禁捕前鄱阳湖鱼类群落多样性及环境影响因子研究

为掌握鄱阳湖鱼类群落特征，课题组于2020年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2021年冬季(1月)4个季度，在鄱阳湖10个区域5种生境开展鱼类资源调查研究，同步采集水环境样品。研究共采集鉴定鱼类67种，隶属于8目14科47属，其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多(41种)，占比为61.19%。基于不同分组，鱼类生态类型分别以定居性鱼类(67.16%)、杂食性鱼类(44.78%)、中下层鱼类(35.82%)占据优势。该群落以小型鱼类为优势类群，数量占比为68.70%；鱼类优势种共有6种，第一优势种为似鳊。鱼类群落结构在季节上存在显著性差异，春季鱼类物种多样性指数高于冬季。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示，空间上鱼类可划分为2个类群，分别为湖口区类群和草型湖区-湖汊区-湖心区-沿岸带类群。冗余分析(RDA)显示，总磷、叶绿素a和透明度是影响鱼类物种时空分布的关键环境因子。丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析表明，鱼类群落受到严重干扰(W=-0.091)。本研究成果可为鄱阳湖禁渔效果评估和鱼类多样性保护提供科学依据。     

丰、枯水期济南地区地表水系鱼类群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解济南地区地表水系鱼类群落结构特征,于2015年丰水期(5月)和枯水期(8月)对济南地区24个采样点的鱼类群落和水环境理化因子进行了野外调查,利用多样性指数以及典范对应分析等方法,对鱼类群落结构及其与水环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明:丰水期和枯水期分别采集到鱼类5目33种和5目28种,其中丰水期采集到鱼类1209尾,枯水期采集到鱼类1 616尾。各采样点鱼类个体数量平均值分别为50.54尾和67.42尾,香农威纳指数(H’)平均值分别为2.13和1.89,均匀度指数(J)平均值分别为0.77和0.75。典范对应分析表明,丰水期影响鱼类群落的主要环境因子是总磷和总氮,枯水期影响鱼类群落的主要环境因子是总磷和总氮。综合分析结果表明,济南地区水体为中度污染。     

南昌市13个湖泊的鱼类群落结构及其物种多样性特征

为了解南昌市面积1 km2以上湖泊的鱼类群落结构及其物种多样性特征,探究影响湖泊鱼类群落结构空间分布的环境因子,于2019-2020年在南昌市13个湖泊进行了鱼类资源调查。结果显示,采集到的39种鱼类隶属5目、9科、33属;优势种以鲫（Carassius auratus）、?（Hemiculter leucisclus）为主;不同湖泊的鱼类群落结构被划分为3个类群,与湖泊功能定位密切相关。鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数值平均值为2.15,丰富度指数平均值为2.97,均匀度指数平均值为0.92,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数与湖泊面积、水深、pH和透明度存在显著的相关性。冗余分析（RDA）表明,水深、pH、总氮和氨氮是引起鱼类群落结构在南昌市不同湖泊间差异的主要影响因子,人为活动干扰可能对调查区域内湖泊的鱼类群落结构和生物多样性特征施加影响。     

鄱阳湖丰水期氮素分布特征及其与藻类的响应关系

为了探讨湖泊富营养化过程中水体氮浓度时空分布格局及其与藻类的关系,以鄱阳湖实测数据为基础,对丰水期鄱阳湖主湖区氮素的分布及其与藻类的关系进行了分析。结果表明：丰水期鄱阳湖主湖区各采样点的总氮、硝酸盐氮、氨氮的平均浓度范围分别为0.54～1.26、0.06～1.01、0.08～0.30 mg.L_^-1,外源输入及环境条件对氮素浓度分布产生了一定的影响;藻类数量与氨氮浓度相关性不明显,与总氮、硝酸盐氮浓度表现为显著负相关性,南部湖区内总氮、硝酸盐氮浓度较高,平均浓度依次为1.10 mg.L_^-1、0.75 mg.L_^-1,藻类数量较低,为1.0×10_⁶ 个/L左右;西部湖区内,氮素浓度较低,藻类生长最高值为3.5×10_⁶ 个/L左右。湖泊“中营养型”水平占主湖区的44%,“富营养型”水平占主湖区的56%,东部湖区、西部湖区是鄱阳湖富营养化风险较高区域。     

饮水型水库浮游植物功能群分布特征及环境驱动因子

浮游植物群落结构既可以反映水源水环境质量,也能指示水源生态系统的健康状况。以温州市珊溪水库为例研究从水库丰水期到枯水期水文情势变化过程中浮游植物群落分布特征的变化及其影响因子。基于功能群分类体系确定浮游植物优势功能群,应用Pearson相关分析和冗余分析法研究水库不同生态区中浮游植物功能群、Margalef丰富度指数和生态健康指数Q的分布特征,进一步采用冗余分析识别不同水文情势期下其主要环境驱动因子进行,最终探讨了浮游植物优势功能群演替、生长策略模式及其与驱动因子的互指示关系。结果表明：（1）珊溪水库浮游植物可分为19个功能群,功能群个数丰水期最高,枯水期最低,其中M、MP、C、P为4个优势功能群;（2）珊溪水库浮游植物优势功能群在不同水文期的演替特征为MP→M→C（丰水期→平水期→枯水期）;（3）生态健康Q 指数范围为2.66~3.26,水体整体情况为中营养范围,其中丰水期和平水期的Q指数较枯水期更低,表明此时珊溪水库营养化污染问题更为严重,与功能群分布的动态变化特征一致;（4）氧化还原电位、高锰酸盐指数和水温为影响珊溪水库浮游植物优势功能群和相关生物指标时空分布变化的主要驱动因子;（5）浮游植物优势功能群与关键环境因子之间存在明显的对应关系,依据优势功能群适宜生境特点及生长策略可以相互指示。     

藻渡河大型底栖动物群落结构与功能摄食类群

于2016年8月(丰水期)、11月(平水期)和2017年2月(枯水期)对藻渡河流域大型底栖动物群落结构和功能摄食类群进行了调查研究。结果显示:共采集大型底栖动物34种(属),隶属4门14目27科,扁蜉(Heptagenia sp.)、二尾蜉(siph1onurus sp.)、二翼蜉(Cloeon dipterum)、泉膀胱螺(Physa fontinalis)和狭萝卜螺(Radix lagotis)为该地区的优势类群。不同季节Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou丰富度指数和Marglef均匀度差异显著,且枯水期>平水期>丰水期。CCA分析显示丰水期水温、透明度和海拔等是影响藻渡河大型底栖动物空间分布的主要因素。该流域大型底栖动物功能摄食群落以捕食者和刮食者为其优势功能类群,其次是撕食者、收集者和滤食者。     

枸杞岛筏式贻贝养殖海域鱼类群聚特征

为探究筏式贻贝养殖生境鱼类资源养护功能，于2020年9－12月对枸杞岛筏式贻贝养殖生境(分表层区和底层区)及周边岩礁生境的鱼类进行了多网目组合刺网采样。应用相对重要性指数IRI、多样性指数并结合等级聚类、非度量多维标度排序(nMDS)分析鱼类组成和群落结构。结果显示，在2种生境中共采集鱼类55 种，隶属于10目34科47属，其中贻贝养殖生境采集到37种(底层和表层分别为29和20种)；岩礁生境共采集到40种。在鱼类组成上，中国花鲈和鲻是贻贝养殖生境表层区的典型优势种，而黄姑鱼和褐菖鲉是贻贝养殖生境底层区的典型优势种；褐菖鲉同时也是岩礁生境的典型优势种。多样性分析表明，贻贝养殖生境的总体鱼类多样性要高于岩礁生境，但尚不显著。多元分析显示，各月份2种生境中的鱼类群落格局均可分为3种类型，虽与养殖表层区、养殖底层区和岩礁区并非严格一致，但各群落间差异依然显著。研究表明，大规模筏式养殖设施的存在吸引了众多中上层鱼类及底层鱼类，也为岩礁生境优势鱼类提供了额外的栖息环境，发挥了近似于浮鱼礁系统的资源养护作用。研究结果可为岛礁海域海洋牧场目标种的选择和人工生境构建模式的应用提供重要参考。     

乌伦古湖水质污染的空间分布特征

评价湖泊水质并探究其空间分布规律对于湖泊管理具有重要意义。通过对乌伦古湖2017年7-8月采样点(S1~S8)的8个水质指标(矿化度、pH值、透明度、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧、五日生化需氧量)监测,运用主成分分析法(PCA)评价乌伦古湖水质现状,采用空间插值法分析其空间分布特征,并基于聚类分析法(CA)识别水质污染驱动因素。结果表明,乌伦古湖水体呈弱碱性,水质污染以氮、磷有机污染为主;8个采样点主成分综合得分排序结果为:骆驼脖子>小海子>码头>中海子>农十师渔政点>湖中心>吉力湖中心>吉力湖入水口,呈现出小湖区水质优于大湖区、湖中心区水质优于湖岸区、距离进水口越远水质越差的显著空间差异特征。骆驼脖子采样点(S1)水质污染最严重,吉力湖采样点(S7、S8)水质相对最好;基于湖区水质空间分布特征将乌伦古湖湖区分为3类,Ⅰ类湖区水质最差,Ⅱ类湖区水体呈咸化趋势,Ⅲ类湖区水质相对最好;水体矿化度、营养盐与有机污染物是乌伦古湖污染的主要来源,主要原因可归结为自2000年来乌伦古河常态化断流以及湖区渔业养殖、周边农业面源污染导致的盐分与营养成分及有机污染物由河道不断向湖泊的迁移富集。     

鱼类群落调控在浅水湖泊生态修复中的作用:以傀儡湖为例

鱼类是湖泊食物网中的重要消费者, 占据食物网多个营养级。通过食物网营养级联效应, 鱼类对湖泊生物群落结构和水环境可产生重要影响。本研究以长江中下游浅水湖泊——傀儡湖为例, 研究了基于不同饵料类群渔产潜力估算前提下食鱼性鱼类、滤食性鱼类、碎屑食性鱼类的组合放养技术, 并探讨了底层杂食性鱼类针对性捕捞的复合调控策略对傀儡湖鱼类群落结构、沉水植物群落和水质产生的影响, 旨在揭示鱼类群落调控在优化湖泊生态系统结构方面的重要作用, 为湖泊生态修复提供新的思路和手段。     

黄河口牡蛎产卵场及邻近海域浮游植物的群落结构特征

于2015年枯水期(5月)、平水期(6月)和丰水期(8月)对黄河口牡蛎产卵场及邻近海域进行3个航次的采样调查,采用香农-威纳多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数和丰富度分析其浮游植物多样性及群落特征。结果表明:共检出浮游植物2门21种,其中硅藻门的种类最多,占90.48%;调查海域枯水期(5月)浮游植物多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度最高,平水期(6月)次之,丰水期(8月)最低,说明枯水期(5月)浮游植物的群落结构特征好于平水期(6月)和丰水期(8月);调查海域枯水期(5月)和平水期(6月)环境质量评价属于中污染水平,丰水期(8月)整体上属于重污染水平。     

Damming and seasonality as modulators of fish community structure in a small tributary

River damming alters the physical–chemical variables of water and often causes compartmentalisation of aquatic habitats. Seasonality can add complexity to the longitudinal compartmentalisation. The spatial and temporal effects of these two phenomena on the structure of ichthyofauna from a tributary under the influence of damming were evaluated, based on the following hypotheses: (1) transition habitats have the greatest species richness; (2) community similarity decreases with increasing distance between sites; (3) conservation of free‐flowing areas upstream reservoir contributes to the maintenance of migratory species. To evaluate the effects of these two phenomena, twelve monthly fish samples (September/12 to August/13) were performed with gillnets in three sample areas distributed longitudinally in the tributary. Limnological variables were measured in the same sample areas to confirm compartmentalisation. We observed three distinct limnological compartments (lotic, transition and lentic), with increase differentiation during the rainy season. This compartmentalisation influenced fish fauna where localised communities exhibited different compositions among the three sampled habitats. During the rainy season, these differences become pronounced, with transition habitat showing greater species richness than the others. More pronounced differences in species composition and structure in extremes sampling sites were also observed. Migratory fish presented higher proportion of fish composition in lotic habitat. In conclusion, damming and seasonality acted concomitantly as modulators of fish fauna in a tributary influenced by damming. However, compartmentalisation of habitats was the primary driver of ichthyofauna community structure with the rainy season increasing differences in community composition.     

基于环境DNA宏条形码的鄱阳湖真核浮游植物多样性研究

浮游植物作为水生生态系统的重要组成部分，其群落和分布特征可以反映水体的环境变化和营养状态。环境DNA宏条形码技术将传统的基于领域的生态学与深入的分子方法和先进的计算工具结合在一起，这在生物多样性的研究中具有巨大的优势。本研究旨在采用环境DNA宏条形码技术对鄱阳湖浮游植物多样性的组成及空间分布进行研究。于2019年的4月采集鄱阳湖环境水样，每个样点重复3次采集。使用0.45 μm的混合纤维素滤膜对水样进行真空抽滤。用试剂盒DNeasy? Blood & Tissue Kit进行滤膜DNA的提取，使用通用引物1380F：5’-TCCCTGCCHTTTGTACACAC-3’和1510R：5’-CCTTCYGCAGGTTCACCTAC-3’针对真核浮游植物 18S rDNA 基因的 V9 区域进行PCR扩增，高通量测序并结合生物信息学技术分析鄱阳湖浮游植物的群落组成。基于环境DNA宏条形码技术鉴定到浮游植物10门24纲54目101科166属，其中绿藻门和硅藻门种类较为丰富，检测到的属明显多于传统方法检测到的。中部区域的浮游植物群落多样性和均匀度较高，且鄱阳湖浮游植物整体丰富度较高。NMDS分析阐明，中部和北部区域( p = 0.004)、南部和北部区域之间群落结构差异显著( p = 0.011)。冗余分析表明，叶绿素a (Chl-a)、pH、流速(V)对各区域的浮游植物群落影响较显著。本研究使用环境DNA宏条形码技术评估了鄱阳湖浮游植物生物多样性，证明了环境DNA宏条形码技术检测浮游植物群落结构的可行性。环境DNA宏条形码作为一种新兴的生物多样性监测手段，其可用于快速检测鄱阳湖浮游植物生物多样性及其空间分布，为鄱阳湖生物多样性监测以及生态系统健康评估提供新的技术手段。     

Fish assemblage structure in relation to seasonal environmental variation in sub‐lakes of the Poyang Lake floodplain,China

The Yangtze River and its watershed have undergone vast changes resulting from centuries of human impacts, yet ecological knowledge of the system is limited. The seasonal variation and spatial variation of three sub‐lakes of Poyang Lake, a huge wetland in the middle Yangtze Basin, were investigated to examine how fish assemblages respond to seasonal hydrology and associated environmental conditions. In all three sub‐lakes, fish assemblage structure revealed strong variations associated with seasonal water level fluctuation. Fish species richness in all sub‐lakes was highest during the middle of the monsoon season and lowest during the dry season. Fish numerical abundance and biomass varied significantly, with several of the most common species having inconsistent patterns of seasonal variation among sub‐lakes. Fish assemblage structure was significantly associated with environmental gradients defined by water level, aquatic macrophyte coverage, conductivity and dissolved oxygen concentration. Assemblage composition in all three sub‐lakes underwent strongest shifts between December and April, the period when water levels were lowest and fishing has the greatest impact on fish stocks. Future impacts that change the hydrology of the middle Yangtze would alter the dynamics of habitat connectivity and affect environmental conditions and fish assemblages of the Poyang Lake wetland system.     

The role of environmental filtering in the functional structure of fish communities in tropical wetlands

Understanding the mechanisms that structure communities has been a major challenge in ecological theory. In wetlands with a clear seasonal hydroperiod (wet and dry seasons), such as Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve (SKBR), Mexico, fish communities experience successive habitat contraction/expansion, with a high mortality rate during the dry season. In this study, we tested the role of environmental filtering in structuring fish communities along an environmental gradient in permanent pools, during three consecutive stages of the dry season. We analysed fish communities using a functional dispersion index weighted by the relative abundance compared against a null model. While the concentration of dissolved oxygen remained low throughout the season, depth and temperature showed a gradient as the season progressed. Independently of their starting composition, at the end of the dry season the communities were dominated by a combination of the same three species. For the key function of locomotion, the functional dispersion was significantly lower at the end of the season in three of the five pools. For food acquisition, no significant differences were found. When the overall functional variation was considered, at the beginning of the dry season no single community differed significantly compared to the random models. However, as the season progressed, significant differences were recorded in four of the five pools. Our study supports the hypothesis that environmental filters have a major role in community structure in severe environmental conditions. Furthermore, our results show that the role of environmental filters gain importance as the dry season progresses.     

Phosphorus,total ammonia nitrogen and chlorophyll a from fish cages in a tropical lake (Lake Palminhas,Espirito Santo,Brazil)

Cage fish farming in natural and artificial lakes has become increasingly popular in recent years in tropical countries. The most commonly farmed tropical fish species is the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The aim of this study was to characterize the concentration of phosphorus, total ammonia nitrogen and chlorophyll a from existing fish farms (FF) in Lake Palminhas, located in Linhares/ES, Brazil. Three transects were drawn from 0 to 500 m from each of the four FF (FF1 to FF4) in the lake during six trials (three in the rainy season and three in the dry season). The lake presented a monomictic‐hot pattern, with stratification during the rainy season. Dilution of the monitored parameters did not occur sufficient over a distance of up to 500 m from the FF. The location of the FF in the lake and the input of N and P were critical to ensure optimal mixing conditions because the worst results was observed for the fish farm (FF1) located on a finger of the lake, where the highest concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a occurred. It was also noted that there was possible total phosphorus interference between FF3 and FF4. The results of this study demonstrate that Lake Palminhas had a low dilution power, and these findings may inform environmental assessments of cage fish farming in this region, providing instruments that may support environmental control of cage fish farming.     

Hydrological connectivity in coastal inland systems: lessons from a Neotropical fish metacommunity

de Macedo-Soares PHM, Petry AC, Farjalla VF, Caramaschi EP. Hydrological connectivity in coastal inland systems: lessons from a Neotropical fish metacommunity.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 7–18. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  We assessed the influence of hydrological connectivity in structuring fish communities through seasonal samplings of environmental variables and fishes in a coastal lagoon and associated pools in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, Brazil. Community structure attributes such as species richness, numerical density and biomass, Shannon–Wiener diversity index and evenness were compared between periods of the lowest and highest hydrological connectivity, while the environmental gradient and fish zonation were explored through ordination techniques. The greater hydrological connectivity established in the rainy season promoted the homogenisation of most environmental variables and fish species, which differed markedly from the arrangement observed in the dry season. Despite variation in fish species composition, community attributes showed non-significant differences between the dry and rainy seasons. The patterns of composition and numerical density in pools were strongly influenced by local factors, especially salinity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorous concentration and water colour in the dry season, in addition to total nitrogen concentration and depth in the rainy season. Comparable to the role played by flood pulses in river-floodplain systems, the hydrological connectivity in these tropical coastal waterbodies seems to strongly influence fish community structure, and, therefore to determine regional biodiversity.     

Fish abundance and community composition in native and non-native plants following hydrilla colonisation at Lake Izabal, Guatemala

Abstract  Fish community composition was assessed among six macrophyte habitats, including hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle, common native species (bulrush, Scirpus spp., muskgrass, Chara spp., eelgrass, Vallisneria americana Michx. and Illinois pondweed, Potamogeton illinoensis Morong) and no-plants, to assess potential impacts of recent hydrilla colonisation on the littoral fish community at Lake Izabal, Guatemala. Fish biomass was significantly different among habitats, with hydrilla supporting the highest fish biomass. Fish density did not differ significantly among habitats. Total fish species richness was similar (12-15 species) among habitats, but community composition changed with macrophyte presence. Biomass of mojarra, Cichlasoma maculicauda Regan, which supported the most important subsistence fishery at the lake, was significantly different among habitats and had the greatest biomass in the hydrilla habitat. Although hydrilla may adversely affect native plants, lake access and other uses, it provided useful fish habitat and likely was not detrimental to the Lake Izabal fish community composition.     

赣江尾闾地区鄱阳湖湖汊健康状况评价

评价赣江尾闾地区鄱阳湖湖汊的健康状况,为鄱阳湖水生态修复和湖泊生态系统功能的提升提供科学的管理依据,并为尾闾地区水系综合整治工程提供指导。选择基础水面面积在3.0 km~2以上的7个湖汊,每个湖汊设置1个监测点,2017年2月-2019年2月每月监测1次。评价指标包括水质达标率、浮游植物、湖汊形态结构变化和用水保证率。熵权法评价湖汊生态健康状态,突变级数法评价湖汊功能健康状态,综合健康指数评价湖汊整体健康状态。结果表明:赣江湖汊生态健康及水功能健康均随季节变化而变化,水环境是湖汊生态健康评价的重要指标,其权重达到0.5以上;2018年湖汊健康状态好于2017年,同一评价年度内综合健康状态为夏季好于秋季好于冬季好于春季,各湖汊综合健康状态有明显的空间差异;南支所属湖汊综合健康状态优于中支和北支,湖汊水面面积大小及季节变化是影响综合健康状态的主要因素。通过水系连通等工程措施进行精准调控可提升湖汊综合健康状态。     

鄱阳湖刀鲚的渔汛特征及渔获物分析

通过探究鄱阳湖刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)的渔汛特征和渔获物现状,为有效地保护其种群资源提供科学依据。2013-2014年在鄱阳湖设置3个调查点,对刀鲚进行逐月采样调查,共取样986尾、41.54 kg,随机抽样调查不同捕捞网具的整船次鄱阳湖刀鲚渔获物数据,测量体长、体重等生物学参数。采用Pearson相关分析刀鲚单船日渔获重量WB与水文因子关系。结果表明,鄱阳湖刀鲚体长范围为17.9~38.1 cm,其中21.2~23.6 cm是优势体长组,占总个体数的37.02%;体重范围为14.3~198.2 g,其中25~40 g是优势体重组,占总个体数的57.20%。鄱阳湖刀鲚体长L(cm)和体重W(g)幂函数方程为:W=0.0019L3.1378(R2=0.8997;n=986;P0.01)。湖口水域刀鲚出现时间主要集中在每年的5-6月,高峰期在6月,7月很少见;单船渔获数量NB为(3.2±4.1)尾/d,单船渔获重量WB为(0.12±0.11)kg/d。湖口水域刀鲚单船渔获重量WB与该水域水位、流量均呈显著正相关(P0.05),WB与水位的相关性更为显著。与历史资料相比,鄱阳湖刀鲚渔获规格以小个体居多;渔汛稍有推迟,持续时间大幅度缩短;种群规模急剧缩小,表明刀鲚资源正在严重衰退。