长湖短颌鲚的年龄与生长特性

2014年采集自湖北长湖的479尾短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)样本,研究了长湖种群的年龄结构和生长特性。短颌鲚的耳石和鳞片均可用于鉴定短颌鲚年龄,且两者鉴定年龄的吻合度达到75.8%。长湖短颌鲚种群的年龄组成为1~4龄,其中1~3龄鱼为主,占总样本量的96.0%。短颌鲚属匀速生长型,其体重和体长的关系为:W=6.290×10-6L2.855(n=479,R2=0.959,P0.01),且无明显性别差异。长湖短颌鲚体长与体重的生长符合Von Bertalanffy生长方程:L_t=332.869[1-e-0.213(t+1.775)],W_t=99.940[1-e-0.213(t+1.775)]2.855,其生长拐点为t=3.15龄。为了可持续开发利用长湖短颌鲚渔业资源,建议捕捞规格提高到体长200 mm。     

长江短颌鲚耳石Sr/Ca值变化特征及其江海洄游履历

为确证长江刀鲚生殖洄游季节的短颌刀鲚是否为江海洄游个体,采用X射线电子探针微区分析技术(EPMA)研究了2013年4月27日采自长江靖江段的1尾短颌鲚(XGC-A)和1尾长颌鲚(XGC-B)矢耳石的锶(Sr)和钙(Ca)的微化学特征,同时将实验结果与确认是江海洄游型长江刀鲚矢耳石的Sr和Ca的微化学特征进行了比对分析。定量线分析结果显示,短颌鲚和长颌鲚个体的Sr/Ca值均波动显著,不仅具有对应淡水生活的低值(1.59±0.80、1.55±0.74),而且出现了对应于海水生活的高值(4.38±1.33、3.56±0.94),显示出其溯河洄游的履历;耳石元素面分布分析结果同时验证了短颌鲚和长颌鲚均参与江海洄游的事实。研究表明,目前长江中存在参与江海洄游的短颌鲚个体。     

中华鳖群体间编码MHCⅠ类分子α2结构域基因的克隆及序列分析

2004年1月至2005年4月在江苏靖江市的长江沿岸用定置张网采集刀鲚261尾。清洗后的矢耳石在60℃烤箱中烘烤24h，干燥冷却后用电子天平称重，精确到0．01mg。成对t检验显示，左右矢耳石间的重量无显著差异（P〉0．05），选用左矢耳石为研究对象。用直线、幂函数和多项式等确定各类参数间的最佳拟合公式。结果表明，长江口刀鲚的耳石重量在不同年龄组间的重叠相对较少，大小相近的个体，年龄大即生长慢的比年龄小即生长快的耳石重量大，不同龄组间耳石重量有显著的差异（P〈0．05）。按年龄组以耳石重量与相应的体长作图，可初步判断所观测年龄的可靠性。分析耳石重量的频率分布，能分离出体长相近但年龄不同的个体，其结果与依据耳石年轮观测的基本一致，耳石重量与年龄呈显著的线性相关性（P〈0．05）。用该相关性估算年龄，与从耳石上直接读取的年龄并无显著差异（P〉0．05）。因此，矢耳石重量可以作为直接确定长江口刀鲚年龄或作为验证依据钙化组织判断年龄准确性的有效手段。     

嘉陵江瓦氏黄颡鱼星耳石重量与年龄的关系

在重庆市北碚区嘉陵江白庙子江段采集瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli(Richardson))标本586尾,对其星耳石重量与年龄之间的关系进行了研究。结果显示:瓦氏黄颡鱼星耳石重量在不同年龄组间的重叠相对较少,大小相近的个体,年龄大的(即生长慢的)星耳石重量比年龄小的(即生长快的)大,不同年龄组之间星耳石重量差异显著(P<0.05)。按年龄组以星耳石重量与相应的体长作图,可初步判断所观测年龄的可靠性。分析星耳石重量的频率分布,能分离出体长相近但年龄不同的个体,其结果与依据星耳石年轮观测的基本一致,星耳石重量与年龄呈显著线性相关(P<0.05);用该相关性估算年龄,与从星耳石上直接读取的年龄并无显著差异(P>0.05),它们之间的吻合度高达96.2%。因此,星耳石重量具有直接确定嘉陵江瓦氏黄颡鱼年龄的潜能或作为验证依据钙化组织判断年龄准确性的辅助手段。     

基于耳石微化学分析的丹东鸭绿江刀鲚不同生态表型生境履历的研究

为了解东北地区刀鲚(Coilia nasus)的生活史履历特征,2020年7月对丹东鸭绿江水域刀鲚进行调查,获得传统长颌鲚10尾、短颌鲚3尾,并首次采集到“杂颌鲚”6尾。通过电子探针微区分析技术对不同刀鲚进行了研究。耳石Sr和Ca定量线分析及Sr面分布图谱分析结果显示,长颌鲚既有具江海洄游生境履历的生态表型,亦有仅具淡水定居生境履历的生态表型;而短颌鲚及“杂颌鲚”个体则全为河口孵化起源、具江海洄游生境履历的生态表型。结果表明,丹东鸭绿江刀鲚类型的组成非常复杂,生境履历极富多样性,显示其可能是一个独特资源地理种群。     

锦江河黄颡鱼耳石重量与年龄的关系及年龄鉴定

2017年1—12月逐月采集锦江河中野生黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco标本138尾,取微耳石,在60℃的烘箱中烘烤24h;取体前端5～7枚脊椎骨,煮沸3min,自然晾干。采用直线、幂函数、多项回归方程中最高相关系数的拟合公式和Kolmogrov-Smimow双样本验证估算年龄与计数年龄间的相同性,研究耳石重量与年龄的关系。结果表明:黄颡鱼的耳石重量与年龄成正相关,不同年龄组间耳石重量差异显著(P0.05);耳石重量的频率分布能分离体长相近而年龄不相同的个体,与耳石磨片的年龄观察结果基本一致,即耳石重量和年龄之间的关系显著相关(P0.05)。因此,耳石重量可直接确定锦江河黄颡鱼的年龄或作为验证根据耳石的钙化构造来判定年龄的精确性。     

大黄鱼养殖群体和野生群体形态、鳞片及耳石特征比较

为研究大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)养殖群体与野生群体的鉴别特征,比较分析了大黄鱼养殖群体和野生群体的形态性状、鳞片与矢耳石轮纹特征差异。形态性状比较结果表明,养殖群体的肥满度(Fatness)、体高(BH)/体长(BL)、体厚(BT)/体长(BL)和尾柄高(CPH)/尾长(TL)比值显著大于野生群体(P0.01),野生群体躯干长(TL)/体长(BL)比值大于养殖群体(P0.05),养殖群体在体型上出现偏短、粗现象。养殖群体与野生群体在鳞片轮纹特征上无显著差异,部分个体鳞片上观察到有年轮和副轮分布。野生群体耳石轮纹较为致密,明暗带间隔不均,耳石中心核及周围区域为深黄色,年龄组成复杂,有0~2个年轮;养殖群体耳石轮纹较稀疏,明暗带间隔均匀,耳石中心核及周围区域较透明,观察到有1个年轮。这些差异间接反映了两个群体在生活环境条件、食物饵料供给方面的差异,可作为大黄鱼群体鉴定与资源管理的重要依据。     

鄱阳湖刀鲚耳石的两种微化学特征

为确认鄱阳湖中是否仍存在有溯河洄游的刀鲚个体,利用X射线电子探针微区分析技术(EPMA)研究了采自鄱阳湖星子县水域2尾刀鲚个体矢耳石的锶和钙微化学特征.定量线分析结果显示,上颌骨较短个体(PYCB02)的耳石锶钙比值(即Sr/Ca×1 000)为稳定的低值(1.66±0.54),反映了其淡水定居的生活习性;而上颌骨较长个体(PYCE05)的锶钙比值波动显著,不仅具有对应淡水生活的低值(1.82 ±0.50),而且出现了对应于海水生活的高值(5.79±0.91),显示出其溯河洄游的“履历”.这些结果更得到了耳石元素面分布分析结果的支持.这两种截然不同的耳石微化学特征类型首次直观地反映和证实了目前距长江河口约800 km的鄱阳湖中同时存在有溯河洄游和淡水定居的两类刀鲚个体.     

鄱阳湖同时存在溯河洄游和淡水定居的刀鲚

为确认鄱阳湖中是否仍存在有溯河洄游的刀鲚个体,利用X射线电子探针微区分析技术(EPMA)研究了采自鄱阳湖星子县水域2尾刀鲚个体矢耳石的锶和钙微化学特征。定量线分析结果显示,上颌骨较短个体(PYCB02)的耳石锶钙比值(即Sr/Ca×1 000)为稳定的低值(1.66±0.54),反映了其淡水定居的生活习性;而上颌骨较长个体(PYCE05)的锶钙比值波动显著,不仅具有对应淡水生活的低值(1.82±0.50),而且出现了对应于海水生活的高值(5.79±0.91),显示出其溯河洄游的"履历"。这些结果更得到了耳石元素面分布分析结果的支持。这两种截然不同的耳石微化学特征类型首次直观地反映和证实了目前距长江河口约800 km的鄱阳湖中同时存在有溯河洄游和淡水定居的两类刀鲚个体。     

长江南京江段长颌鲚生境履历的反演

利用电子探针显微分析技术(EPMA),对2009年和2014年采自长江南京段的长颌鲚耳石微化学进行了研究,反演了其生境履历。结果显示,这些长颌鲚耳石上元素Sr/Ca值的动态可分为两类。一类Sr/Ca值出现显著波动,不仅具有对应淡水生境的低值(1.87±0.36),而且有对应于河口半咸水生境的较高值(4.80±0.80),甚至出现了外海高盐度生境的高值(7.85±0.57),反映了溯河洄游的生境履历特征。另一类Sr/Ca值稳定3.0以下(14NJC09和14NJCE10),仅反映出在淡水生境中生活的履历。上述结果均得到了耳石Sr面分布的验证。上述"反演"的结果首次发现,传统上认为的一定是溯河洄游的长颌鲚,也可能存在有淡水定居个体。单纯利用上颌骨的长短并不能作为有效判别长江刀鲚资源群体中溯河洄游个体和淡水定居个体的标准。     

Using otolith weight–age relationships to predict age based metrics of coral reef fish populations across different temporal scales

We assess the use of otolith weight to predict population age structure of an important harvested coral reef fish at different temporal scales up to 4 years, and explore the implications of age prediction for estimates of key fishery parameters. Fish age and otolith weight relationships were estimated for common coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae: Epinephelinae), at 24 coral reefs located in four different regions spanning 7° of latitude along the Great Barrier Reef of Australia from 1995 to 1999. We explored the robustness of predictions of population age structures from otolith weights where age structure in 1 year was derived from otolith weights using the age–otolith weight relationships derived in another year up to 4 years earlier. The accuracy of predictions of age structure varied depending upon the temporal scale over which the prediction was made. Predictive accuracy was highest for predictions in the same year as the age–otolith weight relationship was derived and worst at the longest scale, when predictions spanned 4 years. Predictions of age based on the age–otolith weight relationships generally overestimated the minimum age of a population and underestimated the maximum age. Mean predicted age was generally within ±1% difference of the mean observed age while mean predicted length at modal age (growth index) was largely within ±5% difference of mean observed length at modal age. Predicted age structures gave less accurate estimates of total mortality rate than those estimated from directly determined age structures. Fish age–otolith weight relationships generally predicted modal age within ±1 year at all temporal scales. These results have significance for making rapid, initial estimates of key parameters for long-term monitoring of tropical reef fish stocks, especially in circumstances where available resources are insufficient for a comprehensive program of direct age estimation.     

大宁河红尾副鳅年龄与生长的研究

利用耳石、脊椎骨对2006年10月至2007年11月采自大宁河的129尾红尾副鳅(Paracobitis variegates)的年轮特征进行研究,并对生长情况进行分析。结果显示:低龄脊椎骨钙质沉积不明显,轮纹观察不清楚,耳石轮纹较清楚。红尾副鳅群体由2~6龄共5个龄组组成,体重体长关系为W=1.95×10-4L2.309,耳石直径与体长的关系为L=263.24R+9.03,生长方程为Lt=222.708[1-e-0.092(t+2.162)];Wt=51.399[1-e-0.092(t+2.162)]2.309。结果表明:红尾副鳅体重生长拐点年龄为6.97龄,7龄前后为合理的捕捞时期。     

Growth of juvenile chub mackerel Scomber japonicus in the western North Pacific Ocean: with application and validation of otolith daily increment formation

The growth of juvenile chub mackerel Scomber japonicus collected in the western North Pacific Ocean in 2007 and 2009 was examined based on the evidence of otolith daily increment formation in captive specimens. There was a significant difference in the relationship between known age and number of increments in the frontal and sagittal planes. Repeated markings on the otolith using Alizarin complexone and the coefficient of variation in number of increments suggest that the increments in the frontal plane of the otolith are more suitable for age estimation than those in the long and short axes of the sagittal plane. The increments in the frontal plane formed daily, and the first ring was usually deposited 3 days after hatch. Age of wild juveniles ranged from 24 to 211 days after hatch based on the frontal plane method. The estimated hatching periods of specimens ranged from February to June, but the April-hatched specimens were collected throughout the sampling periods of 2007 and 2009. The Gompertz growth model showed a difference in growth pattern in specimens between 2007 and 2009. The juveniles in 2009 appeared to grow more quickly than those in 2007 until summer, but thereafter the 2009 specimens seemed to grow more slowly.     

多鳞四指马(鱼友)耳石形态特征的观察

利用2010年2月～2012年5月从江苏启东、福建东山、海南海口、广东湛江和台湾沿海海域采集到的192 ind多鳞四指马(鱼友)(Eleutheronema rhadinum)标本,取3对耳石,并以矢耳石长、宽、重、长宽比、面积、周长、矩形趋近率、成形系数、密度等指标为基本形态学参数,研究多鳞四指马(鱼友)的耳石形态特征。结果显示,多鳞四指马(鱼友)矢耳石都有基叶和翼叶,中央听沟明显,前缘开阔,后缘窄且闭合。矢耳石的大小和形状随个体生长变化明显,叉长较短的样品,耳石呈瓜子状,边缘规则;叉长较长的样品,矢耳石呈狭长叶片状,边缘有较多波浪形突起。矢耳石形态特征比较显示:多鳞四指马(鱼友)矢耳石在形态上更接近鲈形目鱼类耳石形态,这支持将多鳞四指马(鱼友)归为鲈形目鱼类。矢耳石平均密度为0.80 mg·mm-3,平均矩形趋近率为0.70,成形系数为0.58,耳石长是叉长的2.82%～3.42%,重量占体重的0.06‰～0.59‰。矢耳石度量指标的变异系数均小于其叉长、体重的变异系数,矢耳石形态的稳定性高于其身体形态的稳定性。多鳞四指马(鱼友)矢耳石长、宽、重、长宽比与叉长呈显著相关,耳石长与宽符合幂函数关系。密度、矩形趋近率、成形系数、耳石长占叉长比、耳石重占体重比等参数可以作为表征参数,来衡量多鳞四指马(鱼友)的形态特征。     

The amount of calcium in bony structures used for age determination in Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel, 1843)

In this study, the ages of 76 individuals belonging to the Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel, 1843) population caught from Murat River near Bingöl city were determined from six different bony structures and the level of calcium mineral of each bony structure was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The determined element was statistically examined according to the age, length, weight and sex of the fish. The age, length and weight ranges of the fish were found to be 2–6, 12.0–21.2 mm and 16.3–135.3 g respectively. The relationships between the accumulation of calcium in all bony structures and the fish size (both length and weight) were found to be insignificant (P>0.05). However, a strong relationship was found between fish weight and accumulation of the mineral in vertebra and otolith. A strong correlation was also found between fish length and accumulation of calcium in the dorsal fin ray, followed by the otolith, vertebra and cleithrum bones respectively. Whereas the accumulation of calcium according to the age groups was found to be insignificant for scale and operculum (P>0.05), it was found to be significant for all the other bony structures examined (P<0.05). In conclusion, the accumulation of calcium on some bony structures of C. macrostomus was observed to increase with an increase in age, length and weight of fish, although the increases were not statistically significant at least for some bony structures (P>0.05).     

Stock structure of blue threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum across northern Australia as inferred from stable isotopes in sagittal otolith carbonate

Abstract Stable isotopes of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C in sagittal otolith carbonates were used to determine the stock structure of the polynemid Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) across tropical northern Australia, where this species is an important component of inshore commercial and recreational fisheries. Stable isotopes from the sagittal otolith carbonate of 470 fish from 11 discrete locations across western, northern and eastern Australia were sampled between 2007 and 2009. Analysis of these stable isotopes revealed different location‐specific signatures, indicating strong population subdivision. The significant differences in the isotopic signatures of E. tetradactylum demonstrated that there is unlikely to be substantial movement of fish between these locations. The spatial separation of these populations indicates a complex fine spatial scale stock structure across northern Australia, with at least 11 stocks or management units present. The population subdivision of E. tetradactylum was evident along expansive stretches of open beach systems and within coastal embayments with no physical barriers such as headlands. These results indicate that optimal fisheries management will require a review of the current spatial arrangements, particularly the potential for localised depletion of stocks on small spatial scales.     

几种前处理方法所获刀鲚(Coilia nasus)耳石年轮的效果比较

本研究较为系统地比较了刀鲚(Coilia nasus)耳石的几种碾磨方法及耳石酸蚀前处理所获刀鲚耳石年轮的效果.结果显示,耳石横截面碾磨法更易获取较为清晰的年轮,而矢状面碾磨法的效果不及前者,但后者在用于耳石微化学的研究中却更有优势.经5％EDTA处理过的耳石,比用1％HC1处理过的耳石,更容易获得较好的年轮效果.本研究还发现,刀鲚耳石年轮形成过程中的一些形态变化,与刀鲚生活史中的生境变化有关联性.     

达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耳石质量与年龄关系

2017年5月—2018年1月,在内蒙古达里湖采集瓦氏雅罗鱼404尾,取出微耳石清洗、烘干、称量质量后,先用热熔胶定于载玻片上打磨后,再热熔胶高温熔化取下耳石,用透光率更高的透明指甲油固定、打磨,至出现清晰轮纹,读取鱼类年龄。分别采用4种方程(直线、幂函数、指数函数和多项式)回归拟合耳石质量与体长、年龄之间的关系,得出瓦氏雅罗鱼耳石质量( m _O)与年龄( A )之间的函数关系式: m O =-0.0445 A ² +1.9601 A -1.3978( r^( 2) =0.8772)。基于拟合方程和各龄组耳石质量和体长统计图表结果,证明瓦氏雅罗鱼耳石质量可用于鉴定其年龄。利用耳石质量推算鱼类年龄,将推算年龄与耳石年轮读取年龄进行对比,结果表明,瓦氏雅罗鱼耳石质量可以直接推断鱼的年龄,是一种快速简单且稳定的年龄鉴定方法。     

阿根廷外海拉式南美南极鱼矢耳石形态特征分析

拉式南美南极鱼(Patagonotothen ramsayi)矢耳石形态存在多样性,这为该鱼种地理种群鉴定提供了重要参考。为深入研究拉式南美南极鱼矢耳石外部形态特征,利用2014年12月~2015年4月间采集的166ind拉式南美南极鱼(体长范围95~288 mm)样本,对其矢耳石形态进行观察与测量,并对其形态特征进行了分析。结果表明,拉式南美南极鱼耳石具有明显的基叶和翼叶,其主间沟、主凹槽、缺刻和辐射状条纹明显清晰,呈狭长状,内侧凸面、外侧凹面。左、右耳石的背宽和翼叶长存在显著性差异,但耳石长度、宽度、基叶长、背长、周长和面积不存在显著差异。耳石各形态参数值随着体长的增加,其绝对尺寸不断增加,而相对尺寸逐渐减少,其形态结构的比例基本不变。耳石的长度、宽度与耳石质量均表现为乘幂函数关系,随着耳石质量的不断增加,其长度、宽度也不断增加。耳石的长度、背长、基叶长、翼叶长、周长和面积与鱼体体长呈乘幂函数关系,宽度和背宽与体长呈线性函数关系;耳石的各形态参数值与湿重均呈显著的乘幂函数关系。