日本鬼鲉脊柱和附肢骨骼的早期发育

通过软骨-硬骨双染色的方法对日本鬼鲉从初孵仔鱼到35日龄的发育过程中脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育进行系统观察.结果显示,脊柱的发育以10日龄髓弓的出现和1 1日龄脉弓的发育为起点;其中,椎体、髓棘、脉棘在20日龄形成,至35日龄基本完成骨化并伴随着躯椎的弯曲,并且发育和骨化顺序均为从前向后.附肢骨骼的发育顺序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍、背鳍和腹鳍.胸鳍的发育以3日龄胸鳍的匙骨、支鳍骨原基的出现为起点,11日龄软骨质的胸鳍支鳍骨形成,35日龄胸鳍下端支鳍骨游离.腰带和腹鳍出现较晚,在18日龄开始发育,但发育较快.背鳍和臀鳍出现在20日龄,23日龄时出现完整背鳍和臀鳍形态,并伴随着鳍棘的发生;背鳍从身体中部出现,此后鳍棘由前向后发育,而臀鳍从身体中部向后发育.尾鳍发育以8日龄仔鱼尾下骨的发育为起点,15日龄尾鳍基本成型,尾下骨和尾鳍条分为上下两部分.35日龄尾鳍支鳍骨形成并初步完成骨化.对日本鬼鲉脊柱和附肢骨骼的早期发育研究,为早期发育过程中的功能适应性研究提供依据.     

美洲鲥仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼系统的早期发育

使用软骨-硬骨双染色技术,描述了美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)仔稚鱼(1~51日龄)脊柱、胸鳍、尾鳍、背鳍等附肢骨骼的形态发育特征。结果显示,脊柱的发育开始于10日龄仔鱼尾部的髓弓、脉弓和尾下骨的出现,16日龄髓弓和脉弓延伸形成髓棘和脉棘,19日龄脊柱出现分节的硬骨环,23日龄所有椎体形成。各附鳍支鳍骨发育顺序先后依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、背鳍、臀鳍和腹鳍。胸鳍在2日龄时出现乌喙骨,13日龄形成软骨质的胸鳍支鳍骨,19日龄仔鱼肩带和上匙骨开始骨化;尾鳍的尾下骨最早出现在5日龄,12日龄尾鳍形成2枚尾上骨、1枚尾杆骨和6枚尾下骨,19日龄仔鱼尾椎和尾鳍率先开始骨化,直至23日龄尾鳍骨骼系统钙化完全。最终背鳍和臀鳍分别形成18和22根鳍条。美洲鲥骨骼发育研究对其早期发育功能趋向、环境优化及分类鉴定有重要作用。     

刀鲚脊柱及附肢骨骼早期发育研究

为了解刀鲚骨骼的早期发育过程,采用软骨—硬骨双染色法对养殖刀鲚脊柱、附肢骨骼的早期发育进行了系统研究。结果表明,养殖刀鲚26日龄时出现硬骨环,脉弓先于髓弓于第29天长出,38日龄时脊柱硬骨化完成,髓弓、脉弓均从前往后进行硬骨化。附肢骨骼的发育顺序依次为胸鳍、背鳍、臀鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍。胸鳍在第3日龄出现原基,50日龄硬骨化基本完成。19日龄背鳍间鳍软骨出现,50日龄硬骨化完成。29日龄臀鳍出现10个基鳍软骨,38日龄基鳍软骨和间鳍软骨才全部长出,48日龄硬骨化完成。29日龄腹鳍支鳍骨结构已形成,至50日龄硬骨化完成。尾鳍在29日龄时尾下骨全部出现,31日龄时出现尾上骨,50日龄硬骨化完成,期间涉及尾上骨联合、尾下骨与侧尾下骨联合等特点。首次记录了游离鳍条、腹肋及肌间刺的硬骨化状态。通过与鲱形目其它种的比较研究发现,刀鱼的分类地位较低。     

军曹鱼仔稚鱼脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育特征

为探明军曹鱼仔稚鱼早期脊柱及附肢骨骼的发育特征,本研究采用软骨-硬骨双染色技术,分别利用阿利新兰、茜素红对软骨、硬骨以及1～33日龄军曹鱼仔稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,系统观察并描述其脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育特征。结果显示,军曹鱼脊柱开始发育的标志为7日龄仔鱼中脉弓和神经弓的出现;13日龄稚鱼椎骨、神经弓和脉弓开始骨化;背肋、腹肋分别于17、20日龄开始骨化;29日龄稚鱼脊柱骨化完成。附肢骨骼骨化起始顺序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、腹鳍、背鳍和臀鳍。胸鳍匙骨于4日龄出现,肩胛骨孔于12日龄出现,同时上匙骨开始骨化;乌喙骨与肩胛骨于20日龄开始骨化;第1尾下骨于5日龄出现,15日龄稚鱼尾杆骨、侧尾下骨和尾鳍鳍条开始骨化,18日龄稚鱼尾下骨开始骨化;腹鳍支鳍骨于17日龄延伸至匙骨,同时腹鳍开始骨化;臀鳍和背鳍于17日龄由前向后开始骨化。研究表明,军曹鱼在13日龄进入稚鱼期,早期发育阶段的骨骼发育特征与其功能性适应密切相关。本研究结果对研究军曹鱼早期骨骼发育与功能适应、优化养殖条件有重要作用。     

金钱鱼仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼系统早期发育研究

采用软骨—硬骨双染色技术于体视镜下观察金钱鱼1～45日龄仔稚鱼脊柱、腹鳍、臀鳍等附肢骨骼的早期发育。结果显示,1～8日龄金钱鱼仔鱼脊索为无分节的圆锥体,11日龄髓弓和脉弓的出现标志着脊柱发育开始,28日龄出现分节的硬骨环,38日龄脊柱形成22～24节椎骨。所有附肢支鳍骨发育的顺序为胸鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍和背鳍。胸鳍在5日龄时形成胸鳍支鳍骨,38日龄上匙骨和肩带骨化;腹鳍在5日龄时出现腹鳍支鳍骨,33日龄时腹鳍支鳍骨原基硬骨化完成;尾鳍的尾下骨最早出现在11日龄,15日龄脊索末端向上弯曲,41日龄尾鳍骨化完成;臀鳍在13日龄时排泄孔与尾下骨之间出现6根软骨质的支鳍骨,22日龄时臀鳍前4根锐化臀刺,38日龄时臀鳍开始骨化;背鳍在13日龄时形成9枚软骨质的支鳍骨,21日龄背鳍前10～11根鳍条锐化成背棘,33日龄背鳍支鳍骨和鳍条相继开始硬骨骨化。在温度25.5～29.1℃,盐度由25逐渐降至1.7的养殖条件下,15日龄金钱鱼尾索上翘,主动捕食和运动能力增强,由仔鱼期转入稚鱼期;20日龄时开始出现栉鳞,可以逐渐盐度淡化;鱼棘出现后,苗种生产过程中应注意被刺伤。第1背棘为倒棘、臀棘的数量和栉鳞的出现是金钱鱼科在鲈形目分类划分的显著判断标志。金钱鱼仔稚鱼骨骼发育研究结果对其早期发育环境适应、生产操作和分类鉴定有重要作用。     

青干金枪鱼骨骼系统研究

为揭示青干金枪鱼(Thunnus tonggol)骨骼形态特征,文章采用X-ray透视成像系统及骨骼标本制作法开展相关研究。结果显示,青干金枪鱼骨骼包括附肢骨骼和中轴骨骼两部分,其中附肢骨骼包括带骨和支鳍骨,中轴骨骼包括头骨、脊柱和尾骨。青干金枪鱼头部骨骼分为脑颅和咽颅两部分,脑颅主要包括嗅区、额眼区、蝶骨区和枕骨区,咽颅即包围在消化管前端的骨骼,包括颌弓、舌弓、鳃弓和鳃盖骨系。青干金枪鱼脊柱则由39枚脊椎骨前后衔接构成,其中第35至第38节椎体的髓棘和脉棘向后延伸变形成尾上骨和尾下骨,第39节椎体演变成尾杆骨。开展青干金枪鱼骨骼系统的研究不仅丰富了金枪鱼属鱼类的生物学基础,也为其分类及演化提供相关参考。     

棘头梅童鱼仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼的早期发育

本研究基于 2014 年 6–7 月在杭州湾北部水域用大型仔稚鱼网(口径 1.3 m、网目 0.5 mm)进行表层拖网所采集的棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys luncidus)仔稚鱼样本, 采用软骨-硬骨双染色技术, 探讨了棘头梅童鱼仔稚鱼(体长范围为 3.3~12.7 mm)脊柱及附肢骨骼的早期发育和骨化特征。研究结果表明: 脊柱骨化之前不分节, 而是由前向后逐渐长出的多个骨环把脊柱分节, 硬骨化出现的顺序大体上为由前向后。髓弓在脊柱骨化之前完全形成, 相对于一些低等鱼类髓弓等的生成方向是从中间向头尾和从后向前进行, 棘头梅童鱼的髓弓由前向后生长, 属于相对高等鱼类的生长类型。胸鳍支鳍骨是最先发育的附肢骨骼, 为能够自由地游泳摄食和从内源性营养转变为外源性营养提供了保障。后颞骨的形状十分特殊, 具有四枚向不同方向突起的棘; 背鳍支鳍骨由体中部开始向前后生长, 尾鳍支鳍骨的骨化晚于其他附肢骨骼, 侧尾下骨与其相邻的两枚尾下骨的基部融合, 为其游泳提供了强劲的动力。该研究结果不仅可以为早期形态学分类提供骨骼发育学方面的科学依据, 对棘头梅童鱼人工繁殖过程中结合骨骼发育进行技术上的契合也具有重要的参考价值。     

高体中轴骨骼特性分析

文章采用X光射线法结合生物生态消化法,对高体(Seriola dumerili)个体中轴骨骼进行了消化、拍照及描述性统计。研究发现高体中轴骨骼包括头骨和脊柱,头骨分为脑颅和咽颅两部分,脑颅分为筛区、眼区、耳区、枕区4区及围眶骨系,咽颅分为颌弓、舌弓、鳃弓3区及鳃盖骨系;高体躯干支撑结构为脊柱,脊柱由前后连接的椎骨组成,每节椎骨均由形态不同的椎体、髓棘、髓弓组成,部分椎骨分化出椎体横突、肋骨、脉弓和脉棘。结果表明,高体头部主要骨骼约为128块,其中脑颅(包括围眶骨系) 39块,咽颅(包括鳃盖骨系) 89块;包括尾杆骨在内,高体脊柱椎骨数目为24,脊柱共有髓棘、髓弓23枚,脉棘14枚、脉弓15枚,椎体横突10对,无背肋,腹肋9对。     

鳜鱼养成期死亡原因及防治对策

据对无锡郊区和吴江市重点养鱼区跟踪调查，2000年鳜鱼发病率达90％以上，死亡率70％，部分塘口达到95％。从100克到400克重的个体均有发病现象，给养殖户造成了重大的经济损失。本中心对百余亩鳜鱼池的死亡原因和防治方法总结分析如下，供养殖户参考。1 发病症状通过对多处发病塘口长时间观察和数十尾病鱼解剖分析，病鱼一般体表色暗，离群独游，浮于水面，反应迟缓，用网可轻易捞起；部分鱼上下窜游；体表鳍条(胸鳍、腹鳍为主)基部发红；头部鳃盖骨及下颌骨发红；口腔充血发炎；鳃丝肿大、粘液多、紫红充血；鳃弓基部充血；肛门发红。解剖…     

澳大利亚银鲈的生物学特性及人工繁养殖技术

澳大利亚银鲈（Bidyanusbidyanus）属鲈形目，条纹鱼科，闽南一带又称为金鳟、甘旨鱼。该鱼适应性强、广温广盐，二十世纪八十年代，澳大利亚将其开发成最温和的养殖品种和理想的游钓鱼类之一。一、生物学特性：１．形态澳大利亚银鲈的体形似梭形，体色呈银灰色且富于光泽，鳞片细小，幼鱼阶段体形较修长，随着生长其体干宽度逐渐增加。前鳃盖骨有片状的细突刺，第２鳃盖骨的后端有２个突起的棘，背鳍有硬棘１２支，其末梢尖锐，捕捉时容易互刺受伤。胸鳍及腹鳍各有１对硬棘，臀鳍有３支，尾鳍内凹，上下末梢呈圆弧形。头及嘴小，齿细。２…     

Effect of dietary vitamin A on Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) skeletogenesis and larval quality

The effects of different levels of vitamin A (VA) in Senegalese sole larval performance and development were evaluated by means of a dietary dose–response experiment using enriched Artemia metanauplii as a carrier of this micronutrient. Larvae were fed from 6 to 27 days post hatch (dph) with enriched Artemia containing graded levels of total VA (1.3, 2.1, 4.5 and 12.9 µg VA mg^− 1 DW). The content of VA in live prey directly affected its accumulation in larvae and early juveniles. Retinyl palmitate accumulated during larval ontogeny, whereas retinol showed the opposite trend, decreasing from hatching until 41 dph and then remaining constant until the end of the study.In metamorphic larvae (10 and 15 dph), VA did not affect the number of thyroid follicles or the intensity of the immunoreactive staining of T₃ and T₄. However, at older stages of development (post-metamorphic larvae: 20, 30, 41 and 48 dph), VA decreased the number of thyroid follicles but increased their mean size and enhanced T₃ and T₄ immunoreactive staining. A dietary excess of VA did not affect either larval performance in terms of growth and survival or the maturation of the digestive system. However, the most remarkable impact of this morphogenetic nutrient was detected during skeletal morphogenesis. Dietary VA accelerated the intramembranous ossification of vertebral centrums, which led to the formation of a supranumerary haemal vertebra and a high incidence of fused and compressed vertebrae in fish fed 2.1, 4.5 and 12.9 mg VA mg^− 1 DW. In addition, VA also affected those structures from vertebrae and caudal fin formed by chondral ossification, leading to defects in their shape and fusions with adjacent skeletal elements. In particular, the caudal fin was the region most affected by the dietary treatments. In order of importance, the bones with more developmental anomalies were the modified neural and haemal spines, epural, hypurals and parahypural. The impact of systemic factors such as thyroidal hormones in skeletogenesis should not be neglected since present results revealed that an excess of dietary VA affected the levels of T₃ and T₄, which might have affected bone formation and remodelling, leading to skeletal deformities.     

Skeletal development and abnormalities of the vertebral column and fins in larval stage of hatchery‐reared American shad,Alosa sapidissima

The present study describes the skeletal development and the occurrence of deformities in American shad, Alosa sapidissima, larvae from hatching to 45 days after hatching (DAH). The ontogeny of the vertebral column started at 16 DAH (days after hatching), with the formation of the posterior neural and haemal arches, and was complete at 28 DAH. In comparison, the vertebral centra started to form at 16 DAH, with ossification being visible in all centra at 38 DAH. The pectorals were the only fins that formed before the onset of feeding (at 2 DAH), with ossification being complete at 45 DAH. The caudal fin formed at 5 DAH, with ossification being complete at 40 DAH. Dorsal and pelvic fin development began at 6 DAH and 20 DAH respectively. The ossification of both the dorsal and pelvic fins was visible at 45 DAH. The anal fin began forming at 14 DAH, and was complete at 30 DAH. The ossification of the anal fin was complete at 45 DAH. Overall, 22 types of skeletal deformities were detected in about 41% of individuals. Most anomalies were detected in the haemal region, while the fewest anomalies were detected in the anal fin. In addition, the frequency of deformities gradually increased with fish age at the different developmental stages. Our results are expected to contribute baseline information on how rearing conditions impact skeletal development, in addition to identifying potential causative factors of skeletal deformities.     

斑点鳟仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育

以斑点鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)发眼卵为材料,进行了发眼卵的人工孵化及仔鱼的人工培育研究。对斑点鳟仔稚鱼的形态发育进行了系统观察,描述了各发育期的形态特征,并测定生长参数。斑点鳟早期生活史的分期如下:初孵仔鱼全长14.25±0.45 mm,体重85±5 mg,肛门未开口,营内源性营养,脊柱末端向上弯曲;10 dph开始上浮,投喂卤虫;12 dph开口摄食,开始营内外源混合性营养;14 dph鳍膜消失,各鳍独立;16dph开始投喂配合饵料;24 dph卵黄囊吸收完毕,营完全外源性营养;34 dph,体侧形成8～9个幼鲑斑;44 dph各鳍的鳍条发育健全;60 dph幼鱼外形为纺锤形,与成鱼相同。研究表明,斑点鳟早期生长发育过程中全长、肛门前长、水平眼径和头高的生长情况基本相同,0～16 dph生长速度较快,16～44 dph生长速度较慢,44 dph后生长速度再次变快。     

鮸鱼仔鱼摄食功能骨骼早期发育研究

采用硬骨-软骨双染色技术,详细地研究了鲵鱼仔鱼各发育阶段摄食功能骨骼的形态发育和骨化特征.在孵化后至4日龄(体长3.0 mm)仔鱼,舌弓、鳃弓、悬骨系以软骨形式,而鳃盖骨系、上下颌则以纤维化骨质逐步出现并相继硬骨化,至34日龄(7.8 mm)仔鱼,除方骨、后翼骨和中翼骨外,其它骨骼完全硬骨化.研究结果表明:鮸鱼仔鱼摄食器官的骨骼在短时间内硬骨化,为开始主动摄食提供了必要条件,表明仔鱼阶段已具备了摄食能力.     

A new type of lordosis and vertebral body compression in Gilthead sea bream,Sparus aurata L.: aetiology,anatomy and consequences for survival

A new type of vertebral malformation is described, consisting of deformed cartilaginous neural and haemal processes and the compression and fusion of vertebral bodies. The malformation is designated as haemal vertebral compression and fusion (haemal VCF). We studied the aetiology of the malformations and described microanatomical histopathological alterations. The malformations were detected during routine quality control in one of six monitored Gilthead sea bream populations. Haemal VCF affected the posterior part of the vertebral column (haemal vertebrae). In 20% of the deformed specimens, haemal VCF was combined with lordosis. At 35 dph (days post‐hatching), early anatomical signs of the haemal VCF consisted of abnormal centrum mineralization, malformed cartilaginous neural and haemal processes and developing lordotic alterations. The histological examination of the deformed individuals revealed that haemal VCF is preceded by notochord abnormalities. The frequency of deformed individuals was three times higher at 35 than at 61 dph (50.3% vs. 17.2%, n = 157 and n = 250, respectively). No signs of repair or reversion of malformations have been observed. Thus, the steep decrease in deformities in older animals suggests that haemal VCF is linked to high mortality rates. The results are discussed in respect of the possible causative factors of haemal VCF.     

Osteological development and anomalies in larval stage of hatchery‐reared yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Comprehensive knowledge of osteological development of fish not only provides means for understanding its functional development, but also allows early detection of skeletal anomalies. The present study was conducted to determine osteological development and occurrence of anomalies from the first to the 40th day after hatching (DAH) for yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, a commercially important species in China. Vertebral ontogeny started with formation of anterior neural arches at 3 DAH, and completed at 6 DAH. Vertebral centra started to develop at 4 DAH and ossification in all centra was visible at 15 DAH. Caudal fin appeared at 2 DAH and ossification was visible at 26 DAH. The onset of dorsal and anal fins appeared at 4 DAH and their ossifications were visible at 20 DAH. Pectoral fins were present before first feeding and formed entirely at 9 DAH, and their ossifications were visible at 21 DAH. Pelvic fins appeared at 9 DAH, and formed completely at 21 DAH. The ossification of pelvic fins was not finished until the end of the experiment (40 DAH). 24 types of skeletal anomalies were observed. About 20% of individuals showed at least one anomaly. Haemal vertebrae anomalies occurred at the highest frequency, followed by pre‐haemal, caudal vertebrae and anal fin anomalies, and caudal fin had the lowest anomalies frequency. For the first time, our study determined osteological development and anomalies incidence in larval yellow catfish, which help further investigations into rearing conditions leading to appearance of these anomalies to prevent their incidence.     

miR-124和Otx2在牙鲆变态发育期间的表达调控及其靶向关系验证

牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)是研究鱼类变态发育的理想模型,其右眼移位及生活习性的改变受甲状腺激素(TH)调控。同时microRNA (miRNAs)在变态期间发挥关键性作用。为研究TH、pol-miR-124及Otx2在牙鲆变态中的调控机制,本实验通过生物信息学方法预测pol-miR-124潜在靶基因Otx2,首先利用qRT-PCR检测在牙鲆各组织、正常变态及外源TH处理仔鱼后pol-miR-124和Otx2的表达模式。然后克隆400bp含有"种子序列"的Otx23′UTR区序列,构建野生型重组载体pmirGLO-Otx2并转染293T细胞检测双荧光素酶活性确定靶向关系。qRT-PCR结果表明:pol-miR-124和Otx2均在脑和眼睛组织中特异性高表达;在仔鱼变态28 dph表达量最高与变态进程相一致; TH作用下,在20 dph、24 dph时期, pol-miR-124的表达量低于正常组,而Otx2的表达量高于正常组;在28 dph、32dph、36dph时期,pol-miR-124的表达量高于正常组,但Otx2的表达量低于正常组,两者呈现出相反的表达趋势;双荧光素酶结果显示pol-miR-124靶向负调控Otx2。本实验旨为揭示牙鲆视觉感光系统的发育机制奠定研究基础,同时为探讨牙鲆变态发育机制提供了新的理论依据。     

中华鲟免疫器官的早期发育

为了解中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)免疫器官早期发育的形态和组织学特征,实验以1～300dph中华鲟子二代的仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼为研究对象,使用连续石蜡切片技术和显微观察方法对免疫器官(头肾、胸腺和脾脏)的发育过程进行观察和记录。结果显示,培育水温为12.9～22.6℃时,中华鲟免疫器官原基出现的先后顺序为头肾(3dph)、胸腺(7dph)和脾脏(9dph);免疫器官淋巴化先后顺序为胸腺(12dph)、头肾(15dph)和脾脏(33dph)。仔鱼发育至15 dph可见头肾和胸腺间有淋巴细胞"桥"连接现象,180dph胸腺内可见哈氏小体结构,头肾、胸腺和脾脏内含有黑色素细胞或黑色素巨噬细胞中心(MMCs)。总体而言,中华鲟免疫器官发育具有原基出现时间早、发育速度慢和发育周期长的特点。由于仔稚幼鱼免疫系统发育不完善,建议在其培育过程中加强病害防治和早期疫苗的开发。     

全同胞家系中生长差异翘嘴鳜肌肉转录组分析

翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)是中国重要的经济水产养殖品种,对翘嘴鳜基因表达模式进行研究有助于筛选优势个体,培育生长特性优良的品种。为了解体重明显差异翘嘴鳜个体的差异基因表达信息,为翘嘴鳜培育提供基因指导,本研究从同一家系中挑选体重明显差异的3月龄翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)个体进行肌肉转录组测序,研究不同体型个体间基因表达模式差异。结果显示,来自同一家系的翘嘴鳜个体在相同养殖条件下仍出现明显体重差异,养殖3个月后,极大个体(overweight)平均体重可达到极小个体(underweight)的4倍。分别对极大个体和极小个体的肌肉组织进行转录组测序,共获得73353个非重复序列基因(unigenes),通过基因表达量比较共获得8942个差异基因,对差异表达基因进行定义发现,GHR2、IGFR1、4ebp、Mhc、Mlc、Troponin等基因在极小个体中具有更高的表达水平。通过KEGG通路富集显示,蛋白质生成、蛋白质消化、RNA转运通路富集了大量差异表达基因。本研究发现体重差异明显的翘嘴鳜个体具有不同基因表达模式,转录组测序获得了大量差异表达基因信息,为翘嘴鳜生长研究提供了丰富的基因资源。