长牡蛎中国群体和美国群体杂交效应与三倍体的优势

将长牡蛎中国群体二倍体分别与美国群体二倍体和四倍体进行杂交,实验共设置4组,分别为杂交二倍体组、杂交三倍体组、中国二倍体组和美国二倍体组,比较了各实验组卵裂率、D幼率、D形幼虫大小及幼虫期、稚贝期的壳高生长、存活率等生物学指标,并估算杂交二倍体的杂种优势率和杂交三倍体的三倍体优势率。结果表明,杂交二倍体幼虫壳高生长的杂种优势率不明显,平均杂种优势率为1.21%,幼虫的存活率及稚贝的壳高生长表现出明显的杂种优势,平均杂种优势率分别为34.47%和20.39%。杂交三倍体的D形幼虫大小、幼虫和稚贝的壳高生长、存活率均表现出三倍体优势,D形幼虫大小三倍体优势率为5.19%,幼虫期壳高生长和存活的平均三倍体优势率分别为4.00%和19.92%,稚贝壳高生长和存活的平均三倍体优势率分别为30.18%和54.43%,200日龄,杂交三倍体鲜体质量的三倍体优势率为202.96%,存活三倍体优势率为73.60%。此外,稚贝期的杂交二倍体生长性状的杂种优势率和杂交三倍体的三倍体优势率均高于幼虫期的优势率。研究表明,中、美两地理群体杂交获得的三倍体长牡蛎子代生长和存活性状都比二倍体优良。杂交三倍体的优良性状主要是三倍体优势,杂交优势的贡献率还有待进一步实验证实。     

菲律宾蛤仔福建与广东群体的双列杂交

2015年9月–12月,以菲律宾蛤仔福建养殖群体和广东野生群体子一代为亲本,开展了双列杂交实验,建立了两个自交组和两个杂交组,研究了杂交子代幼虫和稚贝的生长与存活的杂种优势。结果显示,各实验组均有较高的受精率和孵化率,但无显著差异。总体上,幼虫期的生长受母体效应影响显著,稚贝期的生长杂交效应主要受交配方式影响。相反,幼虫期的存活受配对方式影响最显著,稚贝期的存活受卵源影响显著。在幼虫期,杂交组与自交组在生长和存活方面差异不显著。在稚贝期,生长表现出明显的杂种优势,壳长和壳高在30日龄以后,正反交组的平均生长速率显著快于自交组。在40日龄时,壳高和壳长总杂交优势值达到最大,分别为25.64和27.00。这可能是因为杂种优势的表达具有时期差异性。在幼虫期,福建自交组表现出最高的存活率,为36.45%±1.85%;稚贝期,广东自交组存活率最高,为52.27%±2.13%。在幼虫期和稚贝期的存活率方面,未观测到杂种优势,这可能是由于两个杂交亲本群体与存活相关的基因频率无差异或者检测次数较少所致。     

壳金长牡蛎自交和杂交家系生长与存活比较

选择具有生长优势的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)G2(A)家系及具有明显生长和存活优势的G19(B)和G28(C)家系进行完全双列杂交,得到包括3个自交组(AA、BB、CC)和6个杂交组(AB、AC、BA、BC、CA、CB)共9个壳金长牡蛎实验组,分析各实验组在幼虫期及稚贝期不同日龄的各生长指标和存活性能,并评估了杂交组的杂种优势。结果表明,在整个培育阶段,大多数杂交组在不同生长时期均表现出较高的生长和存活性能,其中,浮游幼虫期5日龄,所有杂交组的壳高和壳长均显著大于自交组(P0.05);10日龄后,杂交组CB、BC和AC的壳高显著大于相应的自交组(P0.05),杂种优势明显;稚贝期85和130日龄,杂交组CB的壳高性能大于其他实验组。浮游幼虫期10日龄,CB组存活率显著大于AA、CA组(P0.05);稚贝期85日龄后,杂交组AC、CA和CB的存活率杂种优势逐渐增大;190日龄,杂交组AC、BC与自交组AA、CC之间存活率差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果为壳金长牡蛎新品种的培育及杂种优势的充分利用奠定了重要基础。     

魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)中国群体与韩国群体杂交子一代的生长和存活比较

以魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)中国群体(C)和韩国群体(K)为材料,进行了4个组合的杂交和自交实验,分析了各实验组的受精率、孵化率、幼虫和稚贝的生长、存活以及杂交子一代的杂种优势。结果显示,4个组的受精率和孵化率均较高(80%以上);自交组的受精率略高于杂交组,但孵化率无显著差异。在幼虫期,KK组和KC组的壳长平均值大于CK组和CC组,但存活率和变态率无显著差异;在稚贝期,KK组和KC组的壳长平均值也均大于CK组和CC组,但CC组和CK组的保苗率比KC组和KK组高。综合分析比较表明,杂交KC组的杂种优势率在幼虫期和稚贝期的壳长生长上均表现为正值,在稚贝期的存活率方面也表现为正值,杂交KC组结合了两群体的部分优良性状,是理想的育种材料。     

魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)中国群体与韩国群体杂交子一代的生长和存活比较

以魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)中国群体(C)和韩国群体(K)为材料,进行了4个组合的杂交和自交实验,分析了各实验组的受精率、孵化率、幼虫和稚贝的生长、存活以及杂交子一代的杂种优势.结果显示,4个组的受精率和孵化率均较高(80％以上);自交组的受精率略高于杂交组,但孵化率无显著差异.在幼虫期,KK组和KC组的壳长平均值大于CK组和CC组,但存活率和变态率无显著差异;在稚贝期,KK组和KC组的壳长平均值也均大于CK组和CC组,但CC组和CK组的保苗率比KC组和KK组高.综合分析比较表明,杂交KC组的杂种优势率在幼虫期和稚贝期的壳长生长上均表现为正值,在稚贝期的存活率方面也表现为正值,杂交KC组结合了两群体的部分优良性状,是理想的育种材料.     

太平洋牡蛎与近江牡蛎的种间杂交

为了评估太平洋牡蛎与近江牡蛎能否产生远缘杂种优势,于2010年5月,以成熟的两种牡蛎亲本为材料开展了2×2远缘杂交研究,由长牡蛎自繁组GG(Crassostrea gigas♀×C.gigas♂)、近江牡蛎自繁组AA(C.ariakensis♀×C.ariakensis♂)、正交组GA(Crassostreagigas♀×C.ariakensis♂)、反交组AG(C.ariakensis♀×C.gigas♂)4个实验组组成。分析了子代早期表型性状和杂种优势,并对杂交子代进行了遗传鉴定。结果表明:GA杂交组与AG组的受精强度具有不对称性。幼虫浮游期间,表型性状的中亲杂种优势几乎为0,GA组生长与存活性状表现出积极的单亲杂种优势,而AG组则具有明显的远交衰退现象;幼虫早期表型性状受到母本效应影响,而后减弱。变态期间,GA组变态率较高,得到了大量杂交稚贝;而AG组变态率极低,仅获得了72个杂交稚贝。稚贝培育期间,稚贝表现出中亲生长劣势与存活优势;GA组具有明显的单亲生长与存活优势,而AG组则表现出生长劣势并具有一定程度的存活优势。利用复合COI及ITS2鉴定了种间杂交子结果表明:正反交组杂交子均为真正意义上的两性融合杂交子。实验获得了具有显著杂种优势的GA组杂交子,为现有牡蛎的遗传改良提供了新的方向。     

太平洋牡蛎与葡萄牙牡蛎两亚种间杂交及其早期阶段生长与存活的杂种优势

利用山东青岛养殖的太平洋牡蛎(N)与汕头本地养殖的葡萄牙牡蛎(S)两个近缘种为亲本,采用正交设计建立了杂种组NS(N♂×S♀)和SN(S♂×N♀)与纯种组NN(N♂×N♀)和SS(S♂×S♀)4个不同的遗传组合,通过比较不同阶段(幼虫期、稚贝期、养成阶段)的生长和存活数据,研究了牡蛎近缘种间的杂种优势,目的为改良牡蛎的生产性状。结果表明,这两个近缘种之间杂交能够产生显著的杂种优势,杂交后代的生长与存活两个表型性状都得到改良。杂交组比近交组生长得快,杂种优势在幼虫期为37.44%,稚贝期为42.47%。杂交组也比近交组存活率高,8日龄幼虫存活率的杂种优势为76.80%、14日龄幼虫存活率的杂种优势可达107.70%,60、90和105日龄稚贝存活率的杂种优势分别为17.30%、15.62%和9.08%。研究表明,通过太平洋牡蛎和葡萄牙牡蛎两个近缘种间的杂交有望解决牡蛎养殖产业存在的育苗难、存活率低、生长慢、个体小等问题。     

长牡蛎3种壳色家系间杂交子代生长和存活比较

为了利用杂种优势培育长牡蛎优良新品种,实验以3种不同壳色长牡蛎家系(白色/W、黑色/B、紫色/P)为材料,采用3×3完全双列杂交法,建立了3个自交组合和6个正反杂交组合,分析了各实验组幼虫期和养成期的生长、存活以及杂交子代的杂种优势。结果表明,浮游幼虫期,杂交组PB表现出显著的生长优势;与自交组相比,各杂交组均有着较高的幼虫存活率;在幼虫存活率方面,所有杂交组均有较高的杂种优势率。在养成期,紫壳色自交组的壳高显著大于白壳色和黑壳色自交组;6个杂交组中,PB的壳高生长最快,BP次之,PW、WP的生长最慢;各杂交组与自交组的成活率差异均不显著;杂交组BP及其反交组PB的壳高、壳长、总重和存活率的杂种优势率分别介于3.71%~15.27%、-2.00%~13.10%、11.23%~41.56%、-2.77%~9.83%,其他4个杂交组在整个养成阶段没有表现出杂种优势。     

魁蚶中国与韩国群体杂交子一代生长比较

开展魁蚶中国群体和韩国群体的正反杂交试验,建立了中国群体♀×韩国群体♂(中韩正交群体)、中国群体♀×中国群体♂(中国群体)、韩国群体♀×中国群体♂(中韩反交群体)、韩国群体♀×韩国群体♂(韩国群体)4个群体。稚贝出池后在海区(N 35°32′41.85″,E 119°41′29.49″)常规笼养,分别在4、5、7、9、11、13月龄取样,分析其生长、存活及杂种优势。研究结果显示,中韩正交群体壳长、壳高、壳宽和湿质量的杂种优势变化趋势一致:前期杂种优势率随着日龄的增长而持续增大,到11月龄时最高,13月龄又明显下降。11月龄壳长、壳高、壳宽和湿质量的杂种优势率分别为7.73%、4.80%、8.84%和27.44%,其中湿质量的杂种优势最为显著;中韩反交群体4个性状在7月龄和11月龄的杂种优势率基本为正值,最高值为2.61%。中韩正交群体和中韩反交群体存活率的杂交优势率均为正值,分别为5.89%和4.15%,中韩正交群体杂交优势略高于中韩反交群体。综合分析表明,中韩正交群体在生长性状和存活率上存在明显的杂种优势,是一种理想的育种材料。研究结果可为魁蚶种质资源的开发利用和杂交育种提供理论支撑和技术参考。     

CB诱导熊本牡蛎三倍体及其存活率与倍化率的变化关系

为诱导熊本牡蛎三倍体，研究了细胞松弛素B (CB)浓度、诱导起始时间、诱导持续时间等因素对卵裂率、D幼率、三倍体率的影响，并分析了幼虫、稚贝及成贝的存活率和三倍体率的变化特征。结果显示，CB浓度为0.5~0.6 mg/L，诱导起始时间为40%受精卵释放第一极体，诱导持续时间为20 min时可获得87%的三倍体率。卵裂率、D幼率、三倍体率的最大影响因素分别为CB浓度、诱导持续时间、诱导起始时间与诱导持续时间。三倍体率与卵裂率无显著负相关性，而与D幼率呈显著正相关。因此，减小CB浓度或诱导持续时间，可同时获得较高的三倍体率与幼虫产量。3~15日龄三倍体组与对照组的存活率分别由71.27%与96.09%降低至34.14%与58.80%，成贝期450日龄(9月)三倍体组与对照组的存活率分别为53.62%与44.67%。3~9日龄三倍体率从87%降低至77%，而90~450日龄三倍体率平均值为59.21%±4.99%，表明幼贝与成贝期三倍体率变化较小，三倍体率的维持与存活率无显著相关性。     

Comparative studies of the growth,survival, and reproduction of diploid and triploid Kumamoto oyster,Crassostrea sikamea

Triploid oysters have been used for farming to improve growth but have not been created in the Kumamoto oyster, Crassostrea sikamea, which is one of the crucial aquaculture species on the southern coast of China. In the present study, triploids were created using cytochalasin B to inhibit polar body II release in C. sikamea, with the untreated oysters as controls. Triploidy rates of 87 and 57.67%, on average, were obtained in larvae and adults, respectively. Larval growth and survival of the triploid were significantly lower than that of the controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, the triploid postlarvae and adults had a significant growth advantage over the controls (p < 0.05) during the period of 180 (December) to 450 days (September of the next year). Moreover, the triploids clearly exhibited significant sterility in the reproductive season. The glycogen and triglyceride contents in the gonad, adductor muscle, mantle, and gill were higher in triploids than in controls from 180 to 450 days. As a result, high physiological energy supply was strongly correlated with superior growth and reduced reproduction in triploid C. sikamea. The triploid C. sikamea is an excellent oyster species and can be used to improve growth for C. sikamea farming.     

Studies on triploid oysters in Australia: farming potential of all-triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), in Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia

Triploid Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas farmed in Port Stephens, NSW had an exceptionally fast growth rate and reached a whole weight of 55 g in 13 months versus 20 months for diploids. Mortality of the triploids (24.5±2.94%) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the diploids (40.0±2.26%) over the duration of the experiment (July 2002–February 2004). Unfortunately, this advantage was offset by discoloration of the meats of the triploids when they were in better condition than the diploids over summer (October 2003–March 2004). However, discoloration of meat of triploids had cleared up by April 2004 and neither did they suffer this problem from April–September 2003. The triploids also had a lower peak condition than the diploids. Oysters in peak meat condition, i.e. spawning condition, are preferred for the half shell trade in Australia and in this study, there was at least a six‐month period prior to discoloration, when the triploids were large enough and had sufficient meat condition for marketing on the half shell.     

Larval metamorphosis and morphological characteristic analysis of triploid shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765)

Both MI and MII triploids were successfully produced by heat shock in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The inducing conditions for MI and MII triploids were optimized. The highest inducing rate obtained for MI triploids reached more than 90%, and that for MII triploids reached nearly 100% at the nauplius stage as evaluated using flow cytometry. Comparisons of survival rates at larval stages between triploids and diploids or diploids experiencing treatment and diploids without treatment were performed. At larval stage from nauplii to postlarvae, heat shocks lowered survival at larval stages even if the ploidy was not changed. Ploidy did not affect shrimp larvae survival, and no significant difference was found in the survival of shrimp larvae between MI and MII triploids. Highly significant differences were observed in the morphology of triploids and diploids, and no apparent difference was found in the morphology of MI and MII triploids at the grow‐out stages. Discriminating formulae for triploid and diploid shrimp at grow‐out stage were developed and could be used to distinguish triploids from diploids based on morphological parameters. MI and MII triploids of shrimp have the potential to be used in aquaculture.     

皱纹盘鲍4个养殖群体杂交子代生长与存活状况比较

为利用杂种优势培育皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)优良新品种,本研究以4个不同养殖群体[黄岛(HD)、荣成(RC)、日本(JP)、大连(DL)]的皱纹盘鲍为亲本,设计4×4完全双列杂交,建立了4个自交家系和12个正反杂交家系,在利用微卫星标记进行亲子鉴定的基础上,对各家系的F1在1、5、13、17月龄时的生长性状、杂种优势率、生长速度和存活情况进行比较,分析杂交效应。结果表明,在各个生长阶段均有部分杂交家系与自交家系相比表现出显著的生长优势;HDRC、HDDL和JPDL家系的生长速度较高;HDDL、HDJP、RCDL、JPRC及RCHD家系有着较高的存活率;在杂种优势方面,HDRC、HDDL与DLHD家系在各生长参数与生长速度上有明显的杂种优势,HDDL、RCDL、DLHD家系在存活率上表现出明显的杂种优势。本研究筛选出的具有优势的交配组合,可作为皱纹盘鲍生产上种苗来源的参考,也为利用杂种优势培育皱纹盘鲍新品种提供了基础资料。     

Comparative Growth of Diploid and Triploid Asian Catfish Clarias macrocephalus in Thailand

Wild caught Asian catfish were spawned manually following HCG injection, and a portion of the eggs were subjected to cold-shock at 4 C for 15 min within 2-min post-fertilization. Nuclear diameter measurements of cold-shocked fish revealed that 96% were triploids (3N), while non-shocked fish were all diploids (2N). During larval and fry culture (first 26 d), triploid fish mortality was =50%, while diploid mortality was =25%. Following 8-mo culture in tanks at three stocking densities, triploid fish survival was significantly greater ( P < 0.05), than diploids, with 84.0% and 57.3%, respectively. Triploid live weight was also significantly greater than diploids, with 69.2 and 45.9 g averages, respectively. Ninety-two percent of diploids had welldeveloped gonads after 8 mo; whereas none of the triploids had mature gonads. Gonads were undifferentiated with 31% of the triploids. These sexually undifferentiated fish had greater growth rates than male or female triploids, and greater growth than all diploids. Carcass weight (gutted) of triploids was 95.8% of live weight, compared with 92.5% for diploids. Lastly, triploids had very few deformities compared with diploids, with 1.3% and 17.6%, respectively. Deformities included curved spines, and humped backs just posterior of the head.