半滑舌鳎快速生长及高雌性家系的筛选

为查明半滑舌鳎不同家系雌、雄鱼遗传和生理性别比例及其与生长速率的关系,并试图筛选出生理雌鱼比例高且生长快的家系,实验首先建立了22个半滑舌鳎家系,并进行同池养殖以比较生长性能,再选取5个正常雄鱼家系和5个伪雄鱼家系进行遗传性别和生理性别测定.结果发现,不同家系鱼苗不仅生长速度差异显著,而且雌雄比例差异也很显著.筛选出生长快速的家系2个(家系16号和61号),其相对增重率分别为0.81和0.56 g/d;筛选出生长较快的家系4个(家系21、28、57和63号),其相对增重率为0.48 ～0.53 g/d;筛选出生长速度一般的家系12个,生长慢速家系4个.所检测的5个正常雄鱼(ZZ类型)家系的遗传雌鱼比例平均为51.87％,生理雌鱼比例平均为42.94％,遗传雌鱼转化为生理雄鱼的比例平均为14.08％.相反,检测的5个伪雄鱼(ZW类型)家系的遗传雌鱼比例平均为49.34％,生理雌鱼比例平均为4.45％,遗传雌鱼转化为生理雄鱼的比例平均为91.41％.实验发现半滑舌鳎不同家系在雌、雄生理性别比例上存在明显差异;伪雄鱼后代中的遗传雌鱼更容易转化为伪雄鱼,增加养殖群体中生理雄鱼的数量.研究表明,通过家系选育可以筛选出雌性比例高、生长速度快的半滑舌鳎家系.     

半滑舌鰨养殖群体雌雄比例与自然性逆转率

利用半滑舌鳎（Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther）性别连锁微卫星标记scaffold1128₃43和性腺组织切片的方法,研究半滑舌鳎8个普通家系和养殖场雄性亲鱼遗传性别与性逆转情况。首先,8个普通家系（28、30、38、39、40、44、57、69）遗传性别检测结果显示,遗传雌性比例最低为39家系（37.93%）,最高为38家系和40家系（55.00%）。对其中4个家系（28、39、44、57）的两次遗传性别比例检测结果对比发现,家系间遗传雌性比例存在差异。其次,对4个家系（28、39、44、57）和养殖场雄性亲鱼的遗传与表型性别鉴定结果表明,不同家系表型雌鱼比例为18.75%⁴6.88%,低于各家系的遗传雌性比例,不同家系间自然性逆转率存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。研究还发现,繁育场所用的普通雄性亲鱼中平均有28.42%的伪雄鱼。本研究结果表明,自然性逆转现象在半滑舌鳎养殖群体中普遍存在,半滑舌鳎不同家系的表型雌鱼比例存在显著差异,这为培育半滑舌鳎高雌性苗种提供了理论依据。     

半滑舌鳎养殖群体的性比与雌雄形态差异比较

为研究半滑舌鳎养殖群体幼鱼阶段的性比变化,实验用分子标记法鉴定半滑舌鳎遗传性别,用组织切片方法鉴定表型性别,并比较了表型雌雄的生长差异。结果发现,在半滑舌鳎幼鱼阶段,在遗传性别上,雌雄所占比例约为1∶1,差异不显著(P>0.05)。在表型性别上,雌雄比例约为1∶3,差异极显著(P<0.01)。表型雄性中,由遗传性雄性和遗传上为雌性而表型上为雄性的"伪雄鱼"两部分组成。在养殖群体中,表型雌性、伪雄鱼和雄性三者的比例大致为1∶1∶2。养殖现场反映的雌性约占1/4的情况与本研究结果基本一致。本研究没有发现遗传上为雄性,而表型上为雌性的个体。在6～8月龄间,伪雄鱼的全长、体质量处于表型雌性与正常雄性之间,与两者均无显著差异。在相似全长范围内,雄鱼体高小于雌鱼,雄鱼的全长/体高的平均值为4.05,雌鱼的平均值为3.89,雄鱼的全长/体高比值显著大于雌鱼(P<0.05),此比值可以作为区分雌雄鱼苗种的参考。     

半滑舌鳎的性腺分化和温度对性别决定的影响

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisGünther)是近年来新开发的一种理想的增养殖对象,雌性个体生长速度比雄性快2～3倍。由于温度可影响多种鱼类的性腺分化,因而探索温度对该鱼的性别决定和性腺分化的影响,获得性逆转雄性亲本,用于培育全雌后代,具有重要的应用前景和经济效益。通过石蜡组织切片,对半滑舌鳎早期性腺分化进行组织学观察。发现在24℃饲养条件下,孵化后30 d半滑舌鳎性腺开始分化,其中具有裂隙的性腺原基未来发育为卵巢,而不具裂隙的原基未来发育为精巢。在孵化后25～100 d对半滑舌鳎进行不同温度(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃)处理,在9月龄时利用石蜡组织切片鉴定表型性别,观察温度对性腺分化的影响,结果表明,28℃和32℃高温能显著提高群体中的雄性比例,使其分别达到69.2%和66.7%;而低温16℃和20℃对性腺分化影响不大,群体中雄性比例分别为56.5%和57.1%;24℃处理群体中雌雄个体比例接近1∶1。半滑舌鳎雌性特异的遗传性别鉴定技术也检测到高温和低温处理组出现了由基因型雌性向表型雄性逆转的雄性个体。这些结果表明温度影响了半滑舌鳎性腺分化方向。     

半滑舌鳎早期不同性别的形态差异及判别分析

为检验半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)鱼苗70日龄时不同性别间的形态差异,对采集的349尾半滑舌鳎幼苗准确鉴定性别,并测量形态性状,进行数据分布检验、方差分析、主成分分析和判别分析等。结果显示,所测各性别群组的形态指标数据均符合正态分布、方差齐性(P0.05)。对半滑舌鳎形态学性状的方差分析和主成分分析表明,雌、雄性别间差异主要集中在全长和体高等方面,且雌鱼全长、体高平均值都大于雄鱼和伪雄鱼。利用各项标准化指标进行判别分析,雌性个体判别准确率为37%,雄性个体判别准确率为85%,伪雄鱼极不易判别且更接近雄性。研究表明,对雄鱼的判别方法可满足生产中半滑舌鳎早期苗种性别观测鉴定的要求,从而达到提高苗种雌性率的目的。     

大黄鱼性别特异SNP标记的开发与验证

大黄鱼是我国养殖量最大的海水经济鱼类,其雌鱼生长显著快于雄鱼,但两性的外部形态差异不明显,也没有异形性染色体,依靠传统方法无法对其活体准确进行生理性别和遗传性别的判别与鉴定,需要开发性别特异的分子标记。本研究从2尾雌鱼和2尾雄鱼、以及分别由50雌鱼与50尾雄鱼组成的2个混合样品的基因组重测序数据比较中筛选与性别显著关联的SNP位点,对其中11个位点分别设计引物在15尾雌鱼和15尾雄鱼中扩增出PCR产物进行Sanger测序验证,鉴定出1个与性别完全连锁的位点(SNP6,15尾雌鱼均为纯合、15尾雄鱼均为杂合)。然后,设计等位基因特异性PCR引物,其中包括2条雌性与雄性通用引物和1条雄性特异引物,在闽—粤东族与岱衢族大黄鱼合计近2 200个个体中进行扩增,结果在全部雌鱼中都只扩增出1个348 bp的条带,而在全部雄鱼中还扩增出1个194 bp的Y染色体特异条带,检出率达到100%。研究表明,大黄鱼属于XX♀-XY♂类型的性别决定。本研究鉴定出一个雄性特异SNP标记,并建立了一种新的大黄鱼遗传性别鉴定技术,为大黄鱼单性育种、基因组选择育种和性别决定分子机制研究提供了重要的技术手段。     

黄海所在鱼类性反转的表观遗传调控机制研究上取得重要进展

<正>中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所与深圳华大基因研究院合作在鱼类性反转的表观遗传调控机制研究上取得重要进展,研究成果最近在国际著名期刊Genome Research(IF=14.4,2014.24:604-615)上发表(http://genome.cshlp.org/content/24/4/604.short)。这是黄海所继在Nature Genetics发表半滑舌鳎全基因组文章之后取得的又一重大研究成果。黄海所陈松林带领其团队先后完成了半滑舌鳎全基因组精细图谱的绘制以及高密度遗传连锁图谱的构建。在此基础上,他们瞄准半滑舌鳎雌雄生长差异巨大以及雌雄比例严重失调的生产实际,开展了半滑舌鳎正常雄鱼(ZZ♂)、伪雄鱼(p-ZW♂)、正常雌鱼(p-ZW♀),以及伪雄鱼和正常雌鱼交配产生的F1伪雄鱼(f-ZW♂)和雌鱼(f-ZW♀)性腺的全基因组DNA甲基化测序,绘制了半滑舌鳎     

半滑舌鳎Shh基因的克隆与表达及甲基化分析

通过RACE方法获得半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)Hh基因家族的Shh基因,该基因全长1 922 bp,其中5′UTR 266 bp,3′UTR 360 bp,ORF1 296 bp,编码431个氨基酸,经预测该多肽的相对分子质量为47.28 k D,理论等电点6.95,具有Hh基因家族特有的保守结构域。氨基酸序列分析表明,半滑舌鳎Shh与牙鲆的同源性最高,为82%,与其他鱼类同源性为74%~81%,与非洲爪蟾的同源性为61%,与人和鼠的同源性为63%~64%。甲基化结果显示,Shh基因在1龄卵巢中的甲基化程度普遍低于雄鱼与伪雄鱼精巢。基因表达分析显示,Shh基因在胚胎期的囊胚期表达显著高于其它时期(P0.05),在雌雄成鱼8个组织器官均表达,在雌性性腺分化的关键期孵化后50 d,雌性性腺中表达量较前期升高,且显著高于同时期雄性性腺中的表达(P0.05),在雄性性腺分化的关键期80~95 d,Shh基因在雄性中的表达水平显著升高(P0.05),在8月龄、1龄及2龄雌鱼性腺中表达显著高于雄鱼与伪雄鱼。本研究表明,半滑舌鳎Shh基因在进化中高度保守,与胚胎分化、组织器官形成、雌雄性腺分化及性腺发育密切相关。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)真、伪雄鱼群体表型和遗传性状分析

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)养殖群体中存在真雄鱼(ZZ)和伪雄鱼(ZW)现象,进行表型和遗传特征研究对其育种及优良苗种培育具有重要的意义。本研究以半滑舌鳎真、伪雄鱼群体及母系半同胞家系为研究对象,首先测定了性成熟半滑舌鳎的真、伪雄鱼群体的表型性状,对其性状进行了比较分析。结果显示,性成熟半滑舌鳎真、伪雄鱼的体重、全长、体长、体宽、头长、眼间距和眼径7个表型性状都存在极显著差异(P0.01),伪雄鱼的生长速度比真雄鱼快。利用半滑舌鳎22对多态性微卫星标记,对2组半滑舌鳎真、伪雄鱼半同胞家系群体进行了遗传多样性分析。筛选出的22对引物扩增产物均具有多态性,4个半同胞家系群体中共检测到232个等位基因,群体平均等位基因数(N_a)均大于平均有效等位基因数(N_e);平均观测杂合度(H_o)均小于平均期望杂合度(H_e);平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.4566、0.4254、0.5069、0.4795。22个多态性位点在4个半同胞家系群体中分别有3、3、4和5个位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。4个半同胞家系群体间的Nei￠s遗传距离为0.2101–0.5840,遗传相似性系数为0.5577–0.8105。本研究表明,半滑舌鳎真、伪雄鱼在生长性状上存在明显差异,同母系的真、伪雄鱼半同胞家系群体间的遗传相似系数较高,遗传距离较小,遗传多样性指标相近。     

半滑舌鳎抗缪勒氏管激素(AMH)基因的克隆及组织表达分析

本研究克隆了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)AMH基因并对其进行表达分析。该基因cDNA序列开放阅读框长为1 563 bp,编码蛋白含520个氨基酸。该蛋白含有TGF-β超家族的特征序列,包含1个AMH-N区域和TGF-β结构域,并在C端生物活性区含有9个保守的半胱氨酸残基。系统进化分析表明,半滑舌鳎AMH和所有鱼类AMH聚为一簇,与鲽形目相似性最高。实时定量结果表明,AMH基因在半滑舌鳎不同组织中有差异表达,在正常雄鱼和伪雄鱼性腺中表达量最高。胚后不同时期性腺的实时定量结果表明,性腺分化之前AMH在精巢中相对表达量较低,70 dph(days post hatching)达到最高峰,而在卵巢中呈现先升高后下降的趋势,预示AMH基因可能在半滑舌鳎性腺发育中起重要作用。较正常雄鱼后代而言,AMH基因在伪雄鱼后代的雄鱼和伪雄鱼性腺中的表达都有升高的趋势,而在雌鱼中无明显差异,也预示其可能参与半滑舌鳎的性反转过程。     

半滑舌鳎雌性特异扩增片段长度多态性标记的筛选与应用

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisGünther)为东北亚特有的名贵冷温性比目鱼类,为我国养殖业的新宠。半滑舌鳎雌鱼生长速度是雄性的2~3倍,若能实现单雌化养殖将大大提高养殖业的经济效益。本研究利用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术,应用64个引物组合,检测了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisGünther)雌雄基因组DNA的多态性,筛选与半滑舌鳎性别相关的AFLP分子标记。实验经过3轮筛选和验证,4个引物组合扩增出7个雌性个体出现频率为100%的DNA片段,我们认为这7个标记是半滑舌鳎雌性特异的AFLP标记,分别命名为CseF382、CseF575、CseF783、CseF464、CseF136、CseF618和CseF305。同时,将标记CseF382成功转化为SCAR标记,测定了该标记的DNA序列,建立了半滑舌鳎遗传性别鉴定的PCR技术,为半滑舌鳎性别决定机制的研究和性别控制奠定了重要基础。     

雌雄半滑舌鳎脑垂体基因表达差异研究

为研究半滑舌鳎雌雄个体大小和生长速度差异悬殊的分子机理,采集来自同一亲本、同一发育阶段的半滑舌鳎雄鱼和雌鱼脑垂体,分别与Affymetrix的斑马鱼基因芯片杂交,筛选差异表达基因。芯片杂交结果显示二者共有1 051个基因检测到明显的杂交信号,其中上调基因486个,下调基因561个。进一步比较雄鱼和雌鱼杂交信号的比值(Ratio值),有39个基因的Ratio值小于0.6或大于1.5,其中sh3gl1b、meis2.1、acta1、Noxa、slc25a5这5种上调基因和col1a2、klf7、acta2这3种下调基因可能与半滑舌鳎雌雄生长差异相关。这一结果为深入研究半滑舌鳎雌雄性别分化与生长调控机制提供了新思路。     

半滑舌鳎四倍体鱼苗的诱导与鉴定

采用静水压法处理半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semiliaevis)受精卵以抑制其卵裂并进行染色体加倍,筛选出有效的静水压处理起始时间、处理强度及其持续时间。结果表明,孵化水温(23±0.2)℃时,授精后21.5 min,采用40 MPa的静水压压力,休克处理4.5 min,四倍体诱导效果最好,鱼苗四倍体率达到68.3%。采用流式细胞仪分析了四倍体鱼苗细胞DNA含量,表明四倍体鱼苗细胞DNA含量为二倍体对照鱼苗的2倍。通过染色体制作分析表明四倍体鱼苗的染色体数为84条,而二倍体对照鱼苗的染色体数为42条。本研究采用静水压方法,在国内外首次建立了半滑舌鳎四倍体诱导方法。本项技术的建立旨在为大量生产半滑舌鳎三倍体不育群体奠定基础。     

Sex reversal and growth performance in juvenile females of the freshwater crayfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cherax quadricarinatus</Emphasis> (Parastacidae): effect of increasing temperature and androgenic gland extract in the diet

Monosex male culture of C. quadricarinatus is proposed for increasing yields because males reach a larger size at harvest than females. An experiment was done to evaluate the effects of androgenic gland extract and temperature on sex reversal and somatic growth in early juvenile females. Females were exposed to the following experimental conditions: C: control food and temperature maintained at 26 ± 1°C; HT (high temperature): control food and temperature maintained at 28.5 ± 1°C; VHT (very high temperature): control food and temperature maintained at 31 ± 1°C; AG: food with enriched with androgenic gland (1/10 dose for each juvenile per day) and temperature maintained at (26 ± 1)°C. The juveniles were weighed, sexed, and growth increment (GI) and growth rate (GR) were calculated twice a month. The HT and AG groups differed from the C group in GI and GR indicating a greater somatic growth. At the end of the experiment, the HT and AG groups had similar weight but only the HT group had enhanced oocyte diameter, with some vitellogenic oocytes compared to the C group. In the HT group, there was significant sex reversal, as indicated by development of male and intersex male characteristics in different individuals. Both temperature and AG diet have a high potential for culture of this species because of their enhancement of somatic growth; higher temperature increases the proportion of males, a desirable characteristic of cultured populations.     

Sex-specific growth and condition of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg)

In order to study the possibility of gaining commercial benefit from culturing an excess of one sex of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), comparative data on the growth rate and condition of male and female oysters are reported. Historically, measurement of sex‐specific growth rate in oysters has been overlooked or confounded by protandric sex. The recent conclusion that the sex ratio of Pacific oysters is predominantly under genetic rather than environmental control introduces the possibility of manipulating sex ratio for commercial gain if they exhibit asynchronous sex‐specific growth rates. Pacific oysters were cultured intertidally in Smoky Bay, south Australia. The observations, made over the 7‐month gametogenic cycle from August to February to ensure no sex reversal, were of growth rates of male and female oysters and ambient chlorophyll a concentrations. Mean shell growth of female oysters was significantly faster than that of males (4.5 ± 3.3 compared with 3.8 ± 3.2 μm day^?1 mm^?1 total length). Sex‐specific asymmetries in length and weight were generally significant and increased in magnitude during the 7‐month study period, suggesting potential commercial benefits from increasing the proportion of cultured female oysters. The fastest increase in the sex‐specific disparity in growth and condition came after the October chlorophyll a peak, suggesting that females utilize blooms more efficiently than males. Our results compare favourably with methods currently used to increase oyster growth (e.g. triploidy can provide growth gains of 13–51%).     

Prevalence of a fish pathogen, Listonella anguillarum, in the intestinal tract of fish collected off the coast of Japan

This study evaluates the influence of temperature manipulation on circulating levels of sex steroids and gonadal maturation in F1 generation Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis breeders kept under either continuous light (LL) or natural photoperiod (NP). Under LL, progressive water temperature reduction during early winter [treatment MT (modified temperature)] significantly elevated [compared with exposure to LL and constant temperature (CT)] plasma steroid levels in females (January–February) and males (January) and proportion of females initiating maturation (January), suggesting a modulatory role of decreasing temperature in the early phases of sole gonadal recrudescence. Under NP, treatment MT did not stimulate female gonadal maturation despite the significantly higher plasma testosterone levels (February) compared with exposure to NP and CT, which may indicate that females at early‐intermediate phases of ovarian development, the predominant stages of maturation at early winter, were less responsive to the treatment. Conversely, treatment MT significantly enhanced male androgen production from January onwards, together with an increase in proportions of running individuals (March), indicating that males were also responsive to this treatment at mid‐late phases of testicular development. Our data further support the strong influence of water temperature on the overall control of gonadal maturation in Senegalese sole.     

Cryopreservation of sperm from natural and sex-reversed orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

The shortage of males and/or sperm has been an impediment to the aquaculture of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). This study reversed orange-spotted grouper females into males using hormone implants. A cryopreservation protocol for sperm was developed using normal males, and then using similar procedures the cryopreservation of sperm from sex-reversed males was compared. Immature, young and mature female fish were injected with 4 mg kg⁻¹ BW 17α methyltestosterone as implants and the gonad development stage was monitored over a 120-day period. All treated females converted into functional males within 120 days of the experimental period. Younger females (2Y) were all males within 30 days, although not all were capable of fertilizing fresh ova until day 60. The time after injection to sex reversal in immature fish was 50% shorter than in older females. Postthaw fertilization (81%, 82%) and hatching (45%, 47%) of cryopreserved sperm from natural males were the highest in trehalose (15–20%) with 150 mmol NaCl treatment; however, it was less than the control (89% fertilization and 69% hatch). There was no difference in the postthaw fertilization and the hatch percentages between sex-reversed male sperm (64% and 46% respectively) compared with natural male sperm (59% and 49%). The findings of this study suggest the potential use of sex-reversed males and cryopreserved sperm for commercial production of orange-spotted grouper seed for aquaculture.     

半滑舌鳎有效群体大小估计

为了解半滑舌鳎当前的群体遗传结构，探究半滑舌鳎有效群体大小(N_e)发展趋势及现状，实验通过性别特异性分子标记随机鉴定了800尾半滑舌鳎的遗传性别，选取297个遗传雌性半滑舌鳎样本进行简化基因组测序(2b-RAD)，获得了64 416个可用SNP标记，利用这些标记进行全基因组范围的连锁不平衡分析得到各染色体上连锁不平衡分布；根据标记间不同物理间距进行半滑舌鳎有效群体大小的估计，初步了解各历史世代下有效群体规模；通过选择0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0 Mb等7个不同染色体片段大小反映出半滑舌鳎群体遗传结构经过自然与人工共同选择的历史发展趋势。结果显示，半滑舌鳎有效群体大小随其连锁不平衡程度衰减而呈连续下降趋势，至2世代前其有效群体大小仅为29尾左右。