异侧布置竖缝式鱼道紊流结构试验研究

鱼道是辅助鱼类克服障碍物,实现产卵洄游、索饵洄游和越冬洄游的通道。全球目前已建鱼道中,鱼类能够溯游通过的鱼道尚不足50%,大多数鱼道的水力设计仅考虑平均流速,忽略了鱼道内的紊流结构,探究鱼道的水力特性尤其是紊流结构,对改进其设计具有重要的指导意义。通过在大比尺水槽模型中试验研究异侧布置竖缝式鱼道的紊流结构,利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)实测竖缝式水池内每一点的三维瞬时流速,剖析流场的三维时均流速分布、流动特征、旋涡特性、纵向和横向紊动强度分布、不同水平面的雷诺应力分布等,考虑了两种典型流量(Q1=20.62 L/s,Q2=30.75 L/s)和3个特征水平面(h/3,h/2和2h/3),提出了三维流速分布的半理论半经验公式、流场矢量图及各点的旋度,并与自由壁面射流进行比较。结果表明,异侧布置竖缝式鱼道前半池内纵向流速具有壁面射流的特征,后半池由于受下游隔板的阻挡则偏离壁面射流规律;水池内存在顺时针方向的水平旋涡,其旋度随流量的增大而增强;前半池壁面射流区的紊动强度存在峰值区,后半池的紊动强度峰值区由水槽左侧移至右侧;壁面射流区的雷诺应力变幅较大,而在旋涡区则较小,有利于洄游鱼类在鱼道上溯和歇息。     

鳙幼鱼4种典型游泳状态特性研究

在23±0.5℃水温条件下,利用游泳行为测试水槽分析早期发育阶段鳙幼鱼（Hypophthalmichthys nobilis）（5.0～9.0cm,2.5～11.5g）游泳行为特性与水流流速变化的响应关系。结果表明该体长范围鳙幼鱼的平均临界游泳速度为0.468±0.161m/s;平均突进游泳速度为0.672±0.154m/s,且绝对临界游泳速度和绝对突进游泳速度均随体长的增加而线性增加,相对突进游泳速度随体长的增加而线性减小;绝对突进游泳速度与绝对临界游泳速度存在如下关系： ;在测试突进游泳速度中鱼类游泳行为随水流流速变化存在4种游泳状态相互穿插（顶流前进、顶流后退、顶流静止、顺流而下）,根据鱼类运动过程中的四个阶段分别对应的4种游泳状态,得到以鳙幼鱼为过鱼对象的鱼道池室主流流速为16.0～46.5cm/s;对于鱼道高流速区的竖缝、孔口等最佳流速应为46.5～85.4cm/s。本研究成果补充了四大家鱼游泳特性指标,为四大家鱼资源保护、鱼类洄游通道建设提供参考依据。     

双侧竖缝式鱼道水力特性研究

研究分析不同水池长宽比条件下双侧竖缝式鱼道的水池流场结构及其水力学指标,为双侧竖缝式鱼道布置参数的优化选择提供技术依据。基于单侧竖缝式鱼道体型参数的研究成果,选取导板长度与水池宽度之比为0.25、竖缝宽度与水池宽度之比为0.15、导向角度为45°作为研究的基本体型;鱼道来流边界设置为压力进口,上游水深设置为2 m,出流边界设置为压力出口,下游水深设置为2 m;模型顶部设置为压力进口,进口压强为1.01×105Pa,边墙设置为固壁边界。采用三维数值模拟的方法研究分析了水池长宽比分别为4∶8、5∶8、5.5∶8、5.75∶8、6∶8、6.5∶8、7∶8、8∶8、9∶8的条件下双侧竖缝式鱼道的水池流场结构及其水力学指标。在不同水池长宽比条件下,鱼道常规水池内存在3种典型流场结构,其主流轨迹线、主流流速沿程衰减规律以及回流区分布等水力学指标均有不同,典型长宽比取值区间分别为4∶8~5.5∶8、5.75∶8~6.5∶8及7∶8~9∶8;对比发现,长宽比在5.75∶8~6.5∶8区间范围时,主流区宽度相对较大,水池空间利用较为充分,沿程流速衰减情况也较好,回流区主要分布于主流两侧且大小适中。初步认为长宽比5.75∶8~6.5∶8的水池流场结构较为合理。     

峡江鱼道过鱼效果初步评价

鱼道是解决拦河筑坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要手段之一。为了满足兴建峡江水利枢纽工程后洄游鱼类上溯的要求,保护赣江水生生态环境的完整性,减缓工程对鱼类种群遗传交流的影响,针对峡江水利枢纽实际情况制定了鱼道过鱼方式。鱼道采用垂直竖缝式结构设计,由上游鱼道(出口段)、坝体过鱼孔口、下游主、副鱼道(进口段)、集鱼系统及连接段组成,设计主要过鱼季节为4-7月,流速0.7~1.2 m/s。采用仪器监测与人工观察相结合的方式对峡江鱼道过鱼效果进行了初步监测。监测结果显示:2017年监测到过鱼总数67.8万尾,其中上行占41.67%;期间共监测到22种鱼类,共计4目、7科、18属,以小型鱼类为主,如贝氏(Hemiculter bleekeri)、三角鲂( Megalobrama terminalis)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);不同季节过鱼数量不同,其中以二季度最多,占总数49.17%,过鱼数量以7月最多;过鱼数量昼夜差别大,以上午10:00至下午16:00是过鱼数量最多;与国内其他鱼道相比,峡江鱼道过鱼数量较多,过鱼效果显著。     

高坝鱼道工程设计案例分析

坝高１１６ｍ,最大水头６７.０ｍ,额定水头５３．５ｍ。主要过鱼季节为３－６月,兼顾过鱼季节为２月、７－１０月。综合考虑工程特性和过鱼对象生态习性,设计采用竖缝式池室结构型式鱼道,主要由进口段、槽身段、暗涵段、明渠段、过坝段、出口段、进口补水设施和观测研究室等部分组成,全长３５６６．３２５ｍ。共设置２个常用进口,２个备用进口,鱼道过鱼孔设计流速１．１ｍ／ｓ。介绍了鱼道设计技术路线及研究方法,提出了休息池、鱼道进口、补水设施和带集鱼池的观测研究室的设计思路。     

基于鱼类游泳能力的鱼道设计流速解析

短须裂腹鱼（Schizothorax wangchiachii）是黑水河流域生态修复重要的保护鱼类,为了使过鱼设施取得最佳过鱼效果,鱼类有更好的上溯路径,需要针对性探究过鱼对象的游泳能力指标;基于鱼道的水力学特性,对短须裂腹鱼感应流速、临界游泳速度、爆发游泳速度以及游泳耐力进行研究。结果表明,短须裂腹鱼的感应流速为（0.09±0.03）m/s,相对感应流速为（0.39±0.15）BL/s,流速0.04~0.14 m/s,趋流率（F）随流速（V）增大而显著增大,F=0.7576lnV+2.485（R2=0.97,P＜0.01）;临界游泳速度（Ucrit）为（1.41±0.18）m/s,相对临界游泳速度（U’crit）为（6.27±1.14）BL/s;递增流速法测得的爆发游泳速度(Uburst)为（1.83±0.23）m/s,相对爆发游泳速度(U’burst)为（7.95±1.04）BL/s;固定流速法测得爆发游泳速度为1.8 m/s,持续游泳速度为1.2 m/s,在1.2~1.8 m/s耐久游速区间,持续游泳时间（T）随游泳速度（V）增大而减小,lgT = -4.5015V+9.468 (R2=0.69,P＜0.01)。结合鱼道水力学特性,推荐鱼道最小流速为0.20 m/s,高速区流速小于1.44 m/s,鱼道进口部分流速为1.20~1.44 m/s,休息池段流速为0.20~1.16 m/s。     

应用于鱼道设计的新疆木扎提河斑重唇鱼的游泳能力测试

为了探究斑重唇鱼的游泳能力,给过鱼设施设计和鱼类游泳行为学研究提供基础参数,本研究以木扎提河野生斑重唇鱼(全长TL=12~16 cm)为研究对象,测定了其在(16.6±1.6) ℃水温下的感应流速、临界游泳速度、爆发游泳速度及持续与耐久游泳能力。结果显示,斑重唇鱼感应流速为(0.18±0.02)m/s,相对感应流速为(1.40±0.23) BL/s (BL为体长);临界游泳速度为(1.02±0.15) m/s,相对临界游泳速度为(8.58±1.65) BL/s;爆发游泳速度为(1.39±0.17) m/s,相对爆发游泳速度为(10.92±1.86) BL/s;最大持续游泳速度为0.87 m/s,最大耐久游泳速度为1.37 m/s,与平均爆发游泳速度相近。其持续游泳时间与流速呈负相关(${\rm lg}T = - 5.136{{X}} + 8.504$)。当以斑重唇鱼为主要过鱼对象时,建议为吸引鱼类进入鱼道,进口流速设计为1.02~1.39 m/s,休息池主流设计为0.20~1.02 m/s,鱼道竖缝处流速宜低于0.85 m/s。鱼道长度为1 000 m时,鱼道内平均水流速度应低于0.78 m/s。本研究结果可为新疆木扎提河流域鱼类游泳能力研究提供参考,对保护日益减少的鱼类资源具有重要意义。     

集群对草鱼、鲢幼鱼克流上溯行为的影响

为修复河湖中鱼类的洄游通道和栖息生境，国内外已建设各型护鱼措施并开展大量水力学与生态学相关研究。集群作为一种广泛存在的生物种群行为，解析其在鱼类洄游过程中的作用机制意义重大。本研究营造低湍动能、非均匀流场，针对我国重要淡水经济鱼种草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)展开研究。本研究通过在3种流速工况(0.25~0.50 m/s、0.30~0.60 m/s、0.35~0.70 m/s)下，考察5尾处理组和单尾处理组的实验鱼持久上溯能力及上溯行为特征，量化集群对其克流能力的影响并解析原因。研究显示，集群对草鱼持久上溯能力的影响因流速而异，当流速为0.30~0.60 m/s和0.35~0.70 m/s时，5尾组持久上溯能力分别显著高于(P=0.030)和低于(P=0.048)单尾组；而集群能够普遍提高鲢的持久上溯能力，当流速为0.25~0.50 m/s (P=0.004)和0.35~0.70 m/s (P<0.001)时，5尾组持久上溯能力提升显著。集群多数情况会增加2种鱼的上溯耗时，只有当流速为0.35~0.70 m/s时，鲢的首次上溯时长在集群时显著下降(P<0.001)。集群能够帮助草鱼节能上溯，却会增加鲢的上溯累积耗能。综上所述，集群既可提高也可抑制鱼类上溯能力，其对上溯行为的影响主要体现在能耗、视觉反应及克流能力等方面，研究结果可为鱼类保护设施的设计、运行进一步提供可靠支持。     

应用于鱼道设计的新疆木扎提河斑重唇鱼的游泳能力测试

为了探究斑重唇鱼的游泳能力,给过鱼设施设计和鱼类游泳行为学研究提供基础参数,本研究以木扎提河野生斑重唇鱼(全长TL=12～16 cm)为研究对象,测定了其在(16.6±1.6)℃水温下的感应流速、临界游泳速度、爆发游泳速度及持续与耐久游泳能力。结果显示,斑重唇鱼感应流速为(0.18±0.02)m/s,相对感应流速为(1.40±0.23) BL/s (BL为体长);临界游泳速度为(1.02±0.15) m/s,相对临界游泳速度为(8.58±1.65) BL/s;爆发游泳速度为(1.39±0.17) m/s,相对爆发游泳速度为(10.92±1.86) BL/s;最大持续游泳速度为0.87 m/s,最大耐久游泳速度为1.37 m/s,与平均爆发游泳速度相近。其持续游泳时间与流速呈负相关(l g T=?5:136X+8:504)。当以斑重唇鱼为主要过鱼对象时,建议为吸引鱼类进入鱼道,进口流速设计为1.02～1.39 m/s,休息池主流设计为0.20～1.02 m/s,鱼道竖缝处流速宜低于0.85 m/s。鱼道长度为1 000 m时,鱼道内平均水流速度应低于0.78m/s。本研究结果可为新疆木扎提河流域鱼类游泳能力研究提供参考,对保护日益减少的鱼类资源具有重要意义。     

竖缝式鱼道90°转弯段水力特性的数值模拟

受枢纽布置与地形地质条件影响,竖缝式鱼道穿越公路、桥梁等建筑物或实现大转弯时通常需要布置90°转弯段。根据导板的布置位置,90°转弯段分为内内型、内外型、外内型与外外型4种类型。采用数值模拟技术计算4种类型90°转弯段的水流流场,主流区水流均紧贴边墙流动,主流区两侧出现尺度过大的回流区。针对出现的不利流态,提出了以增设整流导板的方式调整水流结构,并对水流结构改进后的水力特性进行了对比研究。增设整流导板后,主流区大致居中,主流衰减效果显著;回流区尺度合理,回流流速甚小。内外型90°转弯段增设一整流导板后,yi/B值介于0.30~0.71,说明主流区主要位于转弯段中间40%区域内;主流区两侧主要分布着3个回流区,位于弯段与弯段下游回流区的尺度最大,影响域为常规水池面积的0.9倍,长宽比为3.25,说明大尺度回流区的影响域为椭圆形区域,可便于鱼类游入与游出;弯段与弯段下游回流区内,靠近边墙的最大流速不超过竖缝断面平均流速的0.23倍,中心流速甚小,有利于鱼类良好休憩。内外型90°转弯段水流结构改进效果较其他3种类型更为明显,在实际工程中可考虑优先采用。     

Effects of water velocity,turbulence and obstacle length on the swimming capabilities of adult Pacific lamprey

The swimming capabilities of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus Gairdner, were tested in an experimental vertical‐slot fishway in response to three different fishway features: water velocity (1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 m s^?1), the length of the vertical slot (0.33, 0.66, 1.00 m) and during the presence/absence of a turbulence‐intensifying structure that increased turbulence for each respective treatment. Passage success was lowest (52.7%) and attachment rates were highest (92.9%) during the most difficult passage conditions (high velocity, high turbulence, long slot length). Passage success was >83% for all other treatment combinations. Although passage of the vertical‐slot weir was not associated with fish body size, Pacific lamprey with larger dorsal distances (distance between the two dorsal fins) were more likely to pass the vertical‐slot weir. Increased attachment rates and longer attachment times during strenuous passage conditions suggest that endurance capacity may be an important factor limiting the passage of Pacific lamprey at fishway obstacles.     

A quantitative assessment of fish passage efficiency

In an attempt to restore the connectivity of fragmented river habitats, a variety of passage facilities have been installed at river barriers. Despite the cost of building these structures, there has been no quantitative evaluation of their overall success at restoring fish passage. We reviewed articles from 1960 to 2011, extracted data from 65 papers on fish passage efficiency, size and species of fish, and fishway characteristics to determine the best predictors of fishway efficiency. Because data were scarce for fishes other than salmonids (order Salmoniformes), we combined data for all non‐salmonids for our analysis. On average, downstream passage efficiency was 68.5%, slightly higher than upstream passage efficiency of 41.7%, and neither differed across the geographical regions of study. Salmonids were more successful than non‐salmonids in passing upstream (61.7 vs. 21.1%) and downstream (74.6 vs. 39.6%) through fish passage facilities. Passage efficiency differed significantly between types of fishways; pool and weir, pool and slot and natural fishways had the highest efficiencies, whereas Denil and fish locks/elevators had the lowest. Upstream passage efficiency decreased significantly with fishway slope, but increased with fishway length, and water velocity. An information‐theoretic analysis indicated that the best predictors of fish passage efficiency were order of fish (i.e. salmonids > non‐salmonids), type of fishway and length of fishway. Overall, the low efficiency of passage facilities indicated that most need to be improved to sufficiently mitigate habitat fragmentation for the complete fish community across a range of environmental conditions.     

鳙幼鱼下行过坝的水力导鱼栅实验

分析不同叶片角和布置角下导鱼栅的导鱼效果,获取最优的导鱼栅布置方式,为下行过鱼设施设计提供理论依据及参考。以鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)幼鱼为研究对象,通过设置导鱼栅布置角度(15°、30°、45°)和叶片角度(15°、30°、45°、90°),在室内开展模型实验,分析鳙从导鱼旁路下行(引导成功)和从导鱼栅叶片间隙下行(引导失败)的通过率,确定最优运行工况。结果表明:在所有工况下,实验鱼均出现了顶流现象,但顶流率均小于50%;导鱼栅布置角和叶片角同为30°时,辅助鱼类下行的成功率最高,达95%;其他工况下,成功率均低于75%。导鱼栅附近的水力条件表明,流速沿着导鱼栅方向呈现波浪线上升,紊动能分布总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,紊动能范围为0~0.0032 m²/s²。     

Fishway with two entrance branches: Understanding its performance for potamodromous Mediterranean barbels

Many fish passes have been built across the world in recent years. This study analyses the performance of a modified type of pool and weir fishway with two access branches, using passive integrated transponder telemetry. A circum‐Mediterranean barbel, Luciobarbus bocagei (Steindachner, 1864), was chosen as the target species. Both hydraulic values (flow and volumetric energy dissipation) and biological parameters (attraction, entrance and passage success) were measured in the fishway, these being related to the environmental variables affecting upstream fish movement. Flow discharge, water temperature and atmospheric pressure were important for fish entering the fishway. There was no preference between path routes, even though the main discharge was concentrated in the turbine channel. This type of fishway design could be an alternative for the conservation of fish populations where multiple fish approach options are possible.     

Denil fishway utilization patterns and passage of several warmwater species relative to seasonal, thermal and hydraulic dynamics

Abstract – Two different Denil fishways on the Grand River, Ontario, were used as check-points to evaluate the upstream movement of fishes past a low-head weir and to examine the proportions and inferred swimming performance of non-salmonid warmwater fishes that used each fishway type. Traps installed at fishway exits were used to collect fish during 24-hour sampling periods, over 40–51 days each year, from 1995 to 1997. Passage rates, size selectivity, water temperature, water velocity and turbidity for the periods of maximum passage for each year were examined. General species composition from trap samples shifted from catostomids to cyprinids to ictalurids to percids and centrarchids, with some overlap, as water temperatures increased from 8 °C to 25 °C in the spring and early summer. Water depths, and therefore water velocities in each fishway, were independent of river discharge due to variable accumulations of debris on upstream trash-racks. Relationships between the water velocity and the swimming and position-holding abilities of several species emerged. Turbidity was directly related to river discharge and precipitation events, and many species demonstrated maximum fishway use during periods of increased turbidity. This study 1) provided evidence of strongly directional upstream movements among several species that were previously considered non-migratory and 2) describes physical and hydraulic conditions during fishway use for 29 non-salmonid fish species.     

Non‐salmonids in a salmonid fishway: what do 50 years of data tell us about past and future fish passage?

Abstract  Salmonid fishways have been used in many countries for non-salmonid fishes, including Australia, but generally with poor results. Trapping the entrance and exit of a 1:9 gradient salmonid fishway on the Murray River confirmed very poor passage of native fish, with <1% of the most abundant species ascending. Fifty years of fish passage monitoring showed the numbers of three native species declining by 95–100% and non-native fish becoming dominant. Fishways are now being designed for native fish and being quantitatively assessed, but daily flow management also needs to be addressed. The ecological model for passage of potamodromous fishes has changed from passing adults of a few species to one that incorporates the whole fish community, specifically: immature fish of large-bodied species that dominate numbers migrating upstream; a diverse range of movement strategies; and small-bodied species, crustaceans and low numbers of less-mobile species.     

圆柱干扰对杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力及代谢行为影响研究

为了研究流场扰动对鱼类游泳行为和代谢的影响,本研究测定了单、双圆柱(平行)扰动条件下杂交鲟(Acipenser schrenckii♀×A.baeri♂)幼鱼的临界游泳速度和耗氧率。结果显示:与对照组比较,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,杂交鲟幼鱼U_crit比对照组分别增加了1.71%和40.41%。游泳过程中,耗氧率和速度呈线性关系,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,速度系数b值显著小于对照组,上溯运动中能量利用效率较高。圆柱设置形成的流场环境有利于提高杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力和游泳效率。湍动能为1.960×10^-4～46.92×10^-4 m^2/s^2时,杂交鲟幼鱼游泳效率较高,上溯所需的能耗减少。     

Biological effectiveness of an inexpensive nature‐like fishway for passage of warmwater fish in a small Ontario stream

Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nature‐like fishways, particularly in low gradient warmwater streams with diverse fish communities. We evaluated a nature‐like fishway that was installed to facilitate upstream passage at a low head dam on Indian Creek near Spencerville, Ontario, Canada. A passive integrated transponder (PIT) array was used to quantify attraction and passage efficiency for 391 PIT tagged warmwater fish, represented by seven species. Attraction efficiency for the three most common species, common shiner (Luxilus cornutus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), was 63.3%, 83.7% and 65.6%, respectively, and passage efficiencies were 5.1%, 38.4% and 25%, respectively. Creek chub were able to locate the fishway in less time than white sucker and common shiner; however, took longer to successfully pass. Manipulation of creek chub release locations was used to separate issues of attraction and passage and revealed that passage efficiency was highest (76.2%) for those released within the fishway and intermediate for those released at the entrance (42.1%). This multispecies fishway improved stream connectivity, but additional work is needed to fine tune its configuration. Similar projects that engage stakeholders in nature‐like fishway construction are a promising approach for the thousands of small dams that occur on low gradient streams around the globe, but those studies should incorporate a biological evaluation to ensure that attraction and passage efficiency are optimised.