囊螺繁殖习性与胚胎发育的观察

以水族箱中生长的囊螺为材料,通过连续观察的方法,对囊螺的繁殖习性和胚胎发育过程进行了观察.试验结果表明,囊螺为雌雄同体、异体受精的种类,但也可以自体受精.囊螺膜内胚胎发育经受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、担轮幼虫、面盘幼虫和匍匐幼虫等7个阶段,孵化后变成稚螺.     

水温对石磺胚胎发育的影响

通过实验室研究，对石磺（Onchidium sp．）胚胎发育过程进行了详细观察，比较了不同水温下石磺胚胎发育的速度，探讨了膜内面盘幼虫孵化出膜的主要条件。结果表明：石磺的胚胎发育过程类似于肺螺亚纲其他贝类，行体内受精，刚产出的卵为受精卵，细胞未进行分裂，卵裂从卵产出体外开始，分别经过卵裂期，囊胚期，原肠期，膜内担轮幼虫期，膜内面盘幼虫期，经过孵化期孵化出膜为自由生活的面盘幼虫期。对各阶段幼体的大小、形状、内部器官等特征以及发育变态过程进行了详细的显微观察和描述。26℃，28℃，30℃3个水温组中，从受精卵到膜内面盘幼虫孵化出膜分别需要300h，290h，288h；发现影响幼虫孵化出膜的主要因素是水温和海水的刺激作用；繁殖盛期卵群工厂化水泥池自然水温孵化时间为10～14d。并报道了水温低于23℃时石磺胚胎停止发育现象。     

大瓶螺的嗜食性及不同光照下的摄食研究

大瓶螺(Ampullariagigas),又名福寿螺、苹果螺,属软体动物门,腹足目,瓶螺科,瓶螺属。该螺含丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、维生素C、胡萝卜素及矿物质,养殖该螺对改善人们的食品结构和解决家禽、鱼、龟、鳖及虾蟹类的动物性饵料,具有重要意义。目前国内外对大瓶螺嗜食性及在不同光照下的摄食研究报道还较少。高本刚在《高效益水产动植物顾问》一书中对其做了一般性的闸述;胡自强等对其形态结构进行了研究;徐在宽对大瓶螺的心脏搏动与摄食量的关系进行了探讨;魏若飞等对大瓶螺理化耐性实验作了尝试;喜振生、毛盛贤、王彝豪等分别就大瓶螺在广州、北京…     

大瓶螺的休眠越冬机制及越冬方法（一）

大瓶螺(Ampullaria gigas)，又名福寿螺、苹果螺、金宝螺、南美螺，在动物分类学上属软体动物门腹足纲(前鳃亚纲)中腹足目瓶螺科瓶螺属，是一种大型的淡水食用螺类，原产于热带南美洲亚马逊河流域。该螺肉质鲜嫩、营养丰富、深受人们的喜爱。因此发展大瓶螺养殖，对改善人们的食品结构以及解决鱼虾和河蟹等名特优水产品类的动物性蛋白饵料，作为无公害无污染的食品走入市场，具有重要价值。在台湾、广东等省区，冬季水温较高，大瓶螺往往过度繁殖，侵害水生作物，有人因此提出应控制养殖，限制了大瓶螺在湖南等省的养殖研究。根据笔者多年…     

人工养殖大瓶螺技术要点

大瓶螺Ａｍｐｕｌｌａｒｉａｇｉｇａｓ又名南美螺、苹果螺、苹果蜗牛，台湾又称福寿螺、雪螺。该螺原产南美洲亚马逊河流域，在分类学上属软体动物门，中腹足目，瓶螺科，瓶螺属。这种螺具有生长繁殖快、食性杂、抗逆性强、易于养殖且成本低、肉味鲜美等优点。１９８１年广东中山县从台湾引进，现已成为我国的一种大型优质、经济效益好的淡水养殖螺类。大瓶螺不仅可以人工单养，而且可以稻螺套养、稻后放养，且不影响水稻的产量。笔者从事多年的大瓶螺养殖加工，养殖的大瓶螺亩产量１０００～３０００公斤，经济收入２０００～６０００…     

脉红螺早期发育的形态观察

在实验室条件下孵化脉红螺的卵囊,观察其胚胎和浮游幼体发育过程,及脉红螺早期发育过程的形态学变化。卵囊在25 ℃时孵化时间为16 d,经过卵裂期、囊胚 期、原肠胚期、膜内担轮幼虫期,最后发育为膜内面盘幼虫,破膜而出开始浮游幼体发育阶段。脉红螺浮游幼体期按螺层、面盘形态、幼体壳型和器官可分为5个 时期,分别为1螺层期;2螺层期(初期、中期、后期);3螺层期初期;3螺层中后期;4螺层期(初期、中期、后期)。其中在2螺层后期幼体的生长速度最快,壳高平均 每天增加44.45 μm,3螺层初期幼体的生长速度最慢,壳高平均每天增加19.51 μm。脉红螺附着变态的时期是4螺层中期和后期,壳高1 250～1 500 μm,附着变 态的标志是浮游幼体壳口边缘明显加厚并向壳口外侧翻转,壳口中央突起部消失,面盘退化,足部发达并能自由伸缩。     

出口大瓶螺肉干营养成分的研究

大瓶螺（ Ampullaria gigas Spix）又名南美螺、苹果螺、苹果蜗牛，台湾又称福寿螺、雪螺。该螺原产南美洲亚马逊河流域，在分类学上属软体动物门，中腹足目，瓶螺科，瓶螺属。这种螺具有生长繁殖块、食性杂、抗逆性强、易于养殖且成本低、肉味鲜美等优点。广东中山县自 1981年从台湾引进，已成为我国的一种大型优质，经济效益好的淡水养殖螺类。目前，除重庆牧丰养殖加工有限公司加工大瓶螺肉干出口外，还没有其他厂家加工大瓶螺肉干出口，也未见出口品级大瓶螺肉干的营养成分研究报道。为此，笔者对大瓶螺肉干的营养成分作了较全面的分析…     

大瓶螺人工养殖技术

大瓶螺 (Ampullaria gigas)又名南美螺、苹果螺、苹果蜗牛，台湾又称福寿螺、雪螺。该螺原产南美洲亚马逊河流域，在分类学上属软体动物门，中腹足目，瓶螺科，瓶螺属。这种螺具有生长繁殖块、食性杂、抗逆性强、易于养殖且成本低、肉味鲜美等优点。 1981年广东中山县从台湾引进，现已成为我国的一种大型优质、经济效益好的淡水养殖螺类。大瓶螺不仅可以人工单养，而且可以稻螺套养、稻后放养，且不影响水稻的产量。笔者从事多年的大瓶螺养殖加工，养殖的大瓶螺每 667米 2产量 1 000～ 3 000千克，经济收入 2 000～ 6 000元 /667米 2。 1水…     

大瓶螺的加工技术

大瓶螺(Ampullaria gigas)又名南美螺、苹果螺、苹果蜗牛,台湾地区又称福寿螺、雪螺、金宝螺。该螺原产南美洲亚马逊河流域,在分类学上属软体动物门,中腹足目,瓶螺科,瓶螺属。这种螺具有生长繁殖快、食性杂、抗逆性强、易于养殖且成本低、肉味鲜美等优点,是一种大型优质,经济效益好的淡水养殖螺类。该螺在广东、广西等地野生分布量大。大瓶螺有冰冻螺肉、盐渍螺肉、无盐干制和含盐干制等4种主要的加工方法,加工出口和内地销售大瓶螺肉有利于我国大瓶螺资源的利用和养殖业的发展。     

大瓶螺的生物学特征及人工繁殖研究

阐述了大瓶螺人工繁殖和养殖方法以及大瓶螺喜食的水生维管束植物和蔬菜种类，为大瓶螺的养殖提供了可靠的技术依据。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.