三角帆蚌内脏团培育圆形有核珍珠的试验

报导了三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)内脏团培育圆形有核珍珠的试验结果。结果显示:插植珠核的7362只手术蚌植核后一个月内成活率99.2%。经23个月养殖后,随机抽取50只。结果留核率达94%,成珠率为86%,其中中高档珠占37.2%。有核珍珠直径在9.4~11.6 mm之间,其中10 mm以上占88.4%。11.6%的珍珠表面有小于3 mm的凸起,未发现带扁而长尾巴的珍珠。试验表明:三角帆蚌内脏团内能培育出高品质的有核珍珠。此外还发现,脱核或核片分离的细胞小片仍可在内脏团内形成珍珠。     

细胞小片对珍珠质量的影响

珍珠质量不高的原因是错综复杂的,细胞小片质量的优劣,是其中原因之一。现分十点,一一介绍。一、不同蚌龄的细胞小片对珠质的影响不同年龄的三角帆蚌制备的细胞小片所培育的珍珠质量也有差别。二龄三角帆蚌所制备的细胞小片育成的珍珠比六龄三角帆蚌所制备的细胞小片育成的1—3级珍珠高出32％。二龄三角帆蚌没有等外珠,而六龄三角帆蚌等外珠占40％。这是由于老龄     

池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)与三角帆蚌(H.cumingii)育珠生产对比研究

本文对两种育珠蚌即池蝶蚌和三角帆蚌进行培育有核珍珠和无核珍珠生产对比研究，结果表明：池蝶蚌育珠性能明显优于三角帆蚌；池蝶蚌育珠蚌的成活率、所育珍蛛层厚度和珍珠质量均高于三角帆蚌的育珠蚌；至2005年4月，池蝶蚌育珠蚌的成活率、珍珠产量和所培育无核珍珠的3级、8、9、10mm以上珍珠比例都高于三角帆蚌的育珠蚌，显示出较大的经济优势和推广潜力。     

有核再生珠培育新工艺

有核再生珍珠（图见彩中插2）培育是采用活蚌取珠的方式，即用开壳器将珠蚌撑开，在珍珠囊中活体取珠，利用珍珠囊上皮细胞重新分泌珍珠质而形成新珍珠，这样一只育珠蚌可循环多次利用，资源利用率高，省工、省本，养殖周期短，年经济效益高。特别是利用培育有核钮扣珠的珠蚌作为再生珠育珠蚌，活蚌取珠后培育有核再生珠。由于培育钮扣珠的珠核形状规则，大小一致，其形成的珍珠囊大，因此培育的有核再生珠大小均匀，规格大，珍珠光滑细腻，珠光强、质量好，适宜加工成多种新奇饰品。目前，该有核再生珠已成为国内外珠商抢手货，市场价5万～10万元／千克之间，     

温度对三角帆蚌生理影响的研究

三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)为淡水人工育珠的优良品种。育珠生产中一般选用二龄的三角帆蚌,所以有必要研究掌握其生理和生长规律。水温的变化直接影响它的生理功能,从而影响珍珠质的分泌。为了提高育珠质量,增加产量,作者对二龄三角帆蚌育珠池全     

三角帆蚌珍珠的内部结构与文石分布状况

1982,1983年,我们曾用三角帆蚌Hyr-iopsis cumingii(Lea)进行人工育珠试验,试验后发现,不同年龄的三角帆蚌,所形成的珍珠,在外部形态、光泽等方面出现了差异,至于珍珠内部结构与文石分布状况,是否也有差别?为了探讨这类问题,作者分别将1982和     

提高二足龄三角帆蚌优质珠比例的试验

近几年来的生产实践说明，用褶纹冠蚌育出的珍珠珠质，不如用三角帆蚌育出的珍珠珠质，这不仅直接影响到国家创汇和集体经济的收入，甚至会影响到珍珠养殖业发展的方向。为此，我们开展了三角帆蚌育珠的研究，期望通过改革养殖工艺，改善管理办法，提高二足龄三角帆蚌优质珠的比例和成活率。     

三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌育珠性能比较

三角帆蚌,隶属于瓣鳃纲,真瓣鳃目,蚌科,帆蚌属,是中国特有的优质淡水育珠蚌。三角帆所产的珍珠产量佳,珠质细腻、光滑、色泽鲜艳、形状较圆,但珍珠生长比较缓慢。池蝶蚌与三角帆蚌同属帆蚌属(日本称为池蝶蚌属),是中国大陆近年来从日本、台湾引进的优良珠贝类。与三角帆蚌相比,池蝶蚌具有壳、珍珠层、外套膜较厚,珍珠质分泌能力强等优点。     

褶纹冠蚌优质珍珠的培育

众所周知,优质珍珠大多产于三角帆蚌,但在三角帆蚌易发病,目前尚未得到很好控制之前,采用三角帆蚌育珠风险较大。褶纹冠蚌生长快,抗病力强,只要采取一定的措施,同样也能生产出优质珍珠。现将我们的育珠经验介绍如下:一、亲蚌选择和小蚌培育褶纹冠蚌以1一'2齿令时期生长最旺盛,之后生长逐渐缓慢据吴江县东太湖八都水产场对1一2龄的褶纹冠蚌做手术蚌后在同等条件下的产珠比较(见表1)叮证明:l龄蚌优于'2龄蚌然而作为手术蚌,还要求外套膜有一定的厚度,插片操作方便,因此蚌体必须大于8厘米如何把1龄蚌当年培养到8一10厘米是首要前提_试验证明,只要措施得当,大部分的蚌是能够达到这一要求     

河蚌育珠的异体移殖

过去曾有人认为：在河蚌育珠手术操作中,用小片进行异体移殖(例如：以褶纹冠蚌为制片蚌,以三角帆蚌为育珠蚌培育珍珠)由于不是同属的蚌,亲缘较远,两种蚌的细胞内所含的蛋白质不同,小片作为异种蛋白送入母蚌(育珠蚌)体内,因而游走细胞因趋化作用而吞食小片组织细胞,而成为脓浆,致使育珠蚌内布满脓泡而无珍珠。某些单位曾由于进行小片异体移殖而出现了育珠蚌有30—50％,甚至100％的脓泡现象。     

小片与蚌间的关系对珍珠质量的影响

本研究采用褶纹冠蚌同一个体自体外套膜小片育珠,结果珍珠质量明显提高。采用三角帆蚌制取外套膜小片植入褶纹冠蚌。结果珍珠质量极差,大多数蚌产不出珍珠;采用褶纹冠蚌制取外套膜小片植入三角帆蚌,结果三分之一的蚌能得到质量高于褶纹冠蚌,产量高于三角帆蚌的珍珠。作者认为供片蚌和受片蚌间相适关系影响珍珠质量,研究如何提高褶纹冠蚌小片在三角帆蚌体内成珠的比率,在生产上是很有意义的。     

应用激光共聚焦显微技术研究Ca2+在三角帆蚌组织内的积累与分布

为了探讨淡水贝类Ca2+吸收和转运信号传递机理,采用激光共聚焦技术研究了三角帆蚌不同组织细胞在静息状态下细胞内游离Ca2+浓度,以及水体Ca2+浓度对外套膜组织细胞内钙沉积的影响。试验选取10只健康的三角帆蚌,分别获得外套膜外膜、内膜、斧足、腮及内脏团上表皮组织细胞,短期培养后用Fluo-3/AM荧光探针孵育细胞1 h,观察细胞内Ca2+荧光强度。研究结果表明,蚌不同组织细胞内Ca2+荧光强度存在显著差异,外套膜外膜细胞内Ca2+荧光强度最高,内脏团上表皮细胞的最低(P<0.05);育珠三角帆蚌在相同Ca2+浓度的孵育水平下,外套膜细胞内Ca2+荧光强度比非育珠蚌都有增加的趋势,其中在1.25 mmol/L添加组中,两组外套膜内膜细胞内Ca2+荧光强度差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);不同Ca2+孵育水平对细胞内Ca2+荧光强度有显著影响(P<0.05),随着Ca2+在孵育液中浓度的升高,外套膜细胞内Ca2+荧光强度显著增强(P<0.05),表明外套膜是从外界吸收Ca2+的主要组织,蚌体珍珠的培育增强了其对Ca2+的沉积,并且水体Ca2+浓度在1.25～3.00 mmol/L有助于蚌体内Ca2+的贮藏,这对进...     

育珠期三角帆蚌的生长及其与珍珠增长的关系

通过对三角帆蚌壳长、壳宽、蚌总重（整体湿重）、内脏团湿重、壳重和珍珠重等指标在5-11月间的逐月连续测定，研究了常规养殖模式下育珠期2龄三角帆蚌在主要生长季节的生长规律及其与珍珠生长的相关性。结果表明：珍珠重(PW)与壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)的关系分别为PW=0.0008SL3.3946 (R2=0.6948)和PW=0.7809SW1.0227 (R2=0.6888)；而珍珠重(PW)与蚌重(TW)、内脏团重(BW)和壳重(W)的关系分别为PW=0.0021TW1.5434 (R2=0.7337)，PW=0.107BW0.9125 (R2=0.7158)和PW=0.0324W1.1259 (R2=0.7101)；三角帆蚌总重(TW)与壳长(SL)、 壳宽(SW)的关系最适合用指数函数进行拟合，其关系式分别为TW=16.003e0.1681SL，(R2=0.7961)，和TW=64.311e0.1372SW (R2=0.6822)；而内脏团重(BW)和壳重(W)与壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)的关系则适合为幂函数曲线拟合，关系式分别为BW=0.0188SL3.1427，(R2=0.6927)；W=0.0656SL2.7721, (R2=0.8271)和BW=12.446SW0.8974 (R2=0.617)；W=19.876SW0.802 (R2=0.7563)。本研究结果发现，珍珠生长与蚌总重、壳长和壳宽等外部测量指标之间的相关性显著，从而无须通过杀蚌取珠而直接通过这些外部生长指标的测定就能较好地了解珍珠的生长，更好地为珍珠养殖生产和管理提供指导。     

How cultured pearls acquire their colour

Round nucleated pearls are produced through a surgical operation, where a round nucleus and a mantle tissue ‘saibo’ from donor oyster are inserted into the gonad of the host oyster. The epithelial cells in the mantle tissue proliferate around the nucleus, and thus, the pearl sac is formed. Pearl sac secrets nacre and forms a pearl. The quality and economic value of pearls are assessed by pearl features such as colour, brightness, lustre and shape. Among all these features, colour has been reported as an important economic indicator and has been widely studied by researchers. Generally, pearl colour is affected by the donor oyster which is determined genetically and biological pigments (melanin and carotenoid). Organic matrices, metal ions and other factors have also been reported to influence the colour of a cultured pearl. Recently, multi‐omics methods have been used to study the colour formation of pearl, and some key genes and signal pathways related to the colour formation of pearls have been identified. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of pearl formation needs further research. The review combines both fresh and sea water pearls focusing on Hyriopsis cumingii and pearl oysters to provide a general overview and understanding for pearl colour formation.     

吊养在池塘不同水层中的三角帆蚌的存活和生长

2005年5～11月在浙江省诸暨某池塘研究了吊养在池塘水表层下10 cm、40 cm和80 cm处三角帆蚌(Hyri-opsis cumingii)的生长。实验结果表明:吊养在不同水层的三角帆蚌成活率无显著差异,但吊养在表层下40 cm水层的蚌蚌壳长、蚌壳宽和蚌重增长速度明显高于吊养在表层下10 cm和80 cm水层的蚌,吊养在表层下10 cm处的蚌生长最慢。     

Effects of integrated combination and quicklime supplementation on growth and pearl yield of freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea, 1852)

The effects of integrated combination and quicklime supplementation on growth and pearl yield of a freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea, 1852), were examined through a 137-day growout in land-based enclosures. The integrated combinations examined were either mussel, bighead carp and gibel carp or mussel and bighead carp. Each combination was treated either with or without quicklime supplementation. One half of the mussels in each enclosure were grafted with pieces of the mantle epithelium while the other half were not. During the experiment, gibel carp were fed formulated feed while the mussel and bighead carp were fed natural live food. Quicklime was regularly provided in the enclosures as calcium replenishment. The species composition in the integrated system significantly affected growth in shell size and wet weight of the mussels regardless of the graft and pearl yield, while no significant effects of quicklime supplementation were detected. Growth rates in shell size and wet weight of both grafted and non-grafted mussels and pearl yield were slightly higher in the enclosures with mussel, bighead carp and gibel carp than those with mussel and bighead carp, although these differences were not statistically significant. The non-grafted mussel exhibited faster growth in shell size and wet weight than the grafted mussel within the same treatment. Results of the present study indicate that species combination in an integrated system can affect growth and pearl yield of H. cumingii . The species combination of mussel, bighead carp and gibel carp is recommended for commercial H. cumingii farming.     

Freshwater nucleated pearl quality is influenced by host mussel growth traits in Hyriopsis cumingii

Hyriopsis cumingii is one of the most important freshwater pearl mussels in China. Recently, this species can produce freshwater nucleated pearls of high quality. Here, we investigated whether nucleated pearl quality is influenced by the growth traits of the host mussel or other factors like cultivation period. We implanted host mussels with a spherical nucleus consisting of a small piece of mantle tissue from donor mussels. After 24 and 36 months of culture, host mussel growth traits including body weight and shell length, height, width and weight were recorded. These factors were then correlated with the quality traits of the pearls they produced, such as nacre thickness, size, weight, lustre and colour. Results indicated pearls obtained at 36 months after seeding were significantly larger in terms of nacre thickness, size and weight compared to those harvested at 24 months. In particular, nacre thickness (r = 0.33–0.48, P = 0.00), pearl size (r = 0.39–0.43, P = 0.00) and pearl weight (r = 0.35–0.47, P = 0.00) were showed to be significantly correlated with host mussels shell length, body weight and shell weight at 24 or 36 months. Larger and heavier host mussels tended to produce bigger pearls. In contrast, host mussels did not affect pearl colour. Cumulatively, our results suggest that longer culturing times and a larger host mussel may help produce better quality nucleated pearl. This information can help guide selective breeding programs designed to improve pearl quality produced by H. cumingii.     

三角帆蚌不同组织基因组DNA提取效果比较

利用平衡酚-氯仿法分别提取三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)斧足、鳃、闭壳肌、性腺、肝脏、心脏中的基因组DNA,采用紫外分光光度测定法、琼脂糖凝胶电泳法、PCR扩增法分析三角帆蚌不同组织基因组DNA的提取质量。结果表明,三角帆蚌6个组织均能成功地提取基因组DNA,但提取的DNA质量存在差异;斧足中提取的DNA纯度、浓度最高,PCR扩增的条带最亮,因而是三角帆蚌提取DNA的最佳组织;其次是肝脏和闭壳肌,心脏和性腺提取的DNA较差。     

诸暨养殖池塘内水环境、三角帆蚌生长与珍珠产量

2006.06.03-11.08研究了浙江省诸暨市3口蚌养殖池塘内的水温、透明度(SD)、溶氧(DO)、pH等理化因子以及三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)生长和珍珠产量。结果显示:实验期间池塘内水温平均为28℃,透明度为24~31 cm,pH为8.5~8.8,DO为6.6~7.8 mg/L,盐度为0.1,Ca2+含量为19.4~37.0 mg/L,总硬度为64.0~123.3 mg CaCO3/L,总碱度为58.4~109.4 mg CaCO3/L,TN为0.76~1.12 mg/L,TP为0.14~0.33 mg/L,TN/TP为4~8,CODMn为9.99~15.5 mg/L。经过158 d生长,池塘内育无核珠或有核珠的3龄蚌蚌壳长增加0.16~0.94 cm,蚌重增加21~61 g;育无核珠的5龄蚌蚌壳长增加0.1~0.25 cm,蚌重增加27~76 g。蚌壳和蚌重生长速度受蚌龄影响,蚌重生长速度的变化幅度往往比蚌壳大。育无核珠的3龄蚌和5龄蚌内珍珠增重分别为每蚌2.03~2.87 g和3.52~5.23 g。3龄蚌蚌壳长和蚌重生长比5龄蚌快,但珍珠产量低于后者,表明三角帆蚌珍珠产量与其蚌壳和蚌重生长速度并不完全一致。