海湾扇贝性腺发育的生物学零度

性腺发育的生物学零度是生物的繁殖习性和生物积温研究中的一个重要指标。正如菊地省吾提出皱纹盘鲍性腺发育的生物学零度以后,人们已可以通过控制积温的方法有效地预报和控制鲍鱼的产卵。因此研究海湾扇贝性腺发育的生物学零度,在海湾扇贝的繁殖理论研究以及海湾扇贝的工厂化人     

皱纹盘鲍蛋白酶的研究

利用分光光度计比色法测定了２－３ｃｍ的皱纹盘鲍的蛋白消化酶的最适温度、最适ＰＨ以及１１种金属离子对其的影响。结果表明：在最适温度５０℃下的活化能为４．８９×１０×４Ｊ／ｍｏｌ；最适ＰＨ为２．６０和５．００。对其最适ＰＨ值的分析表明：皱纹盘鲍存在有胃蛋白酶，且活性颇高。     

闽南黑鲍苗种培育技术

黑鲍(原系皱纹盘鲍和日本盘鲍的杂交后代)壳形略似皱纹盘鲍,但体螺层高低明显,壳孔4~5个与外面相通,是我国鲍鱼中个体较大种类。现将黑鲍人工苗种培育技术介绍如下。一、亲贝的选择10月中旬,水温20~24℃,挑选海区吊养或陆上养殖的鲍鱼,壳长6厘米以上,活力强无损伤,性腺外观极为     

长岛皱纹盘鲍产业现状与发展对策研究

溯源长岛鲍鱼增养殖历史,分析产业现状,从种质、栖息地生境、产业化和品牌化建设四个方面查摆制约因素,并针对性提出政产学研金协同推动皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)种质保护和持续发展,建立长岛皱纹盘鲍标准体系,推进长岛皱纹盘鲍种业发展,推动皱纹盘鲍资源快速恢复,推进皱纹盘鲍生态养殖产业发展,加快品牌建设和宣传推介,加强资金保障的对策建议。     

大连海区皱纹盘鲍生殖周期的研究

本文对大连海区皱纹盘鲍性腺指数的季节变化及生殖周期进行了初步研究。对精巢和卵巢的发育过程分别从组织学作了分期。对各发育时期的基本特征作了较详细描述。并且讨论了准确掌握鲍的繁殖期应注意的有关问题等。     

西盘鲍与皱纹盘鲍渔排养殖对比试验

正近十多年来,随着北鲍南移规模化养殖试验的成功,皱纹盘鲍养殖已是我省海水养殖业的主要支柱产业。伴随着皱纹盘鲍养殖面积与产量的急剧增加,其种质不断退化,不耐高温的性状也不断显现,导致近几年来病害不断增多,经常在高温季节大面积爆发病害、死鲍等现象,已严重威胁了我省鲍鱼产业的持续健康发展。西氏鲍是日本、韩国鲍鱼产业的主要经济种类,属于温水性品种,较皱纹盘鲍耐高温、     

皱纹盘鲍延绳式养殖技术

上世纪九十年代初中国南方鲍鱼工厂化养殖主要是从台湾省引进九孔鲍和中国南方杂色鲍两个品种组成。但由于种质退化和病害的蔓延,中国南方鲍鱼养殖损失惨重。皱纹盘鲍与日本鲍进行杂交繁育成功．推动着广东、福建皱纹盘鲍浅海增养殖的不断发展。随着养殖规模的扩大,有限的浅海水域已成为发展的障碍。     

贝类养殖技术之二黑鲍苗种培育技术

黑鲍原系皱纹盘鲍和日本盘鲍的杂交后代，壳形略似皱纹盘鲍，但体螺层高低明显，壳孔4个~5个与外面相通，是我国鲍鱼中个体较大的种类之一。黑鲍作为新引进的养殖品种，已逐渐在南方的一些沿海地区发展起来，成为南方鲍鱼养殖的新品种。本文报道了利用闽南九孔鲍育苗设施、海区渔排和浮筏，进行黑鲍生产性人工苗种培育技术。一、亲贝的选择10月中旬，水温20℃~24℃，挑选海区吊养或陆上养殖的鲍鱼，其壳长6cm以上，活力强且无损伤，性腺外观极为丰满，基部凸出壳缘，末端充满生殖腺而呈纯圆，雌鲍生殖腺多为绿色(少数为褐绿色)，雄鲍生殖腺…     

皱纹盘鲍消化酶的研究

本文对人工养殖的、不同生长时期的正常鲍和病鲍的消化酶活力进行了研究。酶学分析表明，在皱纹盘鲍消化器官中存在着胃蛋白酶（酸性蛋白酶），最适ＰＨ２．８～３．５；类胰蛋白酶（碱性蛋白酶），最适ＰＨ７．８～１０；淀粉酶和纤维素酶。蛋白酶及纤维素酶随着鲍鱼的生长发育活性逐渐增强，淀粉酶逐渐减弱。肝中的酶活性高于其它器官，正常个体酶活性远高于患病个体。我们还做了酯酶的聚丙烯酰胺电泳研究。     

皱纹盘鲍筏式养殖技术

<正> 鲍是营养价值极高的海珍品,深受国内外消费者的喜爱,特别是我国北方的皱纹盘鲍因其味道鲜美、营养丰富而成为鲍中之王。但皱纹盘鲍对环境条件要求较高,适宜其生长繁殖的水域较窄,自然资源较少,天然产的鲍鱼远远不能满足国内外市场的需求。我们在山东省荣成市俚岛镇经过多年的筏式养殖鲍鱼实践,基本摸清了皱纹盘鲍的生态习性和筏式养鲍的生长规律,制订了严格的规章制度和切实可行的操作规程,实行了整个养     

Growth and reproductive performance of triploid and diploid blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814)

Growth and reproduction of triploid and diploid blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814) were compared in a 30-month study. Triploidy was induced by inhibition of the second polar body formation using 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) or cytochalasin B (CB). There were no significant differences in growth and survivorship between triploid and diploid abalone. However, triploid abalone had a more elongated shell and greater foot muscles than diploid abalone. A slightly curvilinear growth in shell length was conformed to all treatments. While diploid abalone had reached sexual maturity and spawned during the study, gonadal development and gamete maturation were abnormal in triploids. Female triploids lacked an apparent gonad at the macroscopic level but microscopic examination revealed that they had a thin layer of oogonia development. In contrast, male triploids were able to form similar-sized gonads to diploids during most of the reproductive period, but with brown-yellow discolouration and stalled gametogenesis at spermatocyte formation. Sex ratio of triploid abalone did not deviate from 1:1. With the onset of sexual maturation, growth and gonadal maturation occurred concurrently in diploid abalone, and there was no indication that growth of (diploid) abalone was reduced.     

仿洄游培育美洲鲥亲本的性腺发育

为解决美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)人工培育亲本性腺发育不佳的问题,开展了美洲鲥亲本仿洄游的培育,研究观察了美洲鲥亲本卵巢和精巢不同发育阶段(II^V期)的形态特征及相关参数,确定了仿洄游培育美洲鲥亲本性腺初次发育的特征。结果显示:在美洲鲥仿洄游培育过程中,在卵巢、精巢发育前期(II期),雌雄亲本生长迅速;而性腺发育到III期后,雌雄亲本的生长滞缓,雌鱼亲本甚至出现负生长。仿洄游培育美洲鲥性腺初次发育(II^V期)过程中,雌雄亲本均有较高的肥满度,分别为1.55~2.07和1.56~1.71;卵巢发育Ⅴ期雌鱼亲本的肥满度(2.07)显著高于在卵巢II^IV期亲本(1.55~1.67);而雄鱼亲本肥满度在精巢发育各阶段(II^V期)均无显著性差异。仿洄游培育美洲鲥性腺发育良好,雌雄亲本的性腺指数均较高,性腺发育Ⅴ期雌雄亲本的性腺指数(GSI)分别为(26.10±6.46)(18.88~33.62)和(5.18±0.68)(4.49~6.11)。研究表明,仿洄游培育的水温(10.8~30.8℃)和盐度(1~15)的周年变化符合美洲鲥亲本性腺发育的要求。     

Rearing of coregonid fishes (Coregonidae) in illuminated lake cages: IV. Gonad development in whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) under conditions of cage culture

The paper presents the results of observations on gonad development in whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) in the fourth year of culture in illuminated like cages. Whitefish ovaries attained stage III of maturity. Stage IV of maturity was attained by only a few individual females. Disturbances in the development of the ovary were observed, consisting of asynchronous growth of the oocytes, their partial resorption, and delayed trophoplasmatic growth. Development of male gonads was also disturbed. Different males matured at different times, and their testes were in different stages of maturity. Fishes did not attain sexual maturity by the end of the fourth year of cage culture, so that no spawning could have taken place.     

Sex steroid level and sexual dimorphism expression of genes in gonads of the great sturgeon Huso huso Linneaus, 1758 during maturity developmental stages

Little is known about molecular mechanisms involved in gonad differentiation in sturgeon species. In non‐mammalian vertebrates, sox9, dmrt1, cyp17a1 and ar are male specific genes in testicular differentiation and are highly conserved. In order to understand the mechanism underlying testicular development in sturgeon, we investigated sex steroids level of 11‐ketotestosterone (KT) and testosterone (T) and relative expression of sox9, dmrt1, cyp17a1 and ar in great sturgeon gonads during different stages of sexual maturity. The results showed all studied genes had dimorphic patterns in males. In immature gonads (stage I), only cyp17a1 expressed in male gonads, while other genes did not express, and KT and T levels were low. Dmrt1 showed dimorphic expression pattern in male gonads at maturity stage II, III and IV. Furthermore, sox9 and ar mRNA presented significant dimorphic expression pattern in male gonads only at maturity stage 4. Plasma androgens levels were significantly higher in males compared to females during maturity stages II, III and IV. The results showed that among these four genes, only cyp17a1 expressed in male gonads at maturity stage I (immature), suggesting that this gene may be applicable as a sex marker in recently differentiated male great sturgeon. Sexually dimorphic patterns in other studied genes (sox9, dmrt1 and ar) suggesting that these genes may be important for testicular development and differentiation in premature great sturgeon. The obtained results provide a foundation for further research on sex differentiation and developing strategies for the sexing of sturgeon for aquaculture.     

Effect of dietary protein and temperature on the growth and health of juvenile New Zealand black‐footed abalone (Haliotis iris)

The protein requirements for optimal growth and health of juvenile New Zealand black‐footed abalone (Haliotis iris) under different water temperatures were investigated. Six diets with different crude protein amounts (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45%) and two temperature regimes (13–21 and 8–16 °C) were used to culture juvenile abalone over a 4‐month period. Growth (shell lengths and animal weights) and health (survival, activity and mucous production) parameters were recorded for animals within all protein and temperature combinations. Proximate analyses and amino acid profiles were also performed on the diets, soft bodies (including gonad), and shells to evaluate the overall nutrient contents (diet and animal) and requirements (animal). The results indicate that the protein requirements for juvenile H. iris are higher when the environmental temperatures are low. Thus, increasing the dietary protein level results in better growth [i.e. increase in soft body (including gonad) crude protein and mean protein gain] and health (i.e. more goblet cells and thicker epithelial layers). Results from amino acid profiles in abalone soft bodies (including gonad) and shells show that these parameters did not change considerably with different dietary protein levels, but temperature did affect the concentration of several amino acids in both soft bodies (including gonad) and shells.     

Molecular cloning and expression of caspase-3 in the protandrous cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus, during sex change

The caspase-3 appears to be a key protease in the apoptotic pathway. We identified caspase-3 complementary DNAs from the ovaries of the protandrous cinnamon clownfish (Amphiprion melanopus), and investigated its mRNA and proteins, and activity levels during the sex change (I, mature male; II, male at 90 days after removing of the female; and III, mature female). The nucleotide sequence of the caspase-3 cDNA was 969 base pairs in length with open reading frames encoding peptides of 282 amino acids. The caspase-3 mRNA and protein, and activity levels in stages of the mature gonad are higher than those of the development gonad stage. To understand the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on gonad apoptosis, we examined expression of genes caspase-3 mRNA and activity level in immature cinnamon clownfish gonads after GnRH analogue (GnRHa). The findings support the hypothesis that caspase-3 expression is associated with both testicular and ovarian development, and suggests that it may play a role in the control of ovarian development in cinnamon clownfish. Also, we demonstrate that GnRH agonists stimulate caspase-3 production which can in turn stimulate apoptosis. The present study provides a framework for better understanding of the role of caspase-3 during sex change processes in fish.     

半滑舌鳎Shh基因的克隆与表达及甲基化分析

通过RACE方法获得半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)Hh基因家族的Shh基因,该基因全长1 922 bp,其中5′UTR 266 bp,3′UTR 360 bp,ORF1 296 bp,编码431个氨基酸,经预测该多肽的相对分子质量为47.28 k D,理论等电点6.95,具有Hh基因家族特有的保守结构域。氨基酸序列分析表明,半滑舌鳎Shh与牙鲆的同源性最高,为82%,与其他鱼类同源性为74%~81%,与非洲爪蟾的同源性为61%,与人和鼠的同源性为63%~64%。甲基化结果显示,Shh基因在1龄卵巢中的甲基化程度普遍低于雄鱼与伪雄鱼精巢。基因表达分析显示,Shh基因在胚胎期的囊胚期表达显著高于其它时期(P0.05),在雌雄成鱼8个组织器官均表达,在雌性性腺分化的关键期孵化后50 d,雌性性腺中表达量较前期升高,且显著高于同时期雄性性腺中的表达(P0.05),在雄性性腺分化的关键期80~95 d,Shh基因在雄性中的表达水平显著升高(P0.05),在8月龄、1龄及2龄雌鱼性腺中表达显著高于雄鱼与伪雄鱼。本研究表明,半滑舌鳎Shh基因在进化中高度保守,与胚胎分化、组织器官形成、雌雄性腺分化及性腺发育密切相关。     

河川沙塘鳢GHR和IGF-2基因克隆及mRNA的时序表达

生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子-轴(growth hormone/insulin-like growth-axis,GH/IGF-轴)是调控鱼类生长的主要内分泌轴线。为探讨生长相关基因GHR、IGF-2对河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)生长发育的调控机制,采用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)和实时荧光定量PCR等技术,对河川沙塘鳢的GHR、IGF-2基因进行了克隆和表达模式分析。研究结果显示:河川沙塘鳢GHR基因的cDNA全长序列为2 179 bp,开放阅读框为1 830 bp,共编码609个氨基酸,IGF-2基因的cDNA全长序列为1 586 bp,开放阅读框642 bp,共编码213个氨基酸。采用qRT-PCR方法检测了GHR、IGF-2基因在9个不同组织(脑、肝、心、肌肉、脾、肠、性腺、鳃、肾)和8个胚胎不同发育时期(受精卵期、桑椹胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、体节期、口裂期、出膜后1 d、出膜后3 d)的表达情况。结果表明:IGF-2和GHR基因在所检测的9种组织中均有表达,其中以肝脏、肌肉、性腺、脑中的表达量较高,在胚胎发育阶段GHR和IGF-2基因表达呈先上升后下降的趋势,在原肠胚期表达量较高,表明其在胚胎发育过程中发挥重要作用。qRT-PCR进一步比较了雌、雄河川沙塘鳢GHR和IGF-2基因在不同生长发育阶段(90、150、210、270、330 d)脑、肝、肌肉mRNA的表达量,结果表明:各时期雄鱼GHR和IGF-2基因在肝组织中表达量均显著高于雌鱼,肌肉和脑GHR基因mRNA的表达量则无显著差异。而IGF-2基因则仅在雌、雄鱼210 d的脑和150、210 d的肌肉存在显著性差异,推测肝GHR和IGF-2基因mRNA表达的雌雄差异是河川沙塘鳢雌雄生长差异的主要原因之一。     

Seasonal gonadal changes in the clam, Paphia laterisulca

The seasonal gonadal changes in the edible clam, Paphia laterisulca, from the Kalbadevi Estuary at Ratnagiri were studied for the period from May 1972 to April 1973 with the help of fresh gonad smears and histological study. The observations of gonad smears revealed the probable commencement of spawning between September and April from the occurrence of spent gonads. Male and female clams were present in almost equal numbers throughout the year.Histological details revealed that the clam P. laterisulca has a prolonged spawning period extending from mid-September to the end of March with two peaks, the first in October–November and the second in February–March. Lysis of the ripe gametes in both sexes for 2.5 months preceding spawning was observed. The second spawning peak was followed by regression in the gonads.Active gametogenesis was observed in May and June (33.5°C and 30.0°C), and again in December and January (21.5°C and 26.0°C) in clams that had spawned during the first spawning peak.The spawning stimulus in Paphia laterisulca appeared to be the sudden increase in salinity (from 4.1 to 22.5‰) in September in the Kalbadevi Estuary.     

Differences in growth and chemical composition between male and female farmed cod (Gadus morhua) throughout a maturation cycle

The growth of farmed cod fed to satiation under natural conditions in the sea in North Norway (67°N) was followed over 1 year. At the start of the experiment in September 2003, the average weight was 1300 g. After 1 year, in September 2004, the average weight was 2800 g. From the end of November to June, the fish matured and spawned and there was little or no weight gain in the fish during this time. The male cod developed gonads earlier than the females. In February, the male gonad index was 19% and decreased to 7% by the end of April, whereas the female gonad index increased from 14% in February to 25% in April. The male liver index decreased by 2% in February and by another 3% in April, when it only decreased by 1% in the female cod. The muscle protein in the female cod was reduced by more than 20 g kg^?1 in April, and the difference between the muscle protein in the male and the female cod was still significant in September. No differences were found in the post‐rigour muscle pH due to the sex of the fish.