乌苏里江虎头至饶河江段水化学现状及其评价

根据2000年10月6～12日对乌苏里江虎头至饶河江段进行监测的结果，分析该水域水化学状况及生态环境得出：该江段水环境状况较好，溶解氧、pH值及营养盐类适中。但水质已有变差的趋势，Cd含量超过渔业水质标准。     

陕西水产种质资源及水生生物保护区渔业环境评价

通过对2012年陕西省主要水产种质资源及水生生物保护区渔业水域监测结果的分析,得出陕西省主要保护区渔业生态环境总体质量状况良好,营养盐类指标总氮超标较为普遍,部分保护区水域还一定程度受到非离子氨、总磷和高锰酸盐指数等指标的污染。笔者建议应进一步加强营养盐类N、P污染物的治理和预防,有效保护珍稀水生野生动物的生长和栖息地。     

三峡库区笋溪河流域水质评价及其空间差异

为了解三峡水库库尾地区面源污染现状,以重庆市江津区笋溪河流域为研究对象,利用综合水质识别指数、内梅罗指数和主成分分析方法对笋溪河水质进行评价,主要评价指标有水温、pH、电导率、溶解氧、化学需氧量、总氮和总磷。结果表明:(1)笋溪河流域溶解氧为5.98～8.70 mg/L、化学需氧量为2～14 mg/L,总磷为0.008～0.105 mg/L,均处于Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类水质,总氮为0.64～2.03 mg/L,处于Ⅲ～Ⅴ类水质,污染严重。(2)3种水质评价方法均显示下游水质劣于上游水质,内梅罗指数在考虑平均超标水平的同时兼顾最大超标污染物,研究认为该指数的评价结果最能表现该地区的水质现状。(3)笋溪河上下游之间,溶解氧为上游显著高于下游,水温、pH、电导率、化学需氧量和总氮均为下游显著高于上游(P0.05),总磷浓度未发现有明显的差异(P0.05)。在后续管理中应提升城镇污水和农村污水的处理率,提高水肥利用率,以消减污染负荷、控制水污染趋势,从而改善区域水环境质量。     

宁波市姚江渔业水质及底泥的调查

1999年调查了姚江渔业水域环境，结果表明，水质和底质已受到不同程度的污染，溶解氧较低，超过渔业水质标准和主要污染物有生化需氧量，铜，锌和油类，其中重金属铜和锌超标最严重，水体呈富营养化状态，铜，镉和汞水超标，综合水质指标显示，姚江水域的水段水质相对较好。     

渔业水体污染的成因与治理

最近,农业部和国家环保总局联合发布的2004年《中国渔业生态环境状况公报》显示,2004年全国共发生渔业污染事故1020次,造成直接经济损失10.8亿元。因环境污染造成可测算天然渔业资源经济损失36.5亿元,其中内陆水域天然渔业资源经济损失8.6亿元,海洋天然渔业资源经济损失27.9亿元。与2003年相比,海水养殖区石油类和化学需氧量的超标有所下降,但活性磷酸盐和铜的超标比例有所上升;湖泊、水库等内陆水域的总磷、和高锰酸盐指标的超标比例有不同程度的上升。     

对中国3个渔业水域生态环境质量的综合评价

根据2002～2003年5、8月对我国沿海的莱州湾、长江口和珠江口渔业水域的水质、沉积物、浮游生物的监测结果，采用主成分分析法，综合评价这3个重要渔业水域的生态环境质量状况。研究结果显示，莱州湾水域生态环境综合质量相对较好，处于“一般”状态，但随时间变化生态环境质量正朝不良方向发展；珠江口水域生态环境综合质量次之，也处于“一般”状态；长江口水域生态环境综合质量最差，处于“差”状态，生态环境质量状况夏季劣于春季。从3个水域的水质、沉积物、浮游生物指标对总得分的贡献率来看，莱州湾水域沉积物指标的贡献率最高，其中沉积物镉是影响莱州湾生态环境质量的主要污染指标；长江口水域水质指标的贡献率最高，其中铜、油类和无机氮指标是影响长江口及邻近水域生态环境质量的主要污染指标；珠江口水域沉积物指标的贡献率最高，其中沉积物铜是影响珠江口生态环境质量的主要污染指标。     

福建省淡水大水域2002—2003年渔业生态环境监测

2002～2003年对水口闽清库区、永定棉花滩水库、泰宁大金湖等渔业生态环境进行监测，监测结果表明：福建省淡水渔业水域大部分水质良好，只有九龙江流域龙岩段的水质处于污染状态，主要污染项目是总磷、亚硝酸盐和非离子氨；沉积物有机质超标，生物体内铅含量超标。     

陡河水库水化学及其评价

2004~2005年对陡河水库水质进行了四季调查。结果表明:该水库为增温水体,年均增温2.1℃;水质状况符合渔业水质标准,适宜鱼类生长、繁殖;总磷、总氮及无机氮含量达到富营养化水平。     

信阳市大型水库的水质分析及浮游植物初级生产力的测定

本实验对信阳市五大水库的主要理化性质和浮游植物的初级生产力进行了研究与评价,结果表明溶解氧、BOD5、CODMn和pH等指标都符合渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)。石山口水库的总氮符合地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水的要求,其他水库的总氮则符合Ⅱ类水的要求,南湾水库的总磷符合Ⅱ类水的要求,其他水库的总磷符合Ⅲ类水的要求。南湾水库的初级生产力属于高型,泼河水库、石山口水库和鲇鱼山水库属于较高型,五岳水库属于中型。     

仙女湖网箱取缔后水质情况的调查

仙女湖网箱取缔后,"江西碳汇渔业"课题组对其水质变化情况进行调查研究,从2015年3月至2015年11月进行水温、pH值,透明度、总氮、总磷等理化指标进行监测,结果表明水质比以往有所好转,总氮、总磷指标达到Ⅱ类水标准。总氮的范围在0.012-1.145mg/L,平均值为0.266mg/L;总磷集中变化在0.001-0.01mg/L,平均值0.004mg/L。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.