人工鱼(藻)礁区生态修复效果评估指标体系与实例应用

本文从生态修复效果含义出发,构建了以水环境、沉积物环境、生物环境和渔业资源为评价指标的人工鱼(藻)礁区生态修复效果评估指标体系,并以秦皇岛鱼(藻)礁示范区为实例进行分析,实例分析结果显示鱼礁示范区生态修复效果综合评价指数(REE indx)5月和9月分别为75.5和71.5,判定结果分别为修复效果明显和有修复效果。研究结果表明,建立的人工鱼(藻)礁区生态修复效果评估指标体系具有较强的可操作性,可以为人工鱼(藻)礁生态修复效果评估提供参考。     

人工鱼礁对中小型浮游动物昼夜变化的影响

浮游动物有明显的昼夜垂直移动现象,这种生态习性会导致摄食浮游动物的某些鱼类昼夜垂直移动。为分析人工鱼礁对中小型浮游动物昼夜变化的影响,于2018年11月在防城港人工鱼礁区及附近海域进行了1个昼夜的中小型浮游动物采样,获取了14份样品。结果显示:(1)礁区和非礁区浮游动物种类组成相似度高、更替率低,且主要优势种相同,属于同一生态类型;(2)在人工鱼礁流场效应的作用下,礁区浮游动物的数量和多样性高于非礁区;(3)非礁区浮游动物数量的昼夜变化明显,呈明显的正弦曲线,以16:00数量最高,8:00最低,其垂直运动规律明显,可分为4:00～20:00的运动期和20:00～次日4:00的稳定期;(4)在礁体上方流速较快的水平层的阻隔作用下,礁区浮游动物数量始终处于波动状态,没有明显的昼夜垂直变化规律,在礁区上层保持较高的数量,可提升集鱼效果、促进生产力转换;(5)聚类分析和排序表明,礁区浮游动物为一个群落类型。而非礁区中小型浮游动物可分2个群落类型,一个是白天随浮游植物而上浮的以植食性种类为主要特征种的群落类型,另一个是晚上植食性种类下沉后以肉食性种类为主要特征种的群落类型。     

人工鱼礁的矩形间隙对黑鲷幼鱼聚集效果的影响

为了解人工鱼礁的矩形间隙大小对鱼类行为产生的影响,实验利用特征礁体的不同组合来模拟人工鱼礁矩形间隙的大小,在来流速度分别为19.1、23.4和27.7 cm/s情况下,探讨不同礁体矩形间隙(水平、垂直)的大小对黑鲷幼鱼行为产生的影响,总结出黑鲷幼鱼的喜好流速范围。实验结果表明:当礁体矩形间隙设计为水平38.8 cm时,相对其他情况来说,黑鲷幼鱼具有最大趋礁率43.1%,对应的喜好流速范围为9.6～23.4 cm/s;当礁体矩形间隙设置为垂直20 cm时,黑鲷有最大趋礁率50.1%,对应的喜好流速范围为6.7～27.9 cm/s。总体来说,礁体矩形间隙设计为水平时的集鱼效果要好于礁体矩形间隙设计为垂直时。     

投礁前后

在人工鱼礁建设的漫长十年间,作为主要技术支持单位,广东省海洋与渔业环境监测中心从人工鱼礁区投礁前的生态资源环境本底调查,到礁体的选型及布局建议、投礁后生态资源环境跟踪调查,始终贯穿着项目的整个过程,为广东人工鱼礁建设穿针引线。     

福建沿岸海域人工鱼礁礁区宏观布局的研究

根据2003~2005年开展的“福建省人工鱼礁建设区划研究”的调查研究资料,本文着重分析研究了福建沿岸海域4种鱼礁类型礁区布局的范围、重点和设置方法等。结果表明:“海珍品增养殖礁”礁区应控制在“10m等深线以内的浅海滩涂与港湾内”,礁区布局的重点为“重要养殖种类的主要繁育区域和增养殖区”;“游钓型鱼礁”、“生产型鱼礁”和“公益型鱼礁”礁区布局原则上控制在“10m等深线至机动渔船底拖网禁渔区线”以内的沿海水域;“游钓型鱼礁”礁区布局要坚持与滨海旅游景区相结合,礁区设置要依托海岸或天然岛礁;“生产型鱼礁”礁区布局的重点为海洋捕捞作业的“重要渔业水域”;“公益型鱼礁”礁区布局的重点为“重要水生生物的主要繁育区域”;礁区布局要尽量选择地形地貌条件易于产生上升流的浅滩或地形凸出部区域。     

人工鱼礁和大型海藻对许氏平鲉和大泷六线鱼幼鱼的诱集作用

为了探究大型海藻和人工鱼礁对鱼类的诱集作用,依据崂山湾人工鱼礁区游泳动物和大型海藻调查结果,以海黍子、孔石莼、带形蜈蚣藻、石花菜和小珊瑚藻5种优势藻类,许氏平鲉和大泷六线鱼2种优势鱼类以及人工鱼礁模型为研究对象,于室内实验水槽观察了许氏平鲉和大泷六线鱼幼鱼在海藻和模型礁中的行为反应和分布。结果显示,水槽中未投放模型礁和海藻时,实验鱼密集出现在水槽边缘区(A9),分布率分别为75.71%±7.79%和73.63%±4.41%。放入模型礁和海藻丛后,许氏平鲉和大泷六线鱼出现短暂的排斥反应,然后迅速聚集其中;2种鱼对带形蜈蚣藻的响应时间最短[(12.75~21.00)s],对模型礁的响应时间最长[(66.50~151.25)s];带形蜈蚣藻聚集许氏平鲉用时最短[(151.50±8.14)s],海黍子聚集大泷六线鱼用时最短[(56.00±2.53)s];大泷六线鱼对模型礁的聚集时间为(216.25±5.59)s,远低于许氏平鲉(1343.50±5.38)s;2种鱼在模型礁中的停留时间远长于海藻丛,且大泷六线鱼的停留时间(211.85±7.96)s长于许氏平鲉(199.75±16.82)s。海藻丛和模型礁对2种岩礁性幼鱼的诱集效果明显,实验区幼鱼的分布率由未投放模型礁和海藻前的0.91%~8.78%上升到4.21%~31.42%;高密度带形蜈蚣藻和海黍子的诱集效果最好,对许氏平鲉和大泷六线鱼的聚集率分别达到30.42%±1.14%和31.42%±1.74%,而低密度小珊瑚藻的诱集作用不明显。     

人工鱼礁竖板不同方形孔径对黑鲷幼鱼诱集效果研究

建设人工鱼礁是修复海洋生境、养护渔业资源的重要措施.钢筋混凝土鱼礁是常用的人工鱼礁类型,鱼礁竖板(侧板、内部间板)方形开孔是钢筋混凝土鱼礁结构设计中主要设计参数,竖板方形孔径大小是影响鱼类诱集效果的重要因素.以人工鱼礁区常见的礁栖鱼类黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)幼鱼为研究对象,设计制作具有不同方形孔...     

廉江龙头沙人工鱼礁区初显集鱼效果

根据2002年11月和2006年11月对廉江龙头沙人工鱼礁区进行渔业资源底拖网调查的结果,初步评估人工鱼礁建设对礁区及邻近海域渔业资源的养护效果.结果显示:投礁后,礁区内资源种类(特别是鱼类)增加明显,由投礁前的9种增加到23种,增加了1.56倍,而对照海区资源种类(特别是鱼类)明显减少,由投礁前的26种减少至15种,减少了42.31%;投礁后各类资源的资源密度明显比投礁前高,礁区内和对照海区总资源密度分别比投礁前增加了9.25倍和1.06倍;投礁一年多来,礁区内已初步形成新型的人工生境,头足类成为礁区内的新增优势类群,杜氏枪乌贼成为对照海区的第一优势种,初步显示出人工鱼礁对游泳生物(特别是鱼类和头足类)的诱集效果,并且这种效果已波及到礁区邻近海域.     

三横山人工鱼礁区鱼类和大型无脊椎动物诱集效果初探

为了解人工鱼礁投放对鱼类和大型无脊椎动物(简称FM,以下同)的诱集效果,分别于2007年5、9月和2009年3、5、7月对上三横山人工鱼礁B区与泥底区进行了拖网本底和跟踪调查,并于2009年1-8月对下三横山人工鱼礁A区与鳗头山岩礁和泥底区进行了刺网调查。采用CPUE、Margalef种类丰富度d、经济种类数变化、Whilm多样性指数H′′等反映FM的资源状况。结果显示,(1)鱼礁A区和岩礁区在CPUE、种类丰富度、经济种和多样性上均无明显差异(P>0.05),而两者各指标与泥底区皆存在显著差异(P<0.05);(2)鱼礁B区,投礁后CPUE和经济种类数都明显高于投礁前也大于同期对照区,差异显著(P<0.05);礁区平均丰富度水平高出同期对照区31.1%(P<0.05);多样性水平相对投礁前和对照区都有一定提高,但尚无显著差异(0.05相似文献   

基于流场数值仿真的人工鱼礁组合优化研究

基于特征礁水槽集鱼实验,研究了不同结构人工鱼礁和不同背景速度下黑鲷幼鱼在各流速区段出现频度,以鱼类出现频度高、水平流速为背景速度的0.7倍和0.8倍以下的流场空间体积作为背涡流范围指标,以垂向上升流速为水平来流速度的0.1倍和0.2倍以上的空间体积作为上升流范围指标,基于Fluent、采用大涡模拟法(LES)的湍流模型,进行数值水槽建模,以4种单位鱼礁组合方案为例来分析不同组合流场效应的差异和优劣。研究表明,边长3 m的正方体鱼礁,以20～30个单礁、1～2倍礁距进行五点式、对称型单位鱼礁组合投放为宜,这样既能发挥礁体的协同效应,又能使单位鱼礁的调控范围达到最大化。     

人工鱼礁生态诱集技术的机理及研究进展

人工鱼礁是用于营造海洋牧场、调控和优化海洋生态环境、增殖渔业资源的人工设施。人工鱼礁所形成的环境可以作为鱼类良好的栖息、庇护和产卵场所,有利于鱼类的生存和繁殖,因此对鱼类具有良好的诱集效应。本文从多个角度论述了人工鱼礁生态诱集技术的机理以及鱼类行为和生态诱集技术的研究进展,探讨了目前人工鱼礁生态诱集技术研究所面临的问题和主要发展方向,旨在为我国沿海人工鱼礁建设提供一定的理论基础。     

Fish assemblages associated with artificial reefs of concrete aggregates or quarry stone offshore Miami Beach,Florida, USA

Few studies have compared the suitability of different artificial reef construction materials in terms of their efficacy in acquiring diverse faunal assemblages. We compared the fishes associated with 12 co-located reefs constructed of limestone quarry boulders, concrete-gravel aggregate, or concrete-tire aggregate (four of each substrate) in 7 m of water, 200 m offshore Miami Beach, Florida, USA. All 12 reefs were deployed 100 m apart the same day in two lines of six. The four quarry stone reefs consist of a pile of 50 boulders each. The remaining eight reefs, of concrete-gravel aggregate and concrete-tire aggregate, were each constructed with 25 1.5 m edge and 25 1.2 m edge tetrahedron modules. Every two months from October 1998 to February 2001, SCUBA divers recorded fish species, abundance, and length, as well as spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, abundance. One hundred and forty-six species of fishes were recorded during the study period. The abundance and species richness of fish on each treatment exhibited a significant (p<0.05) seasonal variation with summer months having the greatest numbers and winter the lowest. There was no significant difference in total fish or spiny lobster abundance or fish biomass amongst the three reef types (p>0.05). Likewise, multi-dimensional scaling of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indices did not indicate clustering of fish assemblages by reef type. Comparison of pre-deployment fish counts from the reef sites and neighboring hard bottom and jetty with counts from the same sites two years post-deployment indicate the artificial reefs increased both fish abundance and richness in the local area.     

The Value of a Net‐Cage as a Fish Aggregating Device in Southern California

There is an urgent need for primary data that can be used to quantify the value of marine aquaculture facilities that also describe influences on the surrounding natural ecosystem and its wild fish communities. Divers completed 360 transect replicates below a net‐cage and at nearby and distant rocky reefs off Catalina Island, California, estimating the species abundance and size class of all conspicuous fishes in the water column. We observed 10,234 fishes aggregating below the net‐cage with a mean annual density of 142 (SE ± 30) per 100 m² and diversity H′ 2.29. At the adjacent reference reef, we counted 8452 fishes with a mean annual density of 117 (SE ± 20) and H′ 1.45 and at Reference Reef 2, located 500 m away, there were 8958 fishes with a density of 124 (SE ± 20) and H′ 1.13. The total density of fishes was the same between the study sites (ANOVA; P = 0.24); however, the spatial density of fishes in the water column was different between the net‐cage and reference reefs. Additionally, the density of juvenile fish was significantly lower at the net‐cage (ANOVA; P = 0.02), while the density of subadult and adult fishes was higher (ANOVA; P = 0.03). Feeding guild analysis ranked the net‐cage highest (3507), while Reference Reef 1 (2149), and Reference Reef 2 (2241), had lower values, a relationship often found between artificial and natural reefs. This suggests the importance of available trophic resources to the adult population of wild fishes, and has implications in the artificial reef attraction–production debate. The results of this study not only reproduce a pattern of fish attraction to net‐cages in the marine environment reported in previous studies but also demonstrate a relative habitat value compared in both time and space, of the fish community at a net‐cage compared with vibrant kelp bed communities.     

现场海域人工鱼礁分布状态聚类分析

人工鱼礁的流场营造、鱼类诱集等建设目标,一般是通过单位鱼礁、鱼礁群等不同规模的形式实现的;实际投放的成千上百个人工鱼礁处于何种分布状态、它们是否满足单位鱼礁等规模要求,是非常值得关注的课题。本文利用空间聚类分析,借助基于划分的算法、基于层次的算法和基于约束的算法对投放后的鱼礁进行划分、归类或剔除,并选择单位鱼礁的重心、影响面积、鱼礁单体数量以及礁体间距4个指标进行比较分析,探讨人工鱼礁实际的组合聚类模式。结果显示3种空间聚类算法误差的排列顺序为：约束算法<划分算法<层次算法。通过对比分析,在基于约束的聚类算法下,最能反映人工鱼礁的实际集聚情况。     

海州湾人工鱼礁养护资源效果初探

20 0 3年 7月至 2 0 0 3年 12月在连云港海州湾投放了第一批人工鱼礁 ,2 5 0个单体大礁 ,75 0个小礁体 ,30只船礁 ,共计 135 30m3 (空方 )。为了探讨海州湾人工鱼礁投放后鱼礁区的渔业资源养护情况 ,对该海区进行 6个航次的调查 ,投礁前调查 3次 ,投礁后调查 3次。调查结果表明 :人工鱼礁投放后鱼礁区生物多样性指数和丰度均有所增加 ;鱼礁区CPUE比投礁前增加 1倍左右 ,其中鱼类的CPUE增加最多。鱼礁区比对照区相对应时期的CPUE要高许多 ;优势资源种类也有一定的变化。     

长江三峡库区铜锣峡江段人工鱼礁生态效果初步评估

为了研究长江三峡水库变动回水区人工鱼礁建设后的效果,分别于2019年8月和12月,采用渔业资源传统调查与水声学探测结合的方法,对铜锣峡江段开展了资源现状调查。结果显示:人工鱼礁区域鱼类组成共计70种,隶属于6目14科,其中长江上游特有鱼类10种;人工鱼礁区域鱼类分布以小个体为主,夏季和冬季体长超过6 cm的个体占比分别为20.81%和22.19%;人工鱼礁区域鱼类密度高于其他区域,夏季和冬季鱼类密度分别为50.78 ind/hm2和86.23 ind/hm2;人工鱼礁区域鱼类分布具有时空特性,夏季主要集中于中下层,占比为87.79%,冬季主要集中分布于下层,占比为48.34%。结果表明,人工鱼礁具有一定的集鱼效果,有利于渔业资源的保护。     

The effects of epibenthic communities on reef fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract  Reef fishes were compared between artificial reefs with ( n  =   20) and without ( n  =   20) epibenthic communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Artificial reefs were built in June 2003; half were coated with copper-based paint to prevent epibenthic community development. Reefs were surveyed by SCUBA divers to estimate fish abundance in the autumn and winter 2003 and spring 2004. Total fish abundance and abundance of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey), and gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, were significantly ( P  ≤   0.05) higher on reefs with epibenthic communities. In the spring 2004, the abundance of belted sandfish, Serranus subligarius (Cope), the size of red snapper and community measures of diversity and evenness were significantly ( P  ≤   0.05) greater on unpainted reefs. These significant differences provide evidence that reef fishes were positively affected by the presence of epibenthic organisms that probably provided increased food resources.     

人工鱼礁投放误差分布研究

人工鱼礁建设海域的鱼礁实际分布状态与设计方案的鱼礁配置组合之间往往存在着不同程度的偏离差异,而如何从单位鱼礁和鱼礁群层面上评估鱼礁投放误差,是评价人工鱼礁投放质量乃至建设效果的基本前提。本实验选择港湾、岛礁、开阔等典型海域的人工鱼礁区,以重心位置、外围面积、重叠面积、单体数量以及平均间距为指标,在单位鱼礁的层面上,对实际投放的人工鱼礁进行误差计算与分析。结果显示,各指标的误差整体上基本服从正态分布,某个鱼礁区指标的误差可能服从多种合理的拟合分布,不同投礁海域的同一个误差指标具有类似的分布规律,不同的误差指标拟合分布的情况也有可能相同。重心位置误差、重叠面积误差以及单体数量误差在不同区域极限误差相同,其标准化误差分布范围分别为[0,1]、[0,1]、[0,0.451],而其他误差要素在不同区域得到的极限误差略有差异,总体上,外围面积误差分布在[0,1]之间,礁体间距误差和总体误差的分布范围分别为[0,1],[0,0.890]。通过对人工鱼礁投放误差规律及误差范围的分析,才能对投放误差进行等级划分,进一步为鱼礁投放评价标准的划分提供依据。     

Active habitat selection by pre-settlement reef fishes

Our understanding of habitat selection by reef fish larvae has changed dramatically in the last 10 years. Fish larvae have long been considered passive particles at the mercy of ocean currents, tides and weather events. For reef fishes, ecological evidence has shown that passive dispersal alone often cannot explain larval distributions, suggesting active behaviour by reef fish larvae. While behaviourally modified passive transport may be important, recent work demonstrates that some reef fish larvae have the capability to actively swim to settlement habitat. They can orientate to reefs from distances of at least 1 km and can swim at speeds of 13.5 cm s^?1 for several days. The question then becomes, what are the cues that fish larvae use to orientate to reefs? Ambient reef sound has been shown to be attractive to reef fish larvae, and current research aims to understand better the nature and use of these acoustic cues. Other potential cues include chemoreception/olfaction, wave cues and visual location of reefs. A better understanding of active habitat selection and the underlying sensory and behavioural mechanisms will improve our knowledge of recruitment processes in reef fish ecology, and may have implications for active management of reef fish populations.