近红外光谱技术在鱼糜定性和定量上的应用

以海水鱼糜(包括狭鳕、带鱼、鲷和混合鱼糜)以及淡水鱼糜(包括鲢和草鱼鱼糜)为研究对象,应用傅立叶近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学对鱼糜进行定性和定量分析。用聚类分析和线性判别的方法建立海水和淡水鱼糜的定性鉴别模型,并应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别建立海水鱼糜水分含量和蛋白质含量的近红外定量分析模型。结果表明,海水和淡水鱼糜的定性鉴别模型预测率达100%;建立的近红外定量分析模型中,海水鱼糜的水分和蛋白质的模型的相关系数分别达0.98和0.96以上,模型能较为准确、快速地预测定海水鱼糜中水分和蛋白质含量,有很大的潜力可应用于实际生产。     

冷藏大黄鱼不同细菌生长模型的比较

主要研究了养殖大黄鱼0、5℃冷藏过程鱼肉中细菌变化情况,采用修正的Logistic和Gompertz模型拟合细菌生长曲线,经非线性回归分析求出生长动力学参数和细菌生长预测模型。结果表明,所建立的模型相关系数均大于0.99,能有效描述菌落总数的动态变化,预测不同贮藏时间内的菌落总数。为验证模型的适用性,把不同时间的菌落总数预测值和实测值比较,依据均方根评价建立的细菌生长预测模型的适用性。0、5℃冷藏过程Gompertz模型均方根分别为0.077和0.100,Logistic模型均方根分别为0.114和0.138,2种模型相比,Gompertz预测结果更为理想。     

水产养殖溶氧浓度软测量模型研究进展

溶氧浓度软测量模型是用于预测水产养殖水质中溶氧变化情况的重要手段,对于控制鱼类生长存活至关重要。阐述了建立溶氧浓度软测量模型的目的和意义,综述了溶氧浓度软测量模型的研究现状。溶氧浓度软测量模型分为神经网络和优化算法组合、支持向量机和优化算法组合,总结和分析了这两类建模方法存在的问题,提出了采用混合软测量方法建立溶氧浓度模型的改进方案;最后对溶氧浓度软测量模型未来研究方向进行了简要展望,指出融合多种信号并结合专家知识、机器学习等智能方法,基于机理和数据驱动的混合软测量是建立溶氧浓度模型的发展方向。     

阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场预报模型最适时空尺度和环境因子分析

根据2003―2011年主渔汛期间中国鱿钓船队在西南大西洋的鱿钓生产数据,结合海洋遥感获得的海表温度(SST)、海面高度(SSH)和叶绿素a浓度(CHL-a)数据,匹配组织成不同时空尺度和环境因子的样本集,使用人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)作为中心渔场的预报模型,比较所匹配的样本集对阿根廷滑柔鱼中心渔场预报模型的影响。研究表明,样本的时间尺度为周时,1.0o×1.0o的空间尺度和环境因子为SST所建立的BP中心渔场预报模型,具有最高的预报精度和最小的平均相对变动值(average relative variance,ARV);样本时间尺度为月时,0.25o×0.25o的空间尺度和环境因子为SST所建立的BP中心渔场预报模型,具有最高的预报精度和最小的ARV值。对这两种最优样本集建立的BP中心渔场预报模型进行灵敏度分析发现,不同样本集建立的中心渔场预报模型表达的渔场栖息地适宜程度也不尽相同。研究认为,在建立中心渔场预报模型时,需要考虑海洋环境因子的时空尺度。     

近江牡蛎冻干组织糖原含量近红外模型的建立

糖原直接影响牡蛎的风味和营养品质,常作为评价牡蛎品质质量的重要标准。近红外光谱(NIR)模型可以实现糖原含量的快速准确检测。本研究以近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)为研究对象,采用微量蒽酮法、近红外技术分别获取了外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌、肝胰腺、唇瓣、性腺等6个组织及全软体部混样共909份样品的糖原含量及光谱数据,结合最小二乘法建立了近江牡蛎6个组织及全软体部的糖原含量预测模型,并对该模型进行了外部验证和交叉验证。结果显示,所测样品光谱数据经一阶求导、乘法散射校正及平滑预处理后,建立的模型最优;所建立的7个模型的建模相关系数(RC)为0.971 6~0.996 3,其外部验证相关系数(REV)及交叉验证相关系数(RCV)分别为0.949 0~0.990 8和0.969 4~0.996 9,且模型交叉验证和外部验证的RPD值均大于2.5,表明所建立的模型能准确预测近江牡蛎相应组织样品的糖原含量。本研究建立的近江牡蛎糖原含量NIR分析模型,不仅丰富了牡蛎糖原含量检测方法的研究资料,还为实现近江牡蛎糖原成分的快速、准确测定提供了技术支撑,在近江牡蛎品质性状改良等领域具有重要的应用价值。     

秋冬季智利竹(竹夹)鱼栖息地指数模型比较

秋冬季是智利竹筴鱼的主要渔汛,准确建立其渔场预报模型具有现实的意义。为了找出适宜的秋冬季智利竹筴鱼栖息地指数模型,论文根据2003-2009年5-9月智利竹筴鱼的商业捕捞数据, 结合海表面温度(SST)和海表面高度(SSH)的海洋环境因子,以作业次数为基础,采用外包络法分别建立SST、SSH 的适应性指数(SI),采用算术平均法(AMM)、几何平均法(GMM)建立栖息地指数(HSI)模型计算其栖息地指数,并以2010-2011年度的捕捞数据进行验证。研究结果表明：以作业次数为基础,采用外包络法建立SST、SSH 的适应性指数为最适,5-9月SST权值分别为0.4、0.7、0.5、0.7、0.1的算术平均法适合秋冬季智利竹筴鱼栖息地指数模型。研究也以为,不同月份的SST和SSH对秋冬季智利竹筴鱼渔场分布有着不同的影响。     

酉州乌羊生长曲线拟合分析研究

对酉州乌羊体重随月龄增长应用Logistic、Gompertz、Richards模型进行生长曲线拟合分析,建立公、母羊的拟合曲线方程及求出拐点体重、拐点月龄。结果表明:三种模型均能很好地拟合公、母羊生长规律,Logistic、Gompertz、Richards模型拟合公羊的拟合度(R2)分别为0.987、0.995、0.987,母羊拟合度(R2)0.968、0.9810.968,三种模型相互比较,Gompertz模型拟合效果最好。     

水产养殖

970836 利用海藻做生物过滤器的循环海水养殖模型:模型的建立和测试=Simulation model of recirculating mariculture with sea-weed biofilter:development and experimen-tal tests of the model[刊,英]/Ellner S,Ne-ori A//Aquac..—1996,143(2).—167～184在以色列埃拉特建立了一个试验循环海水养殖系统模拟模型。该系统养殖金鲷,用石莼做生物过滤器来保持水质,减少海水交换率,及减少流出水中的营养物质。该模型用一种相对简单的分室模型来描述在该系统中无机氮的产生、转移、转化及流失情况。该模型     

基于Three.js的交互式鱼类模型展示系统设计

目前浏览器对三维图形显示技术越来越成熟，使用WebGL的第三方库Three.js展示鱼类3D模型不仅简单方便，而且跨平台优势明显。通过对Three.js的研究解决以往技术建立鱼类3D展示系统功能较少、构建复杂、需要安装插件浏览和无法跨平台使用的问题，可推动鱼类可视化的相关应用。本研究主要采取3ds MAX软件建立鱼类模型和标本馆模型，通过Three.js库实现对模型的加载和交互，并将Three.js与Bootstrap框架、PHP技术、MySQL等技术结合进行搭建鱼类模型展示系统。在完成系统构建后将系统部署到腾讯云服务器中完成性能测试。结果显示：本系统实现了鱼类模型搜索查看、分页展示、在线上环境中秒加载，鱼类标本馆场景模型的分步加载，Mobile VR方式查看鱼类模型，以及用户在线上传模型、展示模型、分享模型等功能，具有较好的应用价值。本研究可为鱼类建模、鱼类3D模型的压缩、渔业大型模型场景加载和渔业可视化相关的研究提供参考。     

利用栖息地指数模型预测秘鲁外海茎柔鱼热点区

利用栖息地指数模型准确地预测了秘鲁外海茎柔鱼的热点区。根据2008-2010年1-12月期间我国鱿钓渔船在秘鲁外海的生产数据,结合实时的海表温及海表面高度数据,分别建立以作业次数、单位捕捞努力量渔获量为基础的适应性指数。利用算术平均数模型建立基于海表温和海表面高度的栖息地指数模型,并利用2011年生产及环境数据对栖息地指数模型进行验证。结果显示,以作业次数为基础的适应性指数符合正态分布,而以单位捕捞努力量渔获量为基础的适应性指数显著性检验不显著,因此,只建立以作业次数为基础的模型。结果表明,以作业次数为基础的栖息地指数模型都高估了茎柔鱼热点区的范围,但大体范围基本一致,这说明其能较好地预测茎柔鱼的热点区。     

Gillnet selectivity of small coastal sharks off the southeastern United States

Gillnet selectivity parameters for the Atlantic sharpnose, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, blacknose, Carcharhinus acronotus, finetooth, Carcharhinus isodon, and bonnethead, Sphyrna tiburo, sharks were estimated from fishery-independent catches in multi-panel gillnets with stretched mesh sizes ranging from 8.9 to 14.0 cm in steps of 1.3 cm, with an additional size of 20.3 cm. Mesh selectivities were estimated using a maximum-likelihood model, which fits a gamma distribution to length data for each mesh size using the log-likelihood function. The Atlantic sharpnose and finetooth shark exhibited the broadest selection curves. Peak selectivities for the Atlantic sharpnose were reached from 750 mm FL for the 8.9 cm mesh to 1150 mm FL for the 14.0 cm mesh in 50 mm FL increments per mesh. Peak selectivity for the finetooth shark was reached at 550 mm FL for the 8.9 and 10.2 cm meshes, increased to 650 mm FL for the 11.4 mesh, and 750 mm FL for the 12.7 and 14.0 cm meshes. Selectivity was highest at 1150 mm FL for the 20.3 cm mesh. The bonnethead and blacknose shark exhibited narrower selection curves, with peak selectivity occurring at 450 mm FL for the 8.9 cm mesh, 750 mm for the 12.7 cm mesh in 100 mm FL increments per mesh. Maximum selectivity for the 20.3 cm mesh was 950 and 1050 mm FL for bonnethead and blacknose shark, respectively. The θ₁ values for blacknose and finetooth shark were most similar (140.58 and 141.25), whereas the value calculated for Atlantic sharpnose was the highest (211.95) and that for the bonnethead (131.77) was the lowest. Values calculated for θ₂, a parameter that describes the variance of sizes by mesh, ranged from 27,259 for the bonnethead to 189,873 for the finetooth shark. Although gillnets used in this study were not directly constructed for use in estimation of gillnet selectivities, information on mesh selectivities estimated herein has direct applicability to commercial gillnets with meshes of similar sizes.     

在循环养殖系统中添加微生态制剂去除氨氮和亚硝酸氮的试验

利用活菌制剂,以闭路内循环方式净化水质,养殖点带石斑鱼。试验结果表明:3种活菌制剂对NH4 -N的降解率分别为:NMX菌39.0%,科恩菌30.5%,EM菌20.4%;对NO2--N的降解率分别为:NMX菌45.7%,EM菌40.4%,科恩菌13.6%。活菌制剂不仅能调节水质,而且还能促进养殖个体的生长,提高饵料转化率,NMX菌、科恩菌和EM菌试验组日增重分别为5.5 g/尾、5.1 g/尾、4.9 g/尾,而对照组为3.9 g/尾;相应饵料系数分别是1.00、1.02、1.02,对照组为1.06。     

盐度对寄主暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)存活影响及其对车轮虫的杀灭作用

为防治河鲀车轮虫病,分别设置0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0、17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0、35.0和40.0共13个盐度梯度,对暗纹东方鲀进行了浸浴实验。结果显示,盐度为15以下,对暗纹东方鲀的存活没有影响;盐度为0、2.5、5.0时,4 d内车轮虫的数量没有减少反而有增加趋势;盐度7.5作用4 d,盐度10.0作用3.5 d,盐度12.5作用3 d,杀虫率可达95%以上;盐度15.0作用32 h,盐度17.5作用24 h,盐度20.0作用10 h,盐度25.0作用4 h,盐度30.0作用1.5 h,盐度35.0作用1 h,盐度40.0作用0.5 h,对车轮虫的杀虫率均可达100%。应用SPSS软件,对杀虫盐度和时间进行拟合曲线方程分析,其数学模型为对数曲线方程y=34.19-5.55lnx。另外,车轮虫在暗纹东方鲀体表的复活试验显示,用提高盐度的方法杀灭暗纹东方鲀体表车轮虫后,再恢复到正常养殖盐度5.0的情况下,暗纹东方鲀的体表车轮虫病不再复发,说明盐度7.5以上能治疗暗纹东方鲀的车轮虫病。结合提高盐度治疗暗纹东方鲀车轮虫病的生产性试验结果,建议以盐度为7.5–15.0作为治疗暗纹东方鲀体表车轮虫的适宜盐度。     

Consumer preferences for farmed tilapia in Tanzania: A choice experiment analysis

ABSTRACT

This study used a choice experiment to analyze the preferences of consumers for the attributes of tilapia (price, mode of production, product form, and size), a major aquaculture product in Tanzania. The results showed that consumers were willing to pay a price 665.020 Tanzanian shillings (TZS) lower for farmed tilapia than for wild tilapia; a price TZS 833.210 and TZS 1799.110 higher for medium-size and large-size tilapia respectively than for small-size tilapia; and a price TZS 1214.090 higher for fresh tilapia than for smoked tilapia. Consumers’ willingness to pay less for farmed tilapia than for wild tilapia is mainly attributed to issues related to taste and availability. It was also found that consumers were heterogeneous in their preferences for all the tilapia attributes (mode of production, size, and form) considered in this study.     

Interactive effects of family and stocking density on survival and growth of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

To investigate the effects of family, stocking density, and their interaction on mortality, growth rate, and size dispersal in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, 1,440 juveniles from six full‐sib families were exposed to three stocking densities, that is, low stocking density (LD), middle stocking density (MD), and high stocking density (HD), and reared for 10 months in sea‐based suspended cages. The results demonstrated significant family effects on cumulative mortality rate (CMR); specific growth rate for test diameter (SGR for TD); specific growth rate for body weight (SGR for BW); coefficient of variation for body weight at the 10th month (CV for BW₁₀); and significant stocking density effects on SGR for TD, SGR for BW, and CV for BW₁₀. Statistically significant family by stocking density interaction was only found in SGR for TD. A certain degree of family‐ranking inversions occurred in SGR for TD. The present study provides evidence for the existence of family by stocking density interaction on the growth rate of test diameter in the family selection for S. intermedius. More attention should be paid to this interaction effect to select correct parents in S. intermedius.     

长江江苏段浮游植物群落结构特征调查报告

2004年9月￣2005年3月长江江苏段枯、平、丰3个水期的浮游植物的采集调查,共检出长江江苏段浮游植物10门96属168种(包括未定种),其中绿藻门64种,占38.10%;硅藻门58种,占34.52%;蓝藻门25种,占14.88%;裸藻门8种,占4.76%;黄藻门5种,占2.98%;金藻门3种,占1.79%;甲藻门2种,占1.19%;红藻门、隐藻门和轮藻门各1种,占0.60%。丰水期浮游植物优势群为直链藻(Melosira)、颤藻(Oscilatoria)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria)和纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus);平水期优势群为直链藻(Melosira)、颤藻(Oscilatoria)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria)、微孢藻(Microspora)和圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus);枯水期优势群为星杆藻(Asteri-onella.)、新月藻(Closterium)、直链藻(Melosira)和脆杆藻(Fragilaria)。各江段浮游密度都以枯水期最高,基本以丰水期为最低。     

水产养殖专业英语课程的教学改革与实践

水产养殖专业英语是为了适应社会经济发展而为学生开设的一门考查课,其目的是让学生掌握一种获取更多资料和信息的语言工具.然而,我国至今没有一本适合普通高职院校学生的专业英语教材.根据自身教学实践,本文从教学内容选择及教学手段改革两方面进行了细致深入的阐述,希望对我国水产养殖专业英语或其他学科专业英语的课程教学改革有所启发.     

Genetic analysis of the main growth traits using random regression models in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

For body weight (BW) and morphological traits measured repeatedly during growth in Japanese flounder, random regression models (RRMs) were constructed to genetically analyse growth curves and relative growth of morphological traits to BW or body length (BL). In the RRM of growth curves, genetic effects were optimally modelled using Legendre polynomials of two orders for six growth traits. Family and permanent environmental effects remained constant for morphological traits, whereas family effects changed linearly for BWs. During the measuring periods, the heritabilities of the traits increased with age and ranged from 0.256 to 0.843 for BW, 0.379 to 0.806 for body height, 0.338 to 0.773 for BL, 0.286 to 0.665 for head length, 0.159 to 0.708 for length of caudal fin and 0.335 to 0.774 for width of caudal peduncle. Genetic correlations for each trait decreased with increased lag in days of age. In the RRM of relative growth, all morphological traits analysed were significantly associated with BW and BL. The heritabilities for the allometries of morphological traits to BWs ranged from 0.251 to 0.755, whereas those to BLs ranged from 0.412 to 0.871. The majority of genetic correlations among these allometry scalings were negative. These estimated parameters can be utilized to not only guide the efficient selection of traits, but also to genetically regulate synchronous growth of body shape with BW in Japanese flounder.     

Phenotypic and genetic parameters for body measurements, reproductive traits and gut length of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) selected for growth in low-input earthen ponds

In this study we present estimates of phenotypic and genetic parameters for body size measurements, reproductive traits, and gut length for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) selected for growth in fertilized earthen ponds for two generations. Throughout the experiment, ponds were fertilized daily with 50 kg dry matter, (dm)/ha chicken manure. No supplementary feeds were added. For the analysis, 6429 fully pedigreed experimental fish from G0, G1 and G2 were used. Generations were discrete and therefore parameters were estimated separately for each year. Heritability estimates for body measurements ranged from 0.4-0.6 for standard length to 0.69-0.79 for head length. Phenotypic correlations between body weight and body measurements ranged from 0.64 to 0.89. Genetic correlations were close to unity. The heritability estimate for maturity at harvest (corrected for sex) was 0.13. Heritabilities for carcass traits were estimated from G₁ only and were 0.16 for gutted weight and 0.06 for dressing percentage. Phenotypic correlation between body weight and gutted weight was 0.84 and the genetic correlation was 0.20. Heritability estimate for gut length was 0.22. We also estimated a high genetic correlation between gut length index and standard length (0.78) but a low genetic correlation between gut length index and body weight (0.22 ± 0.28). These results suggest that selection for growth on an herbivorous diet could result in a correlated response in gut length.     

Effects of fish size and water temperature on the acute toxicity of boron to Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> and red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:     The acute toxicities of boron were examined for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and red sea bream Pagrus major in terms of fish size and water temperature. Japanese flounder of 0.1–70.0 g and red sea bream of 0.6–20.3 g were exposed to different concentrations of boron for 96 h at 20°C under semi-static conditions. In both fish species, the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) for 96 h of boron increased linearly with increasing fish size, ranging from 108 to 252 mg B/L for the flounder, and from 97 to 172 mg B/L for the sea bream. The effect of water temperature on acute toxicity was examined for Japanese flounder of 0.6 and 1.5 g at 10, 15, 20 and 25°C, and for red sea bream of 0.6 and 2.4 g at 12, 15, 20 and 25°C. The toxicity of boron for the flounder increased linearly with increasing water temperature. The 96 h LC₅₀ values ranged from 299 to 108 mg B/L for the 0.6 g flounder and from 350 to 113 mg B/L for the 1.5 g flounder. A similar trend was shown for the 2.4 g red sea bream; however, the relationship for the 0.6 g red sea bream was not significant.