 饵料。对优选出的几种饵料进行混合投喂时,则以简单角刺藻与盐藻混合的饵料效果最佳。     

微藻饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长及存活影响的研究

文章采用湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)、纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)、绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)、扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)及混合藻(金藻和角毛藻1∶1混合)投喂紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina),研究了微藻饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的效果有差异,金藻是最佳饵料品种,角毛藻次之,其后分别为巴夫藻、小球藻和混合藻,扁藻不适于作为紫海胆浮游幼体的开口饵料。就饵料种类而言,金藻作为紫海胆浮游幼体饵料的成活率可达(23.12±1.8)%,显著高于其他单胞藻类(P<0.05)。就发育速度而言,以角毛藻和金藻混合喂食的海胆浮游幼体整体发育速度最快,幼体平均体长为(885.25±30.49)μm,显著高于其他5种处理(P<0.05);投喂巴夫藻的浮游幼体前期生长较慢,体长为(337.98±24.56)μm,后期较其他单胞藻类生长快,体长可达(580±32.95)μm,适宜作为紫海胆浮游幼体后期饵料。     

Fertilization and Development of Eggs of the Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus Maintained on an Extruded Feed

Sea urchin eggs are used extensively as models for studies in developmental and molecular biology. Developing aquaculture techniques and facilities for sea urchins would facilitate their use for this purpose and for production of young sea urchins for stock enhancement. A basic requirement for the aqua-culture of sea urchins is the availability of a feed that predictably produces eggs of a consistent, high quality. We tested an extruded feed with Lyrechinus variegatus for this purpose. Lytechinus variegatus (mean horizontal diameter 55 mm, 75 g wet weight) were collected in April 1998. Nine individuals were maintained in each of four aquaria with closed, recirculating filtered sea water. They were fed approximately 1 g extruded feedindividual per week. All feed was consumed. The mean weight of the sea urchins changed little with this feeding regime. The sea urchins spawned spontaneously on a monthly basis during water changes. Four females in February and one in March were spawned by injection with potassium chloride. Fertilization was 99–100% successful in each case. Egg diameters from these spawnings and a spontaneous spawning in April ranged from 102 × 6 to 128 × 1 μm. Gastrulation occurred in <20 h and metamorphosis after 22 to 37 d. Newly metamorphosed juveniles ranged in size from 435 × 38 to 473 × 56 μm. Egg size, larval size, the chronology of embryonic and larval development, and size of newly metamorphosed juveniles are similar to those obtained from field individuals reported in the literature. These results indicate that a predictable production of high quality eggs by sea urchins under controlled conditions in the laboratory with a prepared feed is feasible.