斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植培养技术,对来源于斑点叉尾(鱼回)(Icttalurus punctatus Rafinesque)肾脏组织的细胞进行原代培养,建立了斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞系,定名为CCK,目前已稳定传代培养70多次.斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞为成纤维样细胞,最佳培养基为M199,最适培养温度范围为28～32℃,培养基血清体积分数为10%.在此条件下,CCK细胞的倍增时间为38.9～41.0 h.斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏细胞的集落形成效率为(74.16±3.54)%,第9代传代细胞的染色体数目为正常二倍体2n=58,第33代传代细胞的染色体众数为60.液氮冷冻保存6个月后复苏的细胞经台盼兰染色检验,(86.69±1.04)%的细胞仍保持活性,细胞复苏后培养生长旺盛.通过对第17代离体培养细胞的28S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增及序列分析与比对,表明该细胞系来源于斑点叉尾(鱼回).[中国水产科学,2009,16(1):75-81]     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒HZ08株的分离与鉴定

从浙江省湖州地区采集发病草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)样本中,取症状明显病料的肝、脾、肾组织,经过滤除菌处理后接种草鱼肾脏细胞(CIK).盲传8代,CIK细胞未出现明显细胞病变,但感染细胞固定后经电镜观察发现,细胞质内有大量病毒聚集,病毒无囊膜,近球形,直径约70 nm,形态与已报道的草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass Carp Reovirus,GCRV)相似.将病毒提纯后分别经DNA酶、RNA酶和绿豆核酸酶消化,证实为双链RNA(dsRNA)病毒.十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)结果显示,病毒基因组由11个dsRNA组成,呈现水生呼肠孤病毒基因组典型特征.采用RNA水平3味端加接头的方法获得了S6节段的全长序列,测序结果表明,S6由2 030个核苷酸组成,推测其编码一个分子量约为68.4 kD的蛋白.聚类分析结果显示,该病毒为水生呼肠孤病毒,但在氨基酸水平上与草鱼呼肠孤病毒代表株873株的差异较大,同源性为33%,提示该病毒为一株新型的草鱼呼肠孤病毒.本研究旨在为草鱼出血病防治方法的深入研究奠定基础.     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒JX-0902株的分离和鉴定

收集江西南昌地区患典型草鱼出血病的病鱼组织,进行超薄切片电镜观察,结果显示,在脾、肾样品中发现大量病毒颗粒,病毒无囊膜,近球形,直径约70 nm,形态与已报道的草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus,GCRV)相似。取病鱼肌肉、内脏研磨,组织液经离心、过滤除菌后进行鱼体人工感染试验和细胞感染实验,结果发现,人工感染试验鱼出现死亡,且具有典型出血症状;组织滤液感染草鱼肾细胞系(CIK)细胞后,盲传6代未观察到典型细胞病变效应,但感染细胞固定后经超薄切片电镜观察,细胞质内有大量病毒存在,与病鱼组织切片观察到的病毒形态一致。SDS-PAGE结果进一步揭示,新分离病毒株(暂命名JX-0902)基因组由11条dsRNA组成,呈现水生呼肠孤病毒基因组典型特征,但基因组带型与GCRV 873株存在差异,而与HZ08株接近。根据GenBank上已提交的草鱼呼肠孤病毒S6序列(GQ896337)设计特异引物,以JX-0902株的cDNA作为模板,可扩增出特异性条带。基于S6序列的聚类分析结果显示,JX-0902与GCRV HZ08株、GD108株S6同源性高达98%、99%,该分离株应为草鱼呼肠孤病毒。     

草鱼出血病的研究进展及免疫防治

1 草鱼出血病的流行病学 1.1 草鱼出血病的发现 1980年发现病毒颗粒并确认为草鱼出血病病原,1991年国际病毒分类委员会将其命名为草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass carp reovirus,GCRV).GCRV是中国分离鉴定的第一株鱼类病毒,是水生呼肠孤病毒属中致病力最强的毒株,不仅能感染草鱼,而且还能感染青鱼、麦穗...     

斑点叉尾鮰肾脏组织细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植培养技术，对来源于斑点叉尾鮰（lctalurus punctatus Rafinesque）肾脏组织的细胞进行原代培养，建立了斑点叉尾鮰肾脏组织细胞系，定名为CCK，目前已稳定传代培养70多次。斑点叉尾鮰肾脏组织细胞为成纤维样细胞，最佳培养基为M199，最适培养温度范围为28～32℃，培养基血清体积分数为10％。在此条件下，CCK细胞的倍增时间为38．9～41．0h。斑点叉尾鮰肾脏细胞的集落形成效率为（74．16±3．54）%，第9代传代细胞的染色体数目为正常二倍体2n=58，第33代传代细胞的染色体众数为60。液氮冷冻保存6个月后复苏的细胞经台盼兰染色检验，（86．69±1．04）％的细胞仍保持活性，细胞复苏后培养生长旺盛。通过对第17代离体培养细胞的28S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增及序列分析与比对，表明该细胞系来源于斑点又尾鮰。     

鲫鱼异倍体细胞系的建立及生物学特性

在来源于鲫鱼囊胚细胞用含常量抗菌素的TC199培养基中加20％小牛血清，于27—28℃、pH7．2条件下培养。经过24个月继代培养100次，建立一个命名为CAB-80的鲫鱼异倍体细胞系。这个细胞系主要由上皮样细胞和少量成纤维样细胞组成。最适生长温度为22—28℃，最适pH在7．2—8．2之间，种群加倍时间为21—45小时，接种24小时后分裂指数达到29．5‰，第60代细胞的染色体数目分布范围为68—178，因此，它是一个异倍体细胞系。CAB-80细胞系对呼肠孤病毒的感染有一定的细胞病原效应，因此有可能作为鱼类病毒的一种检测材料。     

罗非鱼肾脏细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植法，对尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）的肾脏组织细胞进行原代培养，建立了罗非鱼肾脏细胞系，已稳定传代培养50代以上，命名为TiK。罗非鱼肾脏细胞系为纤维样细胞，其最佳培养基为DMEM，最适培养温度为28℃，最适血清浓度为15%。在最适培养条件下，罗非鱼肾脏细胞系的群体倍增时间为45.8 h。细胞经液氮冷冻保存6个月后进行复苏，经台盼蓝染色，约（89.84±3.48）%的细胞具有活性，复苏后细胞生长旺盛。染色体分析显示，第32代罗非鱼肾脏细胞系染色体数目分布在20~66之间，众数为48。使用本实验室分离鉴定的罗非鱼病毒感染罗非鱼肾脏细胞，可产生典型的细胞病变效应，表明罗非鱼肾脏细胞对该病毒敏感。该细胞系的建立为罗非鱼病毒病防控技术研究提供了重要的实验材料。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒湖州分离株的分离及鉴定

2008年6月从湖州某患病草鱼池塘采集草鱼出血病疑似病样,将除菌过滤后的患病鱼肝、脾、肾组织滤液,注射健康的8～10 cm的草鱼鱼种.5d后草鱼开始发病,且症状与原发病症状一样,死亡率为57%,对照组未有死亡.将无菌处理的病样滤液接种草鱼肾细胞(CIK),连续接5代均出现明显的细胞病变(CPE),并与草鱼呼肠孤病毒参考株所产生的CPE一致.该株病毒的TCID50为10-8/0.1ml.内脏组织经超薄切片,电子显微镜观察,发现组织内有大量的病毒颗粒,大小均一,近似球形,直径约70～75 nm.理化鉴定表明,氯仿、乙醚处理组病毒的感染力和对照组相比并没有多大变化,说明该株病毒对氯仿和乙醚有一定的抗性.经草鱼呼肠孤病毒特异性的RT-PCR检测,获得阳性的目的片段,测序的结果与草鱼呼肠孤病毒相应序列的同源性达99%以上.上述鉴定结果表明所分离的病毒为草鱼呼肠孤病毒,将其命名为HZ2008.     

全预混冻干PCR试剂检测草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型的研究

草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型是导致草鱼出血病的主要病原体之一,目前在我国广泛流行。本研究根据GenBank中草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型基因序列,设计了草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型特异性探针和PCR引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型一步法TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。试验对反转录和PCR反应体系进行摸索,通过优化的冻干工艺制备出草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型全预混RT-PCR试剂,在荧光定量PCR中,冻干试剂的检测灵敏度可达10个模板,是普通PCR的100倍。批次间变异系数小于4%。特异性试验结果表明,该方法可特异性地检出草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型,而对鲤春病毒血症病毒、传染性造血器官坏死症病毒无检测信号。该冻干试剂4℃保存12个月,室温25℃保存3个月,37℃保存15d,敏感性仍为10个,与第1d相同;利用手持单通道荧光PCR仪,可在42min内完成核酸诊断。本试验基于荧光定量PCR检测方法,结合核酸扩增体系冻干工艺制备的全预混草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型RT-PCR试剂具有耐保存便于运输、准确性高、仪器拓展性好的特点,对草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型快速诊断有重要意义。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒的检测方法

作者利用CIK敏感细胞系扩大培养病毒、采用蔗糖密度梯度离心法RT-PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术检测草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV),建立了GCRV实验室检验方法。     

Development and characterization of a fibroblastic‐like cell line from caudal fin of the red‐line torpedo,Puntius denisonii (Day) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

A fibroblastic‐like cell line was established from the ornamental fish, red‐line torpedo (Puntius denisonii). The red‐line torpedo fin (RTF) cell line is being maintained in Leibovitz's L‐15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for over 1 year at 28 °C on a continuous basis in normal atmosphere. The growth rate of RTF cells increased as the FBS proportion increased from 5% to 20% at 28 °C with optimum growth at the concentrations of 10% FBS. The morphology of RTF cell was predominantly fibroblastic like. Propagation of these cell lines was serum dependent, with a low plating efficiency (<15%). Karyotyping analysis of RTF cells at the 25th passage indicated that the modal chromosome number was 2n=50. The cell line was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at ?196 °C and could be recovered from storage after 6 months with good cell viability. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a fragment of two mitochondrial genes, 16S rRNA and CO1, confirmed the identity of these cell lines with those reported from this animal species, confirming that the cell lines originated from P. denisonii. The bacterial extracellular products from Vibrio cholerae MTCC3904 and Aeromonas hydrophila were found to be toxic to RTF. The cell lines were not susceptible to viral nervous necrosis virus, a marine fish virus.     

鲤病原鳗利斯顿氏菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

从患病鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)体内分离到一株优势生长菌,人工感染试验证明该菌对鲤有较强的致病性。对分离菌进行了形态特征、理化特性等生物学性状检验;测定了分离菌的16S rRNA和gyrB基因的部分序列,并与相关细菌16S rRNA和gyrB基因序列进行比对后,构建了基于两种基因的系统发生树。结果显示:分离菌所扩增的16S rRNA和gyrB基因序列与GenBank数据库中鳗利斯顿氏菌的16S rRNA和gyrB基因序列相似性均在97%以上,其16S rRNA基因序列长度为1449 bp(GenBank登录号:FJ824662),gyrB基因序列长度为1202 bp(Gen-Bank登录号:GQ452957);胞外酶活性及溶血活性检测表明分离菌具有淀粉酶、蛋白酶、明胶酶、卵磷脂酶活性,但不具有脂酶活性;在含7%家兔脱纤血液营养琼脂培养基上,呈β型溶血,分离菌均具有金属蛋白酶基因及溶血素基因。根据分离菌的表型特征及分子特征,判定分离菌为利斯顿氏菌属(Listonella MacDonell and Colwell1986)的鳗利斯顿氏菌(Listonella anguillarum)。分离菌的耐药谱测定结果显示,对供试49种抗菌药物中的青霉素G等12种药物耐药,对克林霉素等5种药物敏感,对恩诺沙星等32种药物高度敏感。     

Establishment and characterization of a new cell line derived from kidney of grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Temminck & Schlegel), susceptible to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV)

A marine fish cell line derived from the kidney of red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, designated as EAGK was established and characterized. The EAGK cells multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum at 25 °C and have been subcultured for more than 90 passages. Karyotyping, chromosomal typing and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genotyping analysis revealed that EAGK had a modal diploid chromosome number of 82 and was a fibroblast cell line originated from grouper. A severe cytopathic effect was observed in EAGK cells incubated with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), but not with soft-shelled turtle iridovirus, viral nervous necrosis virus or spring viraemia of carp virus. SGIV replication was further confirmed by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and virus titre determination. Bright fluorescence was observed after transfection with fluorescent protein reporter plasmids, indicating that EAGK cells can be used to identify gene functions in vitro. In addition, the cell organelles including mitochondria and endoplasm reticulum changed and aggregated around virus factories after SGIV infection, suggested that the EAGK cell line could be an important tool for investigation of iridovirus-host interactions.     

Establishment of a cell line from the kidney of black carp and its susceptibility to spring viremia of carp virus

In this study, we established and characterized a cell line derived from the kidney of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), which is an important freshwater aquaculture species. The cell line was designated as MPK and subcultured for more than 70 passages in DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28°C. MPK had a modal diploid chromosome number of 48. Moreover, a transient MPK transfection efficiency was up to 18% using a green fluorescent protein plasmid by a modified electroporation. In addition, the MPK cells showed susceptibility to spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), as demonstrated by the presence of severe cytopathic effects (CPEs) and increased viral RNA. Unexpectedly, the MPK cells expressed pluripotency‐associated genes such as nanog, oct4 and vasa, indicating that these are possibly adult stem cells. Taken together, we have established a stable cell line from kidney that may potentially be utilized as an in vitro platform for genetic modifications and host–pathogen analysis in black carp.     

Development and characterization of a cell line TTCF from endangered mahseer Tor tor (Ham.)

Tor tor is an important game and food fish of India with a distribution throughout Asia from the trans-Himalayan region to the Mekong River basin to Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia. A new cell line named TTCF was developed from the caudal fin of T. tor for the first time. The cell line was optimally maintained at 28°C in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The propagation of TTCF cells showed a high plating efficiency of 63.00%. The cytogenetic analysis revealed a diploid count of 100 chromosomes at passage 15, 30, 45 and 60 passages. The viability of the TTCF cell line was found to be 72% after 6 months of cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). The origin of the cell lines was confirmed by the amplification of 578- and 655-bp sequences of 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) respectively. TTCF cells were successfully transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter plasmids. Further, immunocytochemistry studies confirm its fibroblastic morphology of cells. Genotoxicity assessment of H?O? in TTCF cell line revealed the utility of TTCF cell line as in vitro model for aquatic toxicological studies.     

Establishment and characterization of macrophage cell line from thymus of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)

A continuous cell line has been developed from thymus explants of Catla catla and the cells have been subcultured for 63 passages. The cells exhibited optimum growth at 30°C in L‐15 medium containing 15% foetal bovine serum. The cultured cells engulfed yeast cells and fluorescent latex beads. These cells produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and phorbol esters. The culture supernatant from the cultured cells had lysozyme activity and these cells demonstrated Fc receptors. Almost all the cells were positive for alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase enzyme suggesting that the cells are of macrophage lineage and therefore, the cell line was designated as catla thymus macrophage (CTM) cell line. CTM cells formed aggregates around zoospores of Aphanomyces invadans, but were unable to inhibit the germination of spores. The karyotype analysis of CTM cells at 25th passage revealed a typical diploid model with 50 chromosomes per cell. Partial amplification, sequencing and alignment of fragments of two mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 confirmed that the CTM cell line originated from C. catla. This cell line should be useful for studying the role of macrophages in differentiation and maturation of thymocytes and can be a source of macrophage‐specific enzymes and cytokines.     

Establishment of a novel fin cell line from Brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål), and evaluation of its viral susceptibility

To lay a solid foundation of in vitro investigations of fish viral diseases, cytotechnology and cytotoxicology, a novel fin cell line from brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus , was established and its viral susceptibility was evaluated. The fin tissues, digested with hyaluronidase and collagenase II, were used to initiate primary culture at 24 °C by using 20% foetal bovine serum-Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F12 medium, which was further supplemented with carboxymethyl–chitooligosaccharide, basic fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I. The fibroblastic fin cells grew at a steady rate during subsequent subculture and had a population doubling time of 50.6 h at passage 60. The modal diploid chromosome number was 48. A brown-marbled grouper fin cell line (bmGF-1) has been established and subcultured to passage 75 by now. Viral susceptibilities revealed that typical cytopathic effects of bmGF-1 cells emerged after being infected by turbot reddish-body iridovirus (TRBIV) or lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). However, a large number of TRBIV and LCDV particles were also found in infected bmGF-1 cells. All these indicate that the bmGF-1 cell line has good susceptibility to TRBIV and LCDV, which may serve as a valuable tool for studies of cell–virus interactions and have potential applications in fish virus propagation and vaccine development.     

混养模式对鲫生长、存活、免疫酶活性和水质的影响

根据多营养层次综合养殖原理,2011年4月16日至11月15日在面积33.3km~2,水深2.5m,盐度0.5~0.7,碳酸盐碱度2.5~2.7mmol·L~(-1)池塘中,研究三种不同混养模式下异育银鲫Carassius auratus gibelio存活、生长、免疫相关酶活及水质变化:模式A主养鲫,混养鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix和鳙Aristichthys nobilis;模式B主养鲫和鳊Parabramis pekinensis,混养鲢和鳙;模式C主养鲫和草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella,混养鲢和鳙,为探索异育银鲫池塘生态高效养殖提供参考。养殖期间,每月定期监测池塘的水质,养殖结束后称量鲫的体质量,统计产量,计算存活率,并检测血清和肝胰脏中的过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力。结果显示:模式C的p H在养殖前期要高于模式A和模式B,但氨氮、亚氮、活性磷、叶绿素a大部分时间内要显著低于后两者;模式A和模式B的水质变化趋势基本相同。模式A和模式C鲫平均体质量分别达(508.5±26.5)和(516.5±35.0)g,显著高于模式B的(473.0±31.5)g;三者间存活率存在显著差异,模式A最高(95.14±1.47%),模式C最低(86.28±2.16%);模式A血清和肝胰脏中的SOD显著高于模式B和C;模式A血清中的POD水平也很高,与模式B无显著差异,但显著高于模式C。结论:模式A中的鲫生长速度更快,存活率更高,抗氧化能力更强,模式A相较于模式B和C鲫养殖效果更佳。     

Establishment of a new fish cell line from the brain of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) and its application in toxicology and bacterial susceptibility

Cromileptes altivelis, humpback grouper, belongs to the family Epinephelidae and is one popular farmed fish species because of its high economic value and ornamental value. However, more and more diseases outbreaks have been reported with C. altivelis aquaculture. Today, a new brain cell line of C. altivelis (named CAB) was established and characterized. Our results showed that CAB cells were suitable for growth at 26 °C in L-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The results of 18S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that CAB cell line was derived from C. altivelis. Moreover, chromosomal aneuploidy was observed in CAB cells, and the modal chromosome number of CAB cells was 48 by chromosome analysis. In addition, CAB cells could transfect pEGFP-N3 plasmid with high transfection efficiency, indicating that CAB cell line has the potential to investigate the function of exogenous genes in vitro. Furthermore, the bacterial susceptibility results suggested that CAB cells were susceptive to Vibrio harveyi and Edwardsiella tarda. And, heavy metals (Hg, Cd, and Cu) were toxic to the CAB cells, and the toxic effect was dose-dependent. In summary, the CAB cell line could be a powerful tool in vitro to study functional genes and has the potential application in bacterial susceptibility and toxicology.