大渡河泸定水电站鱼类增殖放流站设计简介

水电工程的建设会改变影响河段内鱼类原有的水生生境，造成鱼类物种和资源量减少。因此，须采取适当措施以缓解工程对鱼类资源的不利影响。本文以大渡河泸定水电站为例，介绍了鱼类增殖放流站的设计方案，内容主要包括鱼类资源现状，对鱼类的影响，鱼类增殖站设计，增殖站运行管理，放流效果监测与评估等五个方面，可供其它水电工程鱼类保护设计参考。     

鱼类精氨酸营养生理研究进展

精氨酸为鱼类的必需氨基酸之一，其在鱼体内参与蛋白质、多胺的合成，促进生长；精氨酸具有促内分泌作用；精氨酸可在体内生成一氧化氮，一氧化氮参与鱼类心血管活动、免疫功能的调节。某些鱼类可能具有自身精氨酸的合成能力。鱼类赖氨酸一精氨酸拮抗存在种问差异。本研究从精氨酸的合成、生理功能、与赖氨酸的关系以及需求量等方面对鱼类精氨酸的营养生理研究进行了综述。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：679-685]     

声音导鱼技术的分析与展望

声音导鱼技术对保护鱼类有重要的实际价值和深远意义,其研究重点是声音如何让鱼类产生趋避行为及如何准确的让鱼类产生趋或者避的行为。从生理学和行为学的角度对声音导鱼的生物学基础进行了分析;讨论了声音导鱼的关键技术,包括鱼类趋避行为对声音的响应关系、鱼类声域的确定、鱼类声音信号的采集、鱼类声波信号的数字化处理以及实际声场中声波的叠加技术等,并根据声音对鱼类诱驱作用的原理建立了一个声音导鱼的大坝模型,分析了大坝实现声音诱驱鱼的关键要素;展望了声音导鱼技术的发展前景和方向。     

大渡河泸定水电站鱼类增殖放流站设计构想

水电工程的建设会改变影响河段内鱼类原有的水生生境,造成鱼类物种和资源量减少,须采取适当措施以缓解工程对鱼类资源的不利影响.以大渡河泸定水电站为例,介绍了鱼类增殖放流站的设计方案,内容主要包括鱼类资源现状、对鱼类的影响、鱼类增殖站设计、增殖站运行管理、放流效果监测与评估共5个方面,可供其它水电工程鱼类保护设计参考.     

鱼类水力学实验研究进展

鱼类与水力学之间关系密切而复杂,鱼类的很多生理和生态特性要通过水力学试验获得,也要通过水力学特征量表达。鱼类对水环境的需求、鱼类的生理承受力和鱼类的生态承受力等３个方面是分析水利工程对鱼类生态系统胁迫时的主要参照指标,包括鱼类与水动力、静力、水体空间和物理化学特性等多方面广泛的研究内容,而水力学试验正是进行这些研究的重要手段。     

大渡河泸定水电站鱼类增殖放流站设计构想

水电工程的建设会改变影响河段内鱼类原有的水生生境,造成鱼类物种和资源量减少,须采取适当措施以缓解工程对鱼类资源的不利影响。以大渡河泸定水电站为例,介绍了鱼类增殖放流站的设计方案,内容主要包括鱼类资源现状、对鱼类的影响、鱼类增殖站设计、增殖站运行管理、放流效果监测与评估共5个方面,可供其它水电工程鱼类保护设计参考。     

环境温度在鱼类养殖业中的重要作用研究

在鱼类生存的环境中，温度具有多方面的生态作用，直接或间接影响鱼类的摄食、生长、发育以及免疫功能等。目前，对温度在鱼类养殖业中的研究尚处于资料积累阶段。本文主要综述了温度对鱼类摄食、标准代谢、免疫功能、生长发育以及性别决定等方面的影响，为鱼类养殖业的健康发展提供理论依据。     

饥饿对鱼类生理生化的影响

饥饿对鱼类有多方面的影响。着重讨论了饥饿状态下鱼类能量的利用以及饥饿状态下消化器官组织结构、消化酶活力、血液组分的变化。深入研究饥饿状态下鱼类生理生化变化,一方面有助于了解鱼类适应饥饿胁迫的生态对策,另一方面对渔业资源管理以及水产养殖生产等也有重要的指导意义。     

环境缺氧(Hypoxia)及其对鱼类影响的研究进展

环境缺氧不仅会引起鱼类形态结构的改变还使其生理状态发生变化,对鱼类的各种生命活动具有重要影响。本文从环境缺氧的因素、适应的类型及其对鱼类呼吸、摄食、生长和游泳的影响等方面进行了综述,旨在为鱼类生理生态相关研究、渔业养殖提供基础资料。     

镉对鱼类毒性作用的研究现状

镉是一种主要的水体重金属污染物，易对水生生物尤其是鱼类产生毒性作用。就镉对鱼类生理、生化及其代谢、行为、生物分子及其细胞凋亡的影响进行了综述，以便有目的地确定未来的研究方向；同时，一些研究成果对于渔业的养殖和保护具有现实指导意义。     

Ecology of sound communication in fishes

Fishes communicate acoustically under ecological constraints which may modify or hinder signal transmission and detection and may also be risky. This makes it important to know if and to what degree fishes can modify acoustic signalling when key ecological factors—predation pressure, noise and ambient temperature—vary. This paper reviews short‐time effects of the first two factors; the third has been reviewed recently (Ladich, 2018 ). Numerous studies have investigated the effects of predators on fish behaviour, but only a few report changes in calling activity when hearing predator calls as demonstrated when fish responded to played‐back dolphin sounds. Furthermore, swimming sounds of schooling fish may affect predators. Our knowledge on adaptations to natural changes in ambient noise, for example caused by wind or migration between quiet and noisier habitats, is limited. Hearing abilities decrease when ambient noise levels increase (termed masking), in particular in taxa possessing enhanced hearing abilities. High natural and anthropogenic noise regimes, for example vessel noise, alter calling activity in the field and laboratory. Increases in sound pressure levels (Lombard effect) and altered temporal call patterns were also observed, but no switches to higher sound frequencies. In summary, effects of predator calls and noise on sound communication are described in fishes, yet sparsely in contrast to songbirds or whales. Major gaps in our knowledge on potential negative effects of noise on acoustic communication call for more detailed investigation because fishes are keystone species in many aquatic habitats and constitute a major source of protein for humans.     

玻璃钢水槽内大黄鱼养殖环境噪声测量与分析

利用水下声音测量系统,分别记录了开放式圆形玻璃钢水槽内养殖环境噪声和大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)摄食过程声音,并进行声压级(sound pressure levels,SPL)计算和频谱特征分析。结果表明:(1)养殖环境噪声SPL约为110.27 d B(d B re:1μPa),包括主频率峰值为100 Hz的养殖工作设备与水槽内壁的低频共振噪声、1 250 Hz的表层水体气泡噪声、1 600~2 500 Hz的曝气石、增氧机、空气压缩机工作噪声;(2)增氧机和曝气关闭时,大黄鱼摄食过程声音SPL约为92.65 d B,高于背景噪声SPL,主要为游泳声音70~500Hz、吞食产生的水体表面搅动与气泡破裂的声音1 000~2 000 Hz、咀嚼颗粒饵料声音2 000~4 500 Hz;(3)增氧机和曝气开启时,背景噪声SPL略高于摄食声音约17.62 d B,且摄食声音无法区别于背景噪声,但并未影响鱼类摄食行为。     

Acoustic pressure sensitivities and effects of particle motion in red sea bream Pagrus major

The auditory pressure thresholds of red sea bream were examined using cardiac response in the field by placing fish subjects far from the sound source to prevent particle motion. Pressure and particle motion thresholds were also obtained using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) technique. The thresholds at 100 and 200 Hz were significantly higher when measured using the cardiac response in the far field than those obtained in previously conducted experiments in experimental tub. However, thresholds obtained using ABR from 200 to 500 Hz were not remarkably lower, although significantly different (0.01 < P < 0.05), compared with those obtained using cardiac response in the far field. Furthermore, calculated particle velocity thresholds indicated that fish probably detected particle motion within the frequency range of 50–200 Hz, even in fish with a deactivated lateral line. Although the ABR method is widely applied in fish auditory study, hearing thresholds are apparently affected by particle motion.     

The effects of noise disturbance from various recreational boating activities common to inland waters on the cardiac physiology of a freshwater fish,the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

• 1. Recreational boating continues to grow in popularity, yet little is known about the effects of noise disturbance from boating on fish. Therefore, this study evaluated the organism‐level cardiovascular disturbance associated with different recreational boating activities using largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) as a model.
• 2. Cardiac output and its components (heart rate and stroke volume) were monitored in real time, allowing for the determination of the magnitude of disturbance and the time required for recovery. Fish responses to three noise disturbances (canoe paddling, trolling motor, and combustion engine (9.9 hp)) for 60 s were contrasted using a Latin squares design.
• 3. Exposure to each of the treatments resulted in an increase in cardiac output in all fish, associated with a dramatic increase in heart rate and a slight decrease in stroke volume. The level of change in cardiac output and its components increased in magnitude from the canoe treatment to the trolling motor treatment with the most extreme response being to that of the combustion engine treatment. Furthermore, time required for cardiovascular variables to recover varied across treatments with shortest periods for the canoe paddling disturbance (～15 min), the longest periods for the combustion engine (～40 min), and intermediate recovery periods for the trolling motor (～25 min).
• 4. Collectively, these results demonstrate that fish experienced sublethal physiological disturbances in response to the noise propagated from recreational boating activities. This work contributes to a growing body of research that has revealed that boating activities can have a number of ecological and environmental consequences such that their use may not be compatible with aquatic protected areas. Future research should evaluate how free‐swimming fish in the wild respond to such stressors relative to frequency of exposure and proximity to noise as most research to date has occurred in the laboratory.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环境丰容技术在鱼类增养殖中的应用研究进展

近年来,在野生渔业资源持续衰退、水产 养殖规模不断扩大、人们对鱼类福利关注度不断提升等的背景下,环境丰容作为一种全新的技术手段在水产领域受到广泛关注,被认为在野化放流鱼类行为、增加养殖鱼类产量、提升圈养鱼类福利等诸多方面均具有较大的应用潜力。环境丰容是指在增养殖生产中,采用适当方式向圈养或自然水体引入新的环境刺激,提高其异质性和复杂性,从而实现提升鱼类产量、提高鱼类福利、控制鱼类行为、改善鱼类生理目标的环境优化方式。总体来看,国际上围绕环境丰容技术的相关研究结果层出不穷,理论体系不断完善,但国内水产领域的相关研究尚处于起步阶段。本文在简要介绍环境丰容概念和分类基础上,聚焦目前最受关注的物理丰容方式,评述了物理丰容对鱼类打斗行为、生理应激、代谢生长等重要性状和放流后的适应性行为、个体适合度等增殖性状的影响,重点分析了引发研究结果差异的可能原因及其潜在神经可塑性机理,最后探讨了本领域以往研究的不足及今后的研究方向,旨在为我国开展该方面研究提供借鉴,为增养殖苗种高效健康培育与放流鱼类野化训练提供参考。     

The understudied and underappreciated role of predation in the mortality of fish released from fishing gears

The assumption that animals released from fishing gears survive has frequently been scrutinized by researchers in recent years. Mortality estimates from these research efforts can be incorporated into management models to ensure the sustainability of fisheries and the conservation of threatened species. Post‐release mortality estimates are typically made by holding the catch in a tank, pen or cage for short‐term monitoring (e.g. 48 h). These estimates may be inaccurate in some cases because they fail to integrate the challenges of the wild environment. Most obvious among these challenges is predator evasion. Stress and injury from a capture experience can temporarily impair physiological capacity and alter behaviour in released animals, a period during which predation risk is likely elevated. In large‐scale commercial fisheries, predators have adapted their behaviour to capitalize on impaired fishes being discarded, while in recreational catch‐and‐release fisheries, exercise and air exposure can similarly impede the capacity for released fish to evade opportunistic predators. Owing to the indirect and often cryptic nature of this source of mortality, very few studies have attempted to document it. A survey of the literature demonstrated that <2% of the papers in the combined realms of bycatch and catch‐and‐release have directly addressed or considered post‐release predation. Future research should combine field telemetry and laboratory studies using both natural and simulated predation encounters and incorporate physiological and behavioural endpoints. Quite simply, predation is an understudied and underappreciated contributor to the mortality of animals released from fishing gears.     

Sound generated by a payao and comparison with auditory sensitivity of jack mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachurus japonicus</Emphasis>

Sound generated by a payao, an anchored bamboo fish aggregating device, is believed to be attractive to fish; but until now, there is no available record of payao-generated sound. This study presents payao-generated sound recorded by a hydrophone at water depths of 5, 10 and 15 m from a fixed distance of 3 m relative to the payao, and compares the sound with the auditory sensitivity of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus measured at discrete frequencies from 100 to 2000 Hz using the auditory brainstem response protocol. A consistent peak appeared in the sound spectrum at 49 Hz and showed an increasing sound pressure level with depth, which suggests that payao sound may come from the anchor rope. However, the contribution of the bamboo raft can not yet be discounted. The hearing threshold curve indicated that the most sensitive frequency range in jack mackerel is from 92.1 dB at 800 Hz to 111.0 dB at 200 Hz. These results show that the dominant frequency range of payao sound does not correspond with the high sensitivity frequency range of fish hearing.     

Hearing in catfishes: 200 years of research

Ernst Weber stated in 1819, based on dissections, that the swimbladder in the European wels (Silurus glanis, Siluridae) and related cyprinids serves as an eardrum and that the ossicles connecting it to the inner ear function as hearing ossicles similar to mammals. In the early 20th century, K. von Frisch showed experimentally that catfishes and cyprinids (otophysines) indeed hear excellently compared to fish taxa lacking auxiliary hearing structures (ossicles, eardrums). Knowledge on hearing in catfishes progressed in particular in the 21st century. Currently, hearing abilities (audiograms) are known in 28 species out of 13 families. Recent ontogenetic and comparative studies revealed that the ability to detect sounds of low-level and high frequencies (4–6 kHz) depends on the development of Weberian ossicles. Species with a higher number of ossicles and larger bladders hear better at higher frequencies (>1 kHz). Hearing sensitivities are furthermore affected by ecological factors. Rising temperatures increase, whereas various noise regimes decrease hearing. Exposure to high-noise levels (>150 dB) for hours result in temporary thresholds shifts (TTS) and recovery of hearing after several days. Low-noise levels reduce hearing abilities due to masking without a TTS. Furthermore, auditory evoked potential (AEP) experiments reveal that the temporal patterns of fish-produced pulsed stridulation and drumming sounds are represented in their auditory pathways, indicating that catfishes are able to extract important information for acoustic communication. Further research should concentrate on inner ears to determine whether the diversity in swimbladders and ossicles is paralleled in the inner ear fine structure.     

环境DNA技术及在鱼类监测中的应用

随着人类活动的影响,鱼类资源正在急剧下降,开展鱼类监测对于鱼类多样性的保护具有非常重要的意义。传统的鱼类监测方法因具有破坏性、调查者也要专业形态学知识、调查工作量大等弊端,故亟需一种新的技术方法进行辅助补充。环境DNA （eDNA）技术的发展使得鱼类调查更加的省时省力、节约成本、无损伤,目前在鱼类的监测中广泛使用,然而eDNA技术也存在着一定的缺陷所以不能完全取代传统方法。eDNA技术包含了样品的采集及处理、eDNA提取、eDNA扩增、测序和生物信息学分析几个主要步骤,在整个流程中每一个步骤都非常必要,对单个步骤又有不同的实验方案,选择不同对鱼类eDNA的检测效率也会产生重要的影响。目前国外对于eDNA技术应用于鱼类监测所研究的问题较为丰富而全面,如生物多样性监测、入侵物种检测、濒危物种检测和生物量的估算等,虽然国内的起步不晚,但国内对此研究方向较为单一,需要进一步重视。     

Linking temperate demersal fish species to habitat: scales,patterns and future directions

Adoption of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management relies on recognition of the link between fish and other components of the ecosystem, namely their physical and biological habitat. However, identifying the habitat requirements of marine fishes and hence determining their distribution in space and time is scientifically complex. We analysed the methodologies and findings of research on temperate, demersal fish habitat requirements to highlight the main developments in this field and to identify potential shortfalls. Many studies were undertaken over large spatial scales (≥100s km²) and these generally correlated abundances of fish to abiotic variables. Biological variables were accounted for less often. Small spatial scale (≤m²), experimental studies were comparatively sparse and commonly focused on biotic variables. Whilst the number of studies focusing on abiotic variables increased with increasing spatial scale, the proportion of studies finding significant relationships between habitat and fish distribution remained constant. This mismatch indicates there is no justification for the tendency to analyse abiotic habitat variables at large spatial scales. Innovative modelling techniques and habitat mapping technologies are developing rapidly, providing new insights at the larger spatial scales. However, there is a clear need for a reduction in study scale, or increase in resolution additional to the integration of biotic variables. We argue that development of sound predictive science in the field of demersal fish habitat determination is reliant on a change in focus along these lines. This is especially important if spatial management strategies, such as Marine Protected Areas (MPA) or No Take Zones (NTZ), are to be used in future ecosystem‐based approaches to fisheries management.