三种高原常见沉水植物对不同浓度铵氮的生理响应机制研究

选取在高原湖泊中广泛分布([NH_4⁺] < 3mg/L)但在高浓度铵氮水体([NH_4⁺] > 15mg/L)中无法存活的苦草(Vallisneria natans)、大茨藻(Najas marina)和穿叶眼子菜(Potamogeton perfoliatus)3种沉水植物为研究对象。在实验室模拟条件下,比较研究了不同浓度铵氮(0、0.1、3、15和50mg/L)对3种沉水植物的影响,初步探讨了其在湖泊铵氮浓度升高和铵氮浓度更高的黑臭河道中退化的原因。结果表明,当水体铵氮浓度超过15mg/L时,植物体内叶绿素和蛋白含量呈下降趋势,而游离氨基酸的含量呈上升趋势,碳氮平衡被打破;植物叶绿素荧光显著降低,说明植物在浓度达到15mg/L时,无法正常进行光合作用。以上研究说明,当水体浓度达到15mg/L时,在湖泊中广泛分布的沉水植物物种无法存活,而碳氮平衡的破坏导致植物光合能力下降是影响其存活的主要因素。本研究从机理层面初步揭示了以上湖泊广布物种在高铵氮水体中消失的原因,为利用沉水植物修复高浓度铵氮污染水体提供理论指导。     

Conservation of aquatic plants in artificial watercourses: are main drains a substitute for vulnerable navigation canals?

• 1. The vegetation of disused and occasionally used navigation canals with acknowledged botanical conservation value was compared with that of major land‐drainage channels with potential conservation interest.
• 2. Aquatic plant taxa and their abundance were recorded in 500‐m lengths of watercourses in East Yorkshire, north‐east England.
• 3. There was substantial overlap between canals and drains in the aquatic plant species recorded (42 out of 66 taxa were found in both canals and drains) and ordination analysis (DECORANA) showed that there were not two distinct vegetation types: one for canals and one for drains.
• 4. The aquatic plants recorded in both canals and drains probably largely originated from an eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century pre‐drainage marshland flora that has since been lost.
• 5. The conservation value of the aquatic vegetation at canal sites (assessed as diversity, rarity and naturalness) was not significantly greater than at the drain sites.
• 6. The canals are potentially threatened by restoration of navigation or increase in boat usage; a simplistic interpretation of the results is that potential losses in the conservation value of canals would be substituted by the flora of the drains.
• 7. A more measured interpretation, however, is that the canals and drains should be regarded as parallel conservation resources. This is because some aquatic plant taxa with limited distribution at local, regional or national level were found only in canals while others were found only in drains.
• 8. The results emphasize that evaluation of the botanical conservation value of artificial watercourses should include drains as well as canals; disused and lightly used navigation canals are widely recognized as of high conservation value whereas drains, being utilitarian landscape features, are more likely to be overlooked.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桂林寨底地下河沉水植物群落结构调查及影响因子分析

为研究岩溶地下河沉水植物分布、群落组成及生境对群落结构的影响,2013年7-8月,对寨底地下河沉水植物分布及群落多样性进行了调查,并结合全年水质监测数据,分析了生境对沉水植物群落多样性分布的影响。结果表明,寨底地下河出口共有沉水植物4科、6属、8种;优势种为苦草(Vallisneria natans)、靖西海菜花(Ottelia acuminata var.jingxiensis)、竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton wrightii)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata),优势度分别为33.87%、23.10%、19.06%和12.50%,其中苦草为第一优势种。河道基质是制约沉水植物多样性分布的重要因素,砂石基质处沉水植物为种类单一的海菜花群落;泥沙混合处沉水物种组成比较丰富,海菜花、黑藻、竹叶眼子菜、苦草等形成共优势群落。岩溶水高Ca2+和HCO-3环境为沉水植物光合作用提供了丰富的矿物质元素及光合作用碳源。研究结果可为寨底地下河岩溶水生生态系统中沉水植物碳汇效应提供理论支持。     

Conservation of a permanent hypersaline lake: management options evaluated from decadal variability of Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes microbial mats

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Dilution stress facilitates colonization of invasive mosquitofish in a saline Mediterranean stream: population biology response

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Macrophytes promote aquatic insect conservation in artificial ponds

1. Farmland ponds promote regional aquatic biodiversity; however, optimally managing these ponds requires knowledge on how the biodiversity differs between ponds across catchments with different land uses.
2. This study investigated the response of macrophytes, both those in the pond and on the bank, as well as dragonfly and water beetle species richness, diversity and composition in artificial ponds, to numerous environmental variables in catchments dominated by three land uses: protected areas (as reference sites), sugarcane‐dominated and forestry‐dominated landscapes, across two seasons.
3. There was a strong association between insect species richness and vegetation cover, particularly sedges (Cyperus spp.) in spring and bulrushes (Typha capensis) in summer. There was also a positive response between insect species richness and sedges up to 70% cover, and bulrushes up to 40% cover, after which there was a decrease. Furthermore, the protected area ponds contained more rare and specialist insect species. Pond size was not a major variable for biodiversity overall.
4. Although there was generally little congruence in composition among the three taxa, dragonflies were a good surrogate for water beetles and floating macrophytes.
5. Well‐vegetated ponds, both in the water and along the margin, are the most suited to promoting biodiversity, as long as the vegetation is not too dense, and not dominated by one plant species.
6. Artificial ponds in production landscapes have great potential for conserving aquatic species, irrespective of land use, as long as there is management for macrophyte density and heterogeneity.

     

Distribution and reproduction of Procambarus clarkii in relation to water management,salinity and habitat type in the Camargue

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Mapping macrophytic vegetation in shallow lakes using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI)

• 1. The ecological status of shallow lakes is highly dependent on the abundance and composition of macrophytes. However, large‐scale surveys are often confined to a small number of water bodies and undertaken only infrequently owing to logistical and financial constraints.
• 2. Data acquired by the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager‐2 (CASI‐2) was used to map the distribution of macrophytes in the Upper Thurne region of the Norfolk Broads, UK. Three different approaches to image classification were evaluated: (i) Euclidean minimum distance, (ii) Gaussian maximum likelihood, and (iii) support vector machines.
• 3. The results show macrophyte growth‐habits (i.e. submerged, floating‐leaved, partially‐emergent, emergent) and submerged species could be mapped with a maximum overall classification accuracy of 78% and 87%, respectively. The Gaussian maximum likelihood algorithm and support vector machine returned the highest classification accuracies in each instance.
• 4. This study suggests that remote sensing is a potentially powerful tool for large‐scale assessment of the cover and distribution of aquatic vegetation in clear water shallow lakes, particularly with respect to upscaling field survey data to a functionally relevant form, and supporting site‐condition monitoring under the European Union Habitats (92/43/EEC) and Water Framework (2000/60/EC) directives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Declines in the tuber‐feeding waterbird guild at Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve,China – a barometer of submerged macrophyte collapse

• 1. The Yangtze floodplain is globally unique for its extensive ephemeral wetlands, recharged by summer monsoon precipitation. The annual cycle of inundation and water table recession favours submerged macrophytes, including Vallisneria that overwinters in desiccated substrates as tubers, which provide high‐energy winter food for tuber‐feeding waterbirds that were formerly abundant in the region.
• 2. Large declines among the tuber‐feeding waterbirds swan goose Anser cygnoides (L.), tundra swan Cygnus columbianus (Ord) and hooded crane Grus monacha Temminck between 2004/2005 and 2009/2010 at Shengjin Lake, Anhui Province, suggest that major changes in food availability have occurred there.
• 3. Based on observations of feeding behaviour and energy budgets of these species, it was calculated that at least 5.0 and 8.9 km² of Vallisneria beds in 2004 and 2005, respectively, would be needed to support observed numbers of these species, compared with less than 1.5 km² found in 2009 and 2010.
• 4. An incomplete macrophyte survey in summer 2000 located at least 7.7 km² of Vallisneria beds in the Upper Lake, where none was present during resurveys in 2008 and 2009. Declines in tuber‐feeding waterbirds at Shengjin Lake coincide with the disappearance of their submerged macrophyte food plants, possibly as a result of eutrophication since the mid‐2000s.
• 5. Widespread declines and concentration of tuber‐eating wintering waterbirds at other sites elsewhere in the Yangtze floodplain may also reflect the local collapse of submerged macrophytes and of ecosystem services that these wetlands provide to the human communities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Linking geomorphic character,behaviour and condition to fluvial biodiversity: implications for river management

• 1. The River Styles^® framework is a geomorphic approach to the classification of river types, assessment of the physical condition of rivers, and planning of physical rehabilitation. However, the linkages between River Styles and aquatic biodiversity conservation are still only weakly developed.
• 2. In this study, 41 sites in the Bega River basin in New South Wales, Australia, were classified according to River Style and geomorphic condition, and surveyed for four biological assemblages: diatoms, aquatic and semi‐aquatic macrophytes, aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish.
• 3. Each assemblage differed significantly among River Styles. However, in the case of diatoms and fish, these differences could be accounted for by geographic clustering of sites in the same River Style, and a tendency for River Styles to occupy particular altitudinal zones and sizes of streams. This result was attributed to the overriding influences of water quality on diatoms and of altitude‐related variation in water temperature and distance from the ocean on fish. For macrophytes and macroinvertebrates, geomorphic river type appeared to exert a direct influence, probably via variation in physical habitat characteristics.
• 4. Geomorphic condition, judged as good, moderate or poor by reference to the inferred natural condition of each River Style, was also significantly associated with differences in biological assemblages other than fish. Twice as many taxa appeared to favour sites in good geomorphic condition as favoured sites in poor condition. Many of the taxa associated with sites in poor condition are alien taxa introduced to Australia since European settlement.
• 5. These findings imply that protection of reaches that are in good geomorphic condition is likely to be critical for the maintenance of indigenous biodiversity, and that rehabilitation of geomorphic condition can assist in the rehabilitation of native riverine biota.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水生植物分解过程中生态化学计量学特征

为揭示水生植物分解过程中的生态化学计量学特征，选取沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria natans）和马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）以及漂浮植物浮萍（Lemna minor），分别置于温室（处理组A、B）和池塘中（处理组B），实验周期为5周，每隔1周随机从各重复组中取1份样品，测定干物质重和总氮（TN）、总碳（TC）、总磷（TP）含量，分析其残存干物质的分解过程。结果表明，在整个分解过程中，3种植物的C/N为7.43~10.06，低于全球水平22.5，C/P为43.09~91.77，明显高于全球水平23.2，说明同一种植物在相同的同化C能力前提下，对N的利用效率较高，对P的利用率较低；N/P为4.71~9.24，小于14，说明植物主要受N的限制。沉水植物苦草和马来眼子菜的C/N在温室和自然条件下规律一致，而漂浮植物浮萍则变化较大，说明沉水植物分解C和N的速率一致且不受环境影响，而漂浮植物浮萍分解C和N受环境影响较大；苦草和浮萍残存干物质C/N在开始有一个快速增长期，说明这2种植物N的释放速率超过C；3种植物残存干物质的C/P和N/P都在第1周快速增长且各处理变化较大，说明3种植物P分解速率都在1周内超过C和N，且受环境影响较大。研究结果将对水生态修复过程中是否移除残存水生植物提供理论依据。     

汉阳地区五个湖泊沉水植物分布及富营养化现状

2011年7月—2012年4月对武汉市汉阳地区五个湖泊(后官湖,三角湖,南太子湖,墨水湖和龙阳湖)的水质及沉水植物进行了季节性调查,以了解湖泊富营养化现状及其对沉水植物的影响。结果显示:后官湖为中营养,而三角湖、南太子湖、墨水湖和龙阳湖为重度富营养,其中龙阳湖污染最重。共采集沉水植物7种,隶属于5科5属,主要种类为金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus)。沉水植物主要分布在后官湖沿岸带,其它四个湖泊中沉水植物已严重退化,仅在部分水域偶见。后官湖沉水植物盖度和生物量最大值出现在10月,分别为67.5%和5.58 kg/m~2,1月份较低,分别为29.3%和1.88 kg/m~2,优势种存在明显的季节更替。结果表明,汉阳地区湖泊沉水植物退化与富营养化引起的水下光照下降和高密度的水产养殖有关。     

Ecology and conservation of grassy wetlands dominated by spiny mud grass Pseudoraphis spinescens in the southern Murray–Darling Basin,Australia

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Unintentional dispersal of aquatic invertebrates via footwear and motor vehicles in a Mediterranean wetland area

• 1. Several human activities, such as actions for nature conservation, research and recreational activities, are closely associated with inland aquatic habitats that are usually considered as isolated island habitats. In this study, the possibility of unintentional dispersal of aquatic invertebrates among water bodies via footwear and motor vehicles was investigated.
• 2. Mud samples collected from boots and from the tyres and wheel cases of cars used for field work by biologists (Camargue, Southern France) were hatched under laboratory conditions and also checked for the presence of unhatched propagules. A large number of organisms hatched and invertebrate propagules from a wide range of taxa were encountered (including Artemia, freshwater large branchiopods, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Rotifera, Turbellaria, Nematoda, etc.). The results also demonstrated that different research groups tend to transport the aquatic invertebrates typical for their respective study systems.
• 3. Human dispersal of aquatic invertebrates has been studied mainly on large continental scales, such as in the case of transoceanic transport via ballast water in ships. This study provides evidence that dispersal via footwear and motor vehicles may result in frequent dispersal of aquatic invertebrates on a local scale, and we presume also occasionally over longer distances. Given the rapid spread of invasive zooplankton species (e.g. Artemia franciscana encountered in this study), we promote caution and recommend cleaning before transport of any equipment which comes in contact with water or aquatic sediment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Detritus accumulation and decomposition in a coastal lake (Acquatina–southern Italy)

• 1. Knowledge about processes and dynamics underlying organic matter accumulation in transitional waters is crucial for the protection of these ecologically important coastal habitats. This study investigated the relationship between large particle accumulation and decomposition in a coastal lake included in a Site of Community Interest (SCI) using sediment trap and litterbag techniques.
• 2. Two sets of sediment traps were deployed at five sites along the longitudinal axis of the lake. One set was emptied once a month for 12 months, and the other twice a year. The contents of the monthly and the 6‐monthly traps and the superficial sediments were then compared to estimate the organic matter accumulation and loss. To determine the mass loss rate of the three major allochthonous sources of detritus (the reed Phragmites australis, the cordgrass Spartina juncea, and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica), litterbags were placed near the sediment traps at three out of the five sites at the beginning of each 6‐month period and retrieved monthly.
• 3. The amount of annual particulate organic matter (POM) deposition in the traps was 1320.2±58.5 g m^?2 y^?1 and consisted of 25% large particles (CPOM). Allochthonous litter comprised an important fraction of CPOM, and its breakdown rate changed with the plant species, site and season. Loss rate of CPOM accumulated at the lake bottom was significantly related with the mass loss rate of reed and cordgrass litter, but not with that of seagrass.
• 4. Due to slow litter breakdown and tidal landward advection, the lake acted as a sediment trap for allochthonous matter, especially from Posidonia. The important role of marine‐derived litter in organic matter sedimentation suggests addressing conservation strategies of the lake functioning towards the selective control of allochthonous CPOM inputs, in particular at the mouth where the incoming tide brings suspended material and salinity decelerates matter flow to the sea and decomposition. This study supports the hypothesis that sedimentation and decomposition dynamics are important factors for coastal lake evolution, and shows litterbag and sediment trap techniques as simple useful investigation tools in management strategies aiming at conserving transitional waters.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Persistence of submerged macrophytes in a drying world: Unravelling the timing and the environmental drivers to produce drought‐resistant propagules

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The identification,characterization and conservation value of isoetid lakes in Ireland

• 1. Soft‐water, oligotrophic isoetid lakes are vulnerable to eutrophication, acidification and alkalinization. As a result of these pressures a large proportion have undergone substantial deterioration in several European countries. The understanding of these systems has been limited by either a lack of lakes close to natural conditions or through receiving less focus in broader scale macrophyte surveys. This has resulted in a dearth of information on specific lake types in their natural condition. Sixty‐eight soft‐water lakes in Ireland were studied in order to achieve a better understanding of the biological and environmental conditions defining such lakes.
• 2. Eight groups of lakes were identified using cluster analysis and indicator species analysis. Three groups were representative of isoetid‐rich lakes displaying a high frequency of occurrence of Isoetes lacustris, Lobelia dortmanna or Eriocaulon aquaticum together with the almost ubiquitous Littorella uniflora. Canonical variates analysis indicated that alkalinity, total phosphorus (TP), catchment area, altitude, moors and heathlands, mean transect depth, colour and lake area were significant variables discriminating among the eight groups. Soft‐water lakes with high amounts of isoetids tended to be less exposed, have broad shallow littoral zones with a high transparency and be situated in smaller catchments. Total phosphorus and alkalinity were typically low, although one group of isoetid‐rich lakes had higher mean TP and alkalinity values. This group may contain lakes under threat from nutrient enrichment and alkalinization and also lakes that have higher TP and alkalinity naturally.
• 3. Lakes with a prevalence of isoetids supported a greater diversity of macrophytes and chironomids indicating that such lakes may represent suitable conservation targets as they act as surrogates for soft‐water lakes of high biodiversity. Other factors favouring a focus on isoetids in conservation strategies are their importance as a functional component in soft‐water lakes and their sensitivity to lake and catchment environmental change.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

菹草对小球藻和卵囊藻的形态化感效应研究

研究生态修复过程中沉水植物对藻类的影响,为水生态修复提供理论依据。选用常见沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)研磨液为培养液,对常见绿藻普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和卵囊藻(Oocystis sp.)开展室内模拟试验培养,通过绿藻生长和形态特征的变化,了解新鲜菹草是否对普通小球藻和卵囊藻存在一定的化感效应。研究结果表明,菹草对普通小球藻和卵囊藻的生长均未呈现显著抑制效应;普通小球藻对菹草具有形态响应,一次性添加的菹草研磨液在试验初期显著促进普通小球藻群体的形成,随着时间的推移,群体普通小球藻逐渐裂开转化为小群体或者是单细胞;试验结果还表明,菹草对卵囊藻形态无显著影响。     

The characterization and classification of the Black River Upper Morass,Jamaica, using the three‐parameter test of vegetation,soils and hydrology

• 1. The characterization and classification of the Black River Upper Morass was conducted using the criteria of the three‐parameter test for vegetation, soils and hydrology at 14 sites within the study area.
• 2. The Upper Morass exhibited 71% hydrophytic vegetation typical of wetlands (vascular and non‐vascular plants including Cladium jamaicense, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia and Sagittaria lancifolia) and 29% vegetation atypical of wetlands.
• 3. The Upper Morass is classified as a Palustrine System with sub‐classes of Aquatic Bed and Persistent Emergent Wetland.
• 4. The presence throughout the Upper Morass of monoculture stands of the invasive species Eichhornia crassipes and Typha domingensis, which are known to invade disturbed or partially drained wetlands, confirmed that the study area was a disturbed ecosystem.
• 5. The Upper Morass exhibited hydric (flood‐water and groundwater) soils, which, in association with its temporarily flooded and saturated wetland hydrology, indicated that it is groundwater‐driven.
• 6. Application of the three‐parameter test indicated a linkage between the functions of the Upper Morass and the Lower Morass, and thus a need for conservation of the Black River Morass System as a single unit rather than two independent wetlands. Two key instruments of conservation will be further detailed ecological assessments and the implementation of a management plan.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of Canadian and American legislation for controlling exotic species in the Great Lakes

• 1. The legislation of the Great Lakes jurisdictions dealing with control of exotic species introduced through ballast water, canals, and recreational boating was analysed to determine whether the USA and Canada have the capacity to manage nuisance exotic species effectively. Despite the deleterious ecological effects attributed to exotic aquatic species, there is a lack of complementary legislation between Canada and the USA to remedy this problem. Current legislation is fragmented at the bilateral, national, and the state/provincial level.
• 2. American legislative initiatives are far ahead of Canada's, especially for regulating ballast water in oceanic shipping. Canada lacks strong federal and provincial legislation to regulate ballast water in shipping and to prevent the secondary spread of exotic aquatic species through watersheds.
• 3. Legislation to regulate ballast water is developing quickly among the US federal government and the Great Lakes states. However, legislation affecting the spread of exotic nuisance species via canals and recreational boaters is needed to complement ballast water laws and to give agencies a broader mandate for management.
• 4. Amendment of the Boundary Waters Treaty Act, the Fisheries Act, and the Canada Water Act could give the Canadian federal government authority to regulate ballast water in vessels entering the St Lawrence and to begin the rehabilitation of aquatic habitats impaired by nuisance exotic species.
• 5. Preventing further species introduction and spread through the Great Lakes basin requires restricting certain shipping and boating practices. This can be achieved only by the enactment of complementary laws among all the American and Canadian jurisdictions.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.