低氧和复氧对日本沼虾抗氧化酶活力及组织结构的影响

为研究低氧胁迫及恢复后日本沼虾(Macrobrachiumnipponense)抗氧化酶活力和组织结构的变化,将体重(2.0±0.2) g的日本沼虾暴露于(2.0±0.2) mg/L低氧环境中24 h,设定溶解氧(6.0±0.2) mg/L为对照组,每组设置3个重复,于低氧胁迫0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h及复氧1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h分别采集实验组及对照组鳃、肝胰腺及肌肉组织,测定这些组织的抗氧化酶活力,并进行组织切片观察。实验结果表明,低氧胁迫期间肌肉组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活力先升高后下降, 3种酶活力在低氧胁迫12 h时显著高于对照组(P0.05),复氧阶段肌肉组织中SOD、CAT酶活力呈波动性变化,GPX酶活力在复氧24h时显著低于对照组(P0.05)。鳃组织中SOD、CAT和GPX酶活力在低氧胁迫12 h时显著高于对照组(P0.05), GPX酶活力在复氧24 h时显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在低氧胁迫期间肝胰腺SOD、CAT和GPX酶活力在低氧6 h均达到最大值并显著高于对照组(P0.05),复氧阶段3种酶活力均呈现波动性变化,肝胰腺中丙二醛(MDA)含量在低氧及复氧阶段均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。低氧胁迫及恢复并未对肌肉组织结构产生明显的影响。鳃组织在低氧胁迫期间鳃小片上皮细胞与支柱细胞排列发生紊乱,次级层片发生肥大的现象且有红细胞流入,泌氯细胞形态发生变化且细胞数目有所增加,但复氧后均得到一定程度的恢复。肝胰腺组织在低氧胁迫期间B细胞数量逐渐降低,胞内运转泡体积减小,复氧阶段B细胞数量及体积恢复明显。结果表明急性低氧胁迫能够导致日本沼虾肝胰腺和鳃组织结构损伤并引起抗氧化酶活力发生显著变化,且24 h恢复期不足以让日本沼虾在低氧胁迫中完全恢复。     

全氟辛烷磺酸对罗氏沼虾幼虾代谢和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用静水毒性实验法和非靶向代谢组学法探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctae sulfonate, PFOS)对罗氏沼虾 (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼虾的急性致死和代谢的影响, 同时通过慢性毒性实验分析不同质量浓度(0.1 ng/mL、 1 ng/mL、5 ng/mL) PFOS 胁迫下幼虾鳃、肝胰腺和胃肠道中抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明, PFOS 对罗氏沼虾幼虾的 96 hLC50 为(0.68±0.22) mg/L, 安全质量浓度为 0.068 mg/L。经 20 ng/mL 的 PFOS 胁迫 24 h 后, 幼虾鳃中鉴定到具有显著差异的代谢化合物共 30 种、肝胰腺中 19 种、胃肠道中 24 种, 这些代谢差异物主要涉及氨基酸代谢、 脂肪酸代谢和磷脂类代谢等代谢通路。慢性毒性实验中, 不同暴露时间下不同浓度的 PFOS 胁迫对幼虾各组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响存在差异; 随着暴露时间的延长, SOD、CAT 和 ACP 活性受到抑制, MDA 含量随着暴露时间的延长而增大。PFOS 可造成幼虾鳃、肝胰腺和胃肠道组织发生氧化损伤, 并对幼虾的生理代谢产生影响。本研究旨在为探究 PFOS 对水生生物的毒性效应提供基础数据和借鉴。     

罗氏沼虾GLUT1基因克隆及其在血糖稳态调节中的功能

为了探究葡萄糖转运蛋白 1 (glucose transporter type 1, GLUT1)在罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)糖代谢调控中的作用, 本研究采用 cDNA 末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RACE)克隆获得罗氏沼虾 Mr-GLUT1 基因全长 cDNA 序列, 该基因全长 1929 bp, 开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF) 1446 bp, 编码 481 个氨基酸, 分子量为 52035.73, 等电点为 6.76。多序列比对及系统进化树分析结果显示, 十足目 GLUT1 基因具有较高同源性, 均存在 12 个跨膜结构域, 罗氏沼虾 GLUT1 与对虾首先聚为一支, 表明亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量 PCR 结果显示, Mr-GLUT1 在罗氏沼虾各组织均有表达, 肠道表达量最高。葡萄糖注射后, 罗氏沼虾血淋巴葡萄糖水平、肝糖原和肌糖原含量迅速升高, 肠道、肝胰腺和肌肉组织 Mr-GLUT1 基因表达显著上调, 但 Mr-GLUT1 基因表达变化时间延迟于葡萄糖含量的变化。RNA 干扰沉默罗氏沼虾体内 Mr-GLUT1 基因表达后, 血淋巴中葡萄糖和海藻糖含量显著上升。研究表明, Mr-GLUT1 基因可能参与罗氏沼虾血糖稳态调节, 在葡萄糖和海藻糖转运过程中发挥重要作用。     

大黄蒽醌提取物对罗氏沼虾高温下抗氧化能力与热应激蛋白70基因表达的影响

将罗氏沼虾随机分成5组,每组3个平行,每个平行1 000尾,第1组为对照组,投喂基础日粮;另外4组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%大黄蒽醌提取物。饲养10周后,对罗氏沼虾进行连续35 ℃高温应激48 h,测定肝胰腺总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛、一氧化氮以及应激蛋白70的mRNA相对含量变化。结果表明:应激前,0.05%组显著提高了肝胰腺过氧化氢酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性,显著降低了肝胰腺丙二醛含量;0.2%试验组显著增加了肝胰腺总抗氧化能力、一氧化氮浓度,显著降低了肝胰腺丙二醛含量;0.10%、0.2%试验组显著增加HSP70 mRNA的相对含量;高温应激后,各组肝胰腺总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、一氧化氮浓度呈现降低趋势,其中0.1%和0.2%大黄蒽醌提取物相对较高,对照组较低;肝胰腺丙二醛含量呈现增加趋势,其中加0.1%和0.2%大黄蒽醌提取物比对照组低。应激6 h后0.1%和0.2%大黄蒽醌提取物组的HSP70 mRNA的相对含量仍比对照组高。因此添加0.1%和0.2%大黄蒽醌提取物提高了虾的抗氧能力,促进HSP70 mRNA的相对含量,对高温应激有一定的保护作用。     

低pH胁迫对克氏原螯虾鳃和肝胰腺酶活力及组织结构的影响

采用石蜡切片技术,结合生物酶的测定,以体重(25.88±4.40)g的克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)为研究对象,研究了低pH胁迫对克氏原螯虾鳃和肝胰腺生理代谢与组织结构的影响。在得出96 h LC50的基础上,将克氏原螯虾暴露于半致死浓度pH水体中96 h,以pH7.6作为对照,并于胁迫后0 h、2 h、8 h、24 h、96 h采集鳃和肝胰腺样品,测定鳃部分代谢酶和肝胰腺主要抗氧化指标,并对鳃和肝胰腺组织进行切片观察。实验结果表明,pH 96 h LC50为3.675。低pH暴露后,实验组鳃Na~+-K~+-ATP酶和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活力逐渐升高,细胞色素氧化酶(cytochrome oxidase,COO)活力逐渐下降;肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活力呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)在肝胰腺中的累积量显著增加(P0.05)。切片结果表明,低pH胁迫引起克氏原螯虾鳃组织中呼吸上皮细胞逐渐脱落,角质层受损;肝胰腺组织中B细胞及其内部转运泡体积增大,转运泡内颗粒物质增多,肝小管结构受损。研究结果表明,低pH胁迫会对克氏原螯虾生理代谢产生影响,并引起组织缺氧;虾体氧化防御功能在胁迫前期被诱导激活,但在胁迫后期受到一定抑制;低pH胁迫可以引起克氏原螯虾鳃和肝胰腺组织结构损伤。     

江苏高邮罗氏沼虾池塘养殖可培养微生物组成调查

为了探明罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)池塘养殖环境中重要微生物的组成, 以提升健康养殖管理技术, 分别于 2019 年 7 月、8 月和 10 月, 在江苏高邮市罗氏沼虾主养区开展了罗氏沼虾池塘养殖系统可培养环境微生物的组成调查。采用 LB 培养基分离纯化了罗氏沼虾肝胰腺、肠道、鳃及养殖水体中可培养的细菌, 利用细菌 16S rRNA 基因分子鉴定技术对分离菌株进行初步鉴定; 采用高通量测序技术分析了“铁壳”虾(养殖期生长缓慢)及铜绿微囊藻暴发池塘水环境微生物群落组成。以达卡气单胞菌(Aeromonas dhakensis)为受试病原菌, 分析了池塘养殖系统中潜在病原拮抗菌的种类及效果。3 次调查共分离可培养细菌 605 株, 成功鉴定 601 株, 分别属于 37 个属 119 种, 其中罗氏沼虾体内分离到菌株 23 属 76 种, 养殖水体中分离到 28 属 81 种。确定了池塘养殖系统中存在气单胞菌(Aeromonas spp.)、肠杆菌(Enterobacter spp.)、乳球菌(Lactococcus spp.)、弧菌(Vibrio spp.)等属的潜在病原菌。发生“铁壳”虾症的虾池优势环境微生物种类组成及占比与健康虾池相近, 但微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)与不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)细菌占比高于健康虾池。铜绿微囊藻暴发影响环境微生物的组成结构, 嗜水气单胞菌属细菌占比增大。从池塘养殖系统筛选到甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌 (B. velezensis)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)等潜在益生菌对气单胞菌具有较强拮抗作用。调查结果可为掌握罗氏沼虾池塘养殖系统细菌性病原组成及建立防控技术提供理论依据。     

日本沼虾血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)基因的克隆及其免疫功能

为探索血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)在日本沼虾免疫防御系统中的作用,实验利用RACE方法克隆了日本沼虾SAA(MnSAA)基因cDNA全长序列,采用实时荧光定量PCR(QPCR)分析其在日本沼虾不同组织、不同发育时期的表达情况,以及溶壁微球菌、嗜水气单胞菌和白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染后MnSAA在血淋巴细胞和肝胰腺中的表达情况,同时还利用RNA干扰(RNAi)技术检测了MnSAA基因沉默后,日本沼虾再感染嗜水气单胞菌后其肝胰腺中激活子蛋白-1(AP-1)和B类清道夫受体(CD36)基因表达变化及虾的累积死亡率变化。结果显示,M n S A A基因c D N A全长649 b p(G e n B a n k登录号:MK292888),包含21 bp 5′非编码区,232 bp 3′非编码区,369 bp开放读码框,编码131个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列比对及系统进化分析结果显示,MnSAA蛋白属于急性期血清淀粉样蛋白A蛋白(A-SAA),在进化上与无脊椎动物香港牡蛎的亲缘关系最近;mRNA表达分析显示,MnSAA基因在日本沼虾的各组织和各生长阶段均有表达,分别在肝胰腺和成虾阶段中的表达量最高;病原体感染实验表明,在日本沼虾感染溶壁微球菌、嗜水气单胞菌和白斑综合征病毒后12~72 h,其血淋巴和肝胰腺中的MnSAA基因表达量与对照组相比均显著升高;RNAi实验显示,MnSAA基因沉默后,日本沼虾肝胰腺中AP-1和CD36基因分别在其感染嗜水气单胞菌后12~72 h和6~72 h与对照组相比显著下降,日本沼虾累积死亡率在感染嗜水气单胞菌后与对照组相比明显升高。研究表明,MnSAA参与日本沼虾的抗病原体感染的反应,在日本沼虾的免疫防御体系中具有重要的作用。     

养殖三疣梭子蟹十足目虹彩病毒1的检出及组织病理学分析

为探究浙江省舟山市某养殖池塘中三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)暴发疾病的病因, 应用组织病理学、 分子生物学和荧光原位杂交等技术手段, 对患病三疣梭子蟹组织进行检验。研究发现, 患病三疣梭子蟹的临床症状主要表现为食欲下降, 行动迟缓, 鳃水肿; 光学显微镜下观察鳃及血淋巴液未发现寄生虫, 肝胰腺等组织中也未分离到致病菌; 采用 PCR 方法对病蟹进行血卵涡鞭虫(hematodinium)、白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)、青蟹双顺反子病毒(mud crab discistrovirus-1, MCDV-1)以及青蟹呼肠孤病毒(Scylla serrata reovirus, SSRV) 蟹类常见病原 PCR 检测, 结果均为阴性; 病蟹的肝胰腺、心脏、鳃等组织的病理切片中可观察到明显的细胞病变和嗜酸性包涵体; 超薄切片电镜观察显示: 病蟹的肝胰腺、心脏和鳃组织中均存在六边形病毒颗粒, 粒子直径 150 nm 左右, 与已报道的十足目虹彩病毒 1 (decapoda iridescent virus 1, DIV1)形态特征相似。采用特异性套式 PCR 检测方法对患病蟹组织样品进行 DIV1 病原检测, 所有样本均扩增出 457 bp 和 129 bp 大小的目的片段。进一步根据 GenBank 中 DIV1 的主要衣壳蛋白(major capsid protein, MCP)表达基因和三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)表达基因序列设计特异性引物, 均能从病蟹样品中扩增出预期大小的 MCP 和 ATPase 基因开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)区全长。将扩增获得的 MCP 和 ATPase 基因 ORF 区全长进行测序和同源序列比对分析, 进化树分析结果表明其与十足目虹彩病毒属(Decapodiridovirus)病毒的 MCP 和 ATPase 基因序列自然聚为一支, 判定导致此次三疣梭子蟹发病病原为 DIV1。根据原位杂交探针设计原则, 以 DIV1 的 MCP 和 ATPase 基因的保守区域为靶位点分别设计探针, 通过荧光原位杂交获得了病毒粒子在病蟹肝胰腺、心脏、肌肉和鳃组织的分布情况, 与电镜切片观察和套式 PCR 检测结果相符。研究结果可为海水养殖三疣梭子蟹十足目虹彩病毒 1 病诊断与防控提供参考。     

脊尾白虾热休克蛋白HSP70基因的克隆及其表达分析

克隆了脊尾白虾热休克蛋白基因全长cDNA,并进行了序列分析。该基因由2 250 bp的碱基组成,开放阅读框长1 959 bp,编码由652个氨基酸组成的蛋白,基因两翼分别存在83 bp(5′端)和208 bp(3′端)的非翻译区,将该基因命名为Ec-HSP70。与其它物种HSP70s氨基酸序列进行同源性比较发现,与甲壳动物的同源性都在90%以上,表明该蛋白属于热休克蛋白HSP70家族。聚类分析表明,脊尾白虾热休克蛋白氨基酸序列与中国明对虾和凡纳滨对虾紧密聚为一支,之后聚类顺序依次为斑节对虾、日本囊对虾、刀额新对虾等。通过荧光定量RT-PCR对该基因在肝胰腺、肌肉的表达分析表明,温度、pH和氨氮胁迫都可以引起该基因的高表达,而且肝胰腺中的高表达时间相对肌肉中出现的较早。试验结果表明,温度、pH和氨氮胁迫对脊尾白虾HSP70基因表达有一定的诱导效果,但胁迫的时间过长则抑制其表达,肝胰腺对胁迫比肌肉较敏感。     

饲料中添加核苷酸对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长、组织生化组成及非特异性免疫功能的影响

选用960尾初始体重为(0.43?0.01) g 的凡纳滨对虾,随机分为8组,分别投喂基础饲料和7种添加核苷酸混合物(mix-NT)的试验饲料,5种核苷酸(5′-腺苷酸∶5′-胞苷酸∶5′-尿苷酸二钠∶5′-肌苷酸二钠∶5′-鸟苷酸二钠)按照质量比为1∶1∶1∶1∶1(W/W)混合,添加量分别为0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2 g/kg 饲料,试验周期为5周。结果显示,当mixNT添加量为0.4 g/kg饲料时,凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和摄食量(FI)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数(FCR)比对照组降低5.5%(P>0.05)。0.6和1.0 g/kg mix-NT添加组的蛋白质沉积率(PDR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组对虾存活率(SR)和肝胰指数(HSI)均不同程度的高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加mix-NT对全虾粗脂肪、灰分含量的影响显著(P<0.05),各mix-NT添加组的全虾干物质和粗蛋白含量均高于对照组,但差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。肝胰腺RNA含量和总蛋白(TP)含量均随饲料中mix-NT添加量的增加而升高,其中0.2~1.0 g/kg组的肝胰腺RNA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),TP含量差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05);各mixNT添加组的肠道TP含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.4和0.6 g/kg组的肠道RNA量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。外源mix-NT显著降低血清尿酸(UA)含量(P<0.05),但对TP、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。当mix-NT添加量为1.2 g/kg 饲料时,血清中谷草转氨酶(GOt)活性显著性升高(P<0.05)。鳃和肌肉酚氧化酶(PO)活性均在0.4 g/kg组达到最大,其中0.1～0.6 g/kg 组的鳃PO活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而各组肌肉PO活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺和血清中溶菌酶(LZM)活性随饲料中mix-NT添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的5种核苷酸混合物能显著提高凡纳滨对虾幼虾的增重率、特定生长率、摄食量、蛋白质沉积率、全虾粗脂肪和灰分含量,一定程度提高全虾粗蛋白和肝胰腺总蛋白含量,显著增加肝胰腺RNA、肠道总蛋白和RNA含量,提高对虾的非特异性免疫功能。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Effect of temperature,volume of ova batches,and addition of a diluent,an antibiotic,oxygen and a protein inhibitor on short-term storage capacities of turbot,Psetta maxima,ova

The effect of different parameters on short-term storage capacity of turbot ova was assessed over a 45-h period after ova collection for fertilization rates and over a 9-h period after ova collection for hatching rates. Increasing the volume of ova sampling from 0.5 to 2.5 mL, as well as adding an antibiotic–antimicotic solution or oxygen did not significantly change the storage capacity of ova. Regarding the hatching rates, a higher storage ability was recorded at 8 and 13 °C, compared to 3 °C. The mean composition of the ovarian fluid was determined (n = 57 spawns). Use of a diluent mimicking the ovarian fluid significantly decreased the storage ability as assessed by the fertilization rates but did not modify the hatching rates. Diluting ova in an artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium significantly decreased the fertilization and hatching rates during the storage period. Furthermore, addition or not of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Sigma T 9003) to the artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium did not significantly change the results. Storage capacity of control batches of ova was low: at 13 °C, without any diluent and when ova were fertilized 3 h after stripping, the hatching rate was lowered to 62.4 ± 29.4 % (mean ± SD) of the initial value.     

Effects of Dietary Savory and Myrtle Essential Oils on Growth,Survival, Nutritional Indices,Serum Biochemistry,and Hematology of Farmed Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Fry

The effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.     

Sperm Motilities in Waigieu Seaperch,Psammoperca waigiensis: Effects of Various Dilutions,pH, Temperature,Osmolality, and Cations

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of varying dilutions, pH, temperature, osmolality, and cations on sperm motility parameters in waigieu seaperch, Psammoperca waigiensis. The maximum velocity of average in path (VAP), percentage of motile cells (MOT), and duration of sperm motility (DSM) were observed when semen was diluted in artificial seawater (ASW) at a ratio of 1:100 (144.9 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 95.6 ± 0.4%, and 230.3 ± 2.3 sec, respectively), at 30 C (142.0 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 93.6 ± 0.4%, and 238.3 ± 0.9 sec, respectively), and pH 8 (144.8 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 93.3 ± 0.4%, and 234.0 ± 1.5 sec, respectively). Maximum VAP, MOT, and DSM were obtained in each solution containing 0.6 M NaCl (143.8 ± 1.0 µm/sec, 91.3 ± 2.0%, and 230.6 ± 4.2 sec, respectively), 0.6 M KCl (135.1 ± 3.1 µm/sec, 91.1 ± 3.1%, and 230.3 ± 3.7sec, respectively), 0.2M CaCl₂ (105.3 ± 4.7μm/sec, 47.9 ± 2.7%, and 120.7 ± 1.3 sec, respectively), 0.2 M MgCl₂ (107.3 ± 3.0 m/s, 42.1 ± 3.3%, and 120.3 ± 4.8 sec, respectively), and osmolality of 400 mOsm/kg (145.1 ± 2.5 µm/sec, 93.0 ± 2.1%, and 346.5 ± 4.4s, respectively). We used these mediums as artificial insemination media for fertilizing matured eggs. The results showed that the fertilization and hatching rates in 0.6 M NaCl (75.3 ± 0.6% and 57.0 ± 2.4%, respectively), ASW (70.8 ± 1.2% and 51.2 ± 1.8%, respectively), or 400 mOsm/kg (72.9 ± 1.8% and 55.3 ± 1.6%, respectively) were higher than that in seawater (63.9 ± 1.2% and 39.2 ± 3.9%, respectively). In conclusion, using 0.6 M NaCl, ASW, or 400 mOsm/kg as an artificial insemination medium is effective for fertilizing of waigieu seaperch.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。