微生物制剂对河蟹育苗水质控制作用的研究

通过在河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)育苗池中添加微生物制剂调控水质,降低育苗过程中的用药和换水量,提高幼体的变态率.在试验组中分别添加光合细菌和芽孢杆菌及二者混合制剂,与批次的对照池进行比较.试验组的水质状况均好于对照组,幼体变态率平均提高了20%,抗生素等药品使用量平均减少85%,病害发生率平均降低31%,对照组的换水率为485%,而微生物制剂处理组均为150%,平均减少换水量56%,生产成本平均降低21%.微生物制剂在河蟹育苗中能有效控制氨氮等有害物质,降低换水成本,减轻环境污染.     

开口微囊饵料在河蟹育苗生产上的应用

为寻找卤虫卵的合适代用饵料，降低河蟹育苗成本，在１９９７年春季各期河蟹育苗中，进行投喂“高成”牌开口微囊配合饵料试验。结果；试验池幼体胃肠饱满度好，蜕壳时间短，变态整齐，成活率与对照组判别不五，而成本仅为对照池的４５％，经济效益显著，且不会对以后幼体发育造成不良影响。     

河蟹人工育苗的研究

我所在河蟹人工繁殖获得小试成功的基础上，于1978年投入中试，以深入研究河蟹幼体饵料及有效控制培育池水质为主攻方向，进一步完善河蟹人工繁殖技术和操作规程，提高单位面积产量和幼体培育成活率，达到试验池平均亩产蟹苗126-140万只，幼体培育成活率5-7％的水平。     

枯草芽孢杆菌制剂改良中华绒螯蟹人工育苗水质的试验

随着对环境微生物研究的兴起，微生物在水产上的应用也越来越广泛，光合细菌、玉垒菌、蜡质芽孢杆菌在河蟹育苗中已被使用来改善水质，为了进一步探索枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对改善养殖水质的作用，我们在江苏省江洋特种水产品有限公司作了以下试验： 一、试验条件与方法 １．池塘条件与水 选择温室河蟹幼体培育水泥池２个，２＃为实验池，４＃为对照池，面积均为１０ｍ２，水深为０．８ｍ。起始水温为１９℃，渐渐升至２５℃，用盐卤配制水，盐度１６．８‰，至大眼幼体出现后淡化。选大棚仔蟹培育池四个，１＃大棚东池、西池，大棚２＃东池为试…     

河蟹育苗如何倒池

倒池是河蟹育苗中一项常用技术，即将一个池中的幼体移入另一个地中，使得水质和底质得到根本的改善c河蟹育苗由于育苗时间长，开食早，投喂量大．池水极易污染变质。又由于幼体每期变态历时较长，自净能力弱，幼体也容易生病。因此，及时把握倒地机会，合理运用倒油技术，是消除不良影响，提高育苗成活率和蟹苗质量的关键。1如何掌握倒池时机倒池虽然是一项较有效的技术，但倒地过程中幼体会有损失，且倒他的工作量较大，不宜过于频繁。但如果在必须倒地时不进行这项工作，则会造成整地覆没，损失更大。因此，及时判断和掌握倒地时机是关键…     

用光合细菌改善微生态环境培育健康虾苗的研究

在中国对虾育苗生产中，以红螺菌科的光合细菌作为育苗池的水质净化剂和对虾幼体的辅助饵料，显示了光合细菌所具有的特殊功效。它能有效地改善和稳定育苗池的水质，建立有益微生态环境，增强幼体的抗病力，提高幼体的变态率，促进幼体的生长发育。每立方水体的育苗量平均达到33．3万尾，比对照组提高了125％。对虾幼体的成活率达58％，比对照组提高了170％。试验组虾苗的暂养成活率达82％，比对照组增加了30％。     

利用生物活饵料对中华绒螯蟹(Eirocheir sinensis H.Milne-Edwards)大棚育苗的研究

在全埋式无地沟无法吸污的育苗条件下,利用鲜活生物活饵料进行中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheur Sinensis)俗称河蟹的大棚育苗,配套生物饵料培养池50,000m2, 育苗水体1,680m3,平均每m3育苗水体培育出河蟹大眼幼体0.289kg。共育河蟹大眼幼体486kg,其中试验池为1,520m3水体;单位水体出苗量为0.314kg,对照池为160m3水体;单位水体出苗量为0.190kg。试验池比对照池每m3水体出苗量增产39.5%。     

利用生物活饵料对中华绒蝥蟹（Eirocheir sinensis H．Milne-Edwards）大棚育苗的研究

在全埋式无地沟无法吸污的育苗条件下，利用鲜活生物活饵料进行中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheur Sinensis)俗称河蟹的大棚育苗，配套生物饵料培养池50，000m^2，育苗水体1，680m^3，平均每m^3育苗水体培育出河蟹大眼幼体0.289kg。共育河蟹大眼幼体486kg，其中试验池为1，520m^3水体；单位水体出苗量为0．314kg，对照池为l60m^3水体；单位水体出苗量为0．190kg。试验池比对照池每m^3水体出苗量增产39．5％。     

光合细菌对河蟹全封闭育苗系统水质的影响

研究了添加光合细菌对水泥池全封闭育苗系统水化因子的影响。实验结果表明 :施用光合细菌实验组比对照组可以分别使氨氮下降 41 5%、亚硝态氮下降 41 4%。可使幼体成活率、单位产量和总出苗量提高2 0 %以上。在河蟹水泥池全封闭育苗系统中投放光合细菌可以明显改善水质 ,增加系统负载量     

河蟹工厂化育苗中人工半咸水的净化与循环利用

采用室内，室外大循环的水交换形式及生物净化和物理，化学处理相结合的方法，对河蟹育苗废水进行净化与循环利用，可将育苗用人工半咸水的利用率提高２－３倍，节约配水原料５０％。另外把育苗废水的生物净化与单胞藻，轮虫的培养结合在一起，既可净化水质，又能为蟹苗提供大量的生物饵料，试验池蟹苗的成活率较对照池提高１．０－２．５％。     

卤虫虾片对水体pH值的影响

通过喂养中国对虾幼体试验，分别以卤虫虾片试验组和传统饵对照组进行。试验表明，在幼体成活率方面，前者稍优于后者，在养殖水体的最主要指标PH方面，二者差别不大。说明投喂卤虫虾片对中国对虾幼体的成活率和水质无良影响，用低值的卤虫虾片代替部分或全部高价的活体饵料是切实可行的，能够满足育苗需要。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对海水鱼塘生态因子的影响

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在鱼类养殖池塘中的生态作用,采用直接往养殖水体中投放该制剂的方法,研究分析微生物数量及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌,实验池数量为0.35×10~3~1.45×10~3cfu/m L,对照池为0.04×10~3~0.08×10~3cfu/m L;浮游植物生物量,实验池为0.094~1.521 mg/L,对照池为0.103~0.763 mg/L,实验池中枯草芽孢杆菌数量和浮游植物生物量均高于对照组。试验鱼塘中枯草芽孢杆菌与硅藻数量呈显著正相关,相关系数0.844(P0.05);当溶氧≥6 mg/L时,枯草芽孢杆菌与亚硝酸盐氮含量呈显著负相关,相关系数-0.915(P0.05)。溶氧过低(2 mg/L)时,枯草芽孢杆菌对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮没有明显的降解作用;溶氧≥6 mg/L时,对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮的降解作用明显。研究表明,投放适量浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效改善养殖水体状况,对水质起到进一步净化作用。     

皱纹盘鲍幼虫流水孵化培育技术的研究

采用紫外线海水培育、充气海水培育、流水孵化培育、流水孵化培育中试4种不同方法进行皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai）幼虫孵化培育，并与常规孵化技术对照，结果表明：紫外线海水孵化培育组幼虫48h面盘与壳分离死亡；充气流水培育组幼虫发育畸形；48h下沉死亡；流水培育组幼早孵化率为69.7%，流水培育中试组幼虫孵化率达75.8%。而对照组孵化率仅为23.5%。流水孵化培育不仅提高了孵化率，而且稳定性较高，同时节省大量劳动力。     

微生态制剂对提高漠斑牙鲆育苗成活率的作用

对漠斑牙鲆育苗过程中添加微生态制剂以提高育苗成活率进行了比对实验。结果表明:采用育苗水体中添加微生态制剂的方法,能明显提高漠斑牙鲆育苗的成活率,改善水质,降低育苗用水量约30%~40%。在初孵仔鱼1×104ind/m3密度的条件下,添加微生态制剂的育苗池中不同阶段的仔稚鱼成活率高于对照组5%~10%;但随密度增加至2×104ind/m3时,实验组和对照组相互殘杀增加,仔稚鱼成活率都呈下降趋势;密度增加至3×104ind/m3时,实验组与对照组之间差异不显著(P<0.05)。     

组合生态浮床的水体净化效果与作用机理探讨

通过在美人蕉(Canna glauca)底部悬挂生物陶粒基质构建组合生态浮床,与仅有生物陶粒的基质组和空白组比较了对室内配制富营养化污水的净化效果,分析了各组水体中的微生物数量和活性,研究组合浮床中植物、基质和微生物对水体净化的贡献率及其相互间协同作用.结果表明,经过48 d的运行,组合浮床对总氮、总磷和氨氮的去除率依次为64.03％、95.82％和96.43％,美人蕉对氮、磷的去除贡献率分别为36.03％、37.96％.组合浮床组水中的细菌总量、基质上附着的生物膜脱氢酶活性和耗氧速率均高于基质组,说明植物吸收不是组合浮床去除氮磷的主要机制,但植物对微生物的数量和活性有积极作用;组合浮床对水中污染物的去除存在着植物、基质及微生物之间的协同作用.与基质组和空白组相比,组合浮床可以有效提高对富营养化水体的净化效果.     

微生态净水剂对凡纳滨对虾生理生化指标的影响

为了证实微生态净水剂(含菌量10×109/g)可以提高虾体免疫力和对污染物(如农药)的抵抗力,在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannmei)养殖过程中,设置了施用微生态净水剂的实验组和未用微生态净水剂的对照组,采用肌肉注射的方式,对2组凡纳滨对虾进行乙酰甲胺磷毒性实验。注射乙酰甲胺磷后,采样测定血细胞吞噬化学发光情况,组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酯酶活性以及酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶表型变化。结果表明:施用微生态净水剂组明显好于对照组。施用微生态净水剂的虾注射乙酰甲胺磷后死亡率降低,血细胞的吞噬功能也有所增加,虾体组织内SOD、POD、LSZ、酯酶活性变化较未用组的虾变化幅度较小,其中,SOD、POD活性等高于未用组,EST、MDH同工酶酶带数目也有增加。说明微生态净水剂从本质上增强虾体内代谢、提高虾体的免疫力、增强其对外界环境变化适应能力,并具有提高虾体防御功能,增强抵抗疾病能力的作用。     

溴化钠对鲤生长、甲状腺激素的影响及其在体内的蓄积

水体中添加不同浓度的溴化钠(NaBr)对鲤进行试验,分别在15、30和45d进行生长速度测定和组织蓄积研究,并在45d对甲状腺激素进行测定。研究发现,NaBr对鲤生长有促进作用,其中浓度为15mg·L-1的NaBr试验组促进作用最显著(P<0.05);NaBr影响甲状腺激素水平,浓度为15mg·L-1的NaBr试验组含量最高(P<0.01);鲤各组织中肝和皮的溴蓄积量较高,而肾在各浓度试验组均保持较高水平,浓度为25mg·L-1NaBr时肌肉中溴蓄积量为72.40mg·L-1;添加NaCl对鲤组织的溴蓄积量影响显著(P<0.01)。水体中NaBr含量低于25mg·L-1时,对淡水水生生物是安全的,所养殖生物中溴蓄积量符合食品卫生标准。     

Growth and survival of olive barb,Puntius sarana (Hamilton 1822) larvae produced with cryopreserved versus fresh sperm

Despite the success in fertilization and hatching of fish eggs with cryopreserved sperm, report on growth and survival of larvae produced from frozen‐thawed sperm is inadequate. The study evaluates the applicability of cryopreserved sperm for mass seed production by comparing the growth and survival of a popular food‐fish olive barb, Puntius sarana (Hamilton 1822) larvae produced from cryopreserved and fresh sperm. The eggs were artificially fertilized with cryopreserved and freshly collected sperm, and the growth and survival of produced larvae from both group recorded up to 12 weeks. The independent sample t‐test statistic showed the difference in lengths, t(718) = 0.241; P = 0.810 and weights, t(718) = 0.412; P = 0.680 were insignificant between two groups. There was also no significant difference, t(718) = ?0.758, P = 0.448 in survival of larvae produced from cryopreserved and freshly collected sperm. The study indicates that larvae of olive barb produced from cryopreserved sperm are equally compatible in growth and survival as the larvae produced from fresh sperm. Therefore, cryopreserved sperm can be applied for artificial fertilization of P. sarana to supply quality seed for aquaculture.     

Effect of vitamin E and highly unsaturated fatty acid-enriched Artemia urmiana on growth performance, survival and stress resistance of Beluga (Huso huso) larvae

A 44-day rearing trial was conducted to examine the enrichment of Artemia urmiana nauplii with vitamin E and highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) and its effects on the growth performance, survival and stress resistance of great sturgeon, Huso huso , larvae. Cod liver oil (EPA 18% and DHA 12%) and α-tocopherol acetate were used as lipid and vitamin E sources. Beluga larvae at the first exogenous feeding with 69±5.9 mg body weight were randomly distributed into four treatments and three tanks were assigned to each diet. The test treatments were as follows: larvae fed with HUFA+20% and HUFA+50% (w/w) vitamin E-enriched Artemia nauplii (E1 and E2 groups, respectively), HUFA without vitamin E (HUFA group) and non-enriched Artemia (control group). All treatments fed non-enriched Artemia for the initial 5 days after first feeding and then fed enriched Artemia for 7 days. After the period of enrichment, larvae were fed with daphnia from the 13th to the 40th day. At day 40, submersion in salt water (6 ppt for 4 days and 12 ppt for 2 days) and warm water (33 °C for 2 days) was performed to evaluate larvae resistance to salinity and temperature stress. Final weight, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and weight gain were higher in beluga fed with enriched Artemia . The highest growth rates were observed in E1, whereas survival was not significantly different between groups. Use of vitamin E and HUFA significantly increased fish resistance to a salinity of 12 ppt and the lowest stress resistance was observed in the control group. Stress tolerance was not significantly different at 6 ppt and 33 °C between groups. There was no comparable difference in the haematocrit index under stress conditions. These results indicated that the enrichment of Artemia with essential fatty acids and vitamin E can affect some growth and stress tolerance factors in great sturgeon, Huso huso , larvae.     

Growth and survival of eel leptocephali (Anguilla japonica) in low-salinity water

We investigated the effects of low-salinity water on the growth, survival, and activity of artificially reared Japanese eel larvae (Anguilla japonica), proceeding from the assumption that such water quality saves energy due to lower cost for osmoregulation. We reared 5-day-old larvae in 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% seawater (SW) with or without diet for 13 days. All larvae reared in 0% and 10% SW died within 6 days, while larvae in 70% and 100% SW survived until 9 days. Larvae in 30% and 50% SW further survived until 13 days without diet. Significant growth in body depth was observed in 30% and 50% SW after 7 days rearing with diet (0.65 ± 0.02 and 0.62 ± 0.02 mm, respectively) as compared with the initial size (0.49 ± 0.03 mm), while no significant growth was observed under the other salinity conditions examined. Larvae swam actively in the light (about 2000 lx) in 50%, 70%, and 100% SW, while they were apparently inactive in 0%, 10%, and 30% SW. The long-term rearing trial showed a 2.2-fold higher 2-month cumulative survival rate in 50% SW (18.2%) than in 100% SW (8.2%). The body depth of larvae in 50% SW (1.58 ± 0.47 mm) was also significantly larger than in 100% SW (1.32 ± 0.35 mm). These findings indicate that the intermediate salinity can result in better growth and survival performance in Japanese eel larvae.