用灯光捕捉鰕虎鱼技术要领

鰕虎鱼在我国沿海水域均有分布,其种类有数十种,资源量也很可观,但至今尚未很好开发利用,也无较好的捕捞方法。本文将吕四渔民及本人多年利用灯光捕捉(鱼叚)虎鱼(此主要指长鳍虾虎,茅尾复虾虎鱼等,下均同)的经验作一些介绍,以作参考。(鱼叚)虎鱼一般随潮流的涨落作小距离的移动,夏秋     

狼牙(鱼叚)虎鱼(龙须鱼)

名称狼牙(鱼叚)虎鱼,学名 Odontamblyo-pus rubicundus(Hamilton-Buchanan)。地方名(鱼乃)鱼(广东唐家湾,香洲)、赤(鱼乃)(广海,闸坡)、白(鱼乃)(唐家湾),红头鳝(广西北海)。隶属于鲈形目,鳗(鱼叚)虎鱼科,狼牙(鱼叚)虎鱼属。特征及近似种体长而侧扁,略呈带状。头大,略呈长方形。吻短,中央稍凸出。眼极小,退化,埋于皮下。口大而斜,下颌和颏部向前上方突出。牙尖锐,长而弯曲,突出唇外。体及头部被小而退化鳞片。背鳍和臀鳍基底均甚长,与尾鳍相连;腹鳍大,左右腹鳍     

矛尾复(魚叚)虎鱼土池育苗技术

矛尾复(魚叚)虎鱼Syneehogobius hast(Temminek and Schlegel),俗称海鲶鱼、泥鱼,属鲈形目、(魚叚)虎鱼科、复(魚叚)虎鱼属,矛尾复(魚叚)虎鱼分布甚广,我国沿海以及朝鲜、日本直到爪哇等地的近海或咸淡水域均有分布.该鱼具有广盐广温、生长迅速、抗病力强、肉质细腻、味道鲜美、繁殖力强的特点,同时其市场价位中等,深受广大消费者的青睐,有较好的市场前景,是开展近海人工养殖和垂钓业的适宜品种.目前本省有的养殖户已经进行了矛尾复(魚叚)虎鱼的池塘养殖,取得了一定的经济效益,但是其苗种主要是采集的天然苗,很难形成大的规模,苗种供应也不稳定,大大影响了其养殖规模的发展.     

中国叉牙鰕虎鱼类二新记录

<正> 叉牙(鱼叚)虎鱼属(Apocryptodon Bleeker,1874)是栖息在印度—西太平洋热带、亚热带海区的近岸小型鱼类,其主要特征是两颌牙(各一行)异形;上颌牙直立,呈犬牙状;下颌牙均斜向外方,几近水平状,牙前端呈截形或叉形。据报道,至少有9种,即 A.madurensis(Bleeker1849)、A.glyphisodon(Bleeker,1849)、A.bleekeri(Day,1873)A.montalbani Herre(1927)A.sealei Herre(1927)、A.taylori Herre(1927)、A.malcolmi Smith(1931)、A.punctatusTomiyama(1934)和A.wirzi koumans(1937)。     

狼牙鰕虎鱼（龙须鱼）

名称 狼牙鰕虎鱼，学名Odontamblyopus rubicundus(Hamilton-Buchanan)。地方名鱼(广东唐家湾，香洲)、赤奶(广海，闸坡)、白奶(唐家湾)，红头鳝(广西北海)。隶属于鲈形目，鳗鰕虎鱼科，狼牙鰕虎鱼属。     

鰕虎鱼防控虾病试验报告

<正>鰕虎鱼是对虾的敌害鱼类,在对虾养殖池塘人为套养一定数量的鰕虎鱼,当对虾发病时,鰕虎鱼及时吞食病、弱虾,从而切断病、弱虾被健康虾摄食的途径,达到控制虾病进一步蔓延的目的。1材料与方法矛尾复鰕虎鱼(学名:Synechogobius hasta)为鲈形目、鰕虎鱼科、复鰕虎鱼属的近海暖温性底层小型鱼类。常见于淤泥底质的海区或栖于河口底层,我省沿海分布较多。矛尾复鰕虎鱼体型较小,当年成鱼体长一般10cm左右,由于其头大、     

子陵吻鰕虎鱼摄食蚊幼虫研究

为研究子陵吻鰕虎鱼摄食蚊幼虫的能力及环境适应能力,通过在室内玻璃缸及室外塑料桶中开展摄食蚊幼虫试验和环境适应能力试验,并将试验结果与食蚊鱼对比。结果表明:子陵吻鰕虎鱼摄食蚊幼虫能力及环境适应能力均强于食蚊鱼。在室内玻璃缸,摄食蚊幼虫76头·d~(-1),高于食蚊鱼摄食蚊幼虫51头·d~(-1);在室外塑料桶,能将处理组的蚊幼虫数量控制在0条,远低于对照组的50头;在室内玻璃缸(投喂饲料)及室外塑料桶(不投饲料)中,均能存活9个月以上(存活率100%)。     

中国阿匍鰕虎鱼属和刺鰕虎鱼属的两新种

本文报道了阿匍鰕虎鱼属(Aboma)和刺鰕虎鱼属(Acanthogobius)的两新种，分别定名为长体阿匍鰕虎鱼(Aboma elongata)和棕刺鰕虎鱼(Acanthogobius luridus)。     

大面积海水鱼虾管养抵御(鱼叚)虎鱼害的一些方法

<正> 海水鱼虾大面积管养的好坏,除了苗种、水域环境、天然饵料以及气候等因素外,管养水域中的敌害也是决定产量的一个重要因素,敌害中主要是经济价值较低和肉食性的凶猛鱼类,这些鱼类不仅与养殖鱼虾类争饵、争氧,破坏水域环境,而且有的还大量吞食经济鱼虾,降低水域的自然生产力,造成减产减收。广大渔民把这种现象叫做“狼”和“羊”一起养,我县海水鱼虾管养中的主要鱼害有矛尾刺(鱼叚)虎(油光鱼)纹缟(鱼叚)虎鱼、鲈鱼,叫姑鱼等,其中     

矛尾复鰕虎鱼土池育苗技术

矛尾复鰕虎鱼Synechogobius hast（Temminck and Schlegel），俗称海鲶鱼、泥鱼，属鲈形目、鰕虎鱼科、复鰕虎鱼属，矛尾复鰕虎鱼分布甚广，我国沿海以及朝鲜、日本直到爪哇等地的近海或咸淡水域坶有分布。该鱼具有广盐广温、生长迅速、抗病力强、肉质细腻、味道鲜美、繁殖力强的特点，同时其市场价位中等，深受广大消费者的青睐，有较好的市场前景，是开展近海人工养殖和垂钓业的适宜品种。目前本省有的养殖户已经进行了矛尾复嘏虎鱼的池塘养殖，取得了一定的经济效益，但是其苗种主要是采集的天然苗，很难形成大的规模，苗种供应也不稳定，大大影响了其养殖规模的发展。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。