斑节对虾配合饲料的分析和试验

为适应斑节对虾养殖生产，对配合饲料的需要，南海水产研究所深圳南头试验站从1988年起，开展了斑节对虾配合饲料的研究，根据多年斑节对虾养殖实践，观察了虾的生态生理及其营养需求，综合吸取当今虾饲料生产和国内外饲料配方特点，结合自已的试验结果，研制出斑节对虾软颗粒饲料和硬颗粒饲料，本文着重研究与分析该颗粒饲料的营养成份，及其对饲喂效果的评价。     

不同饲料形态对牙鲆摄食的影响

比较了软颗粒饲料、沉性干颗粒饲料、膨化颗粒饲料等三种不同的饲料形态对牙鲆摄食反应、摄食率的影响,结果表明,牙鲆对软颗粒饲料适口性较好,摄食率明显高于其它两种颗粒饲料.膨化颗粒饲料的摄食率最低.     

海水养殖主要鲆类营养需要量研究进展

鱼类养殖的关键技术之一是饲料的合理使用, 目前,我国海水鲆类养殖所用的饲料主要是采用粉料与鲜杂鱼混合加工成不同粒度的湿性颗粒饲料, 其营养配比不合理,尤其是养殖水质受到严重污染,并时常导致病害发生(张梅兰,2002)。使用干颗粒配合饲料,营养全面而均衡,能减轻水质污染,减少病害发生,是海水养殖业可持续发展的主要因素之一。因此,针对我国鲆类鱼的实际营养需要特点,开发专用干颗粒环保饲料成为当务之急。文章对国内外牙鲆、大菱鲆的营养需要研究现状及趋势进行综述,为全面而深入地探寻其营养需要量与研制专用配合饲料提供参考。     

颗粒饲料养鱼好处多

颗粒饲料是按养殖动物的种类、大小、用各种单一饲料及添加剂，经粉碎、混合、搅拌加温、制粒等过程加工而成的营养成份全面的配合饲料。     

鱼用配合饲料的选择与投喂技术

鱼用配合饲料是根据养殖鱼类的营养需求，将多种饲料按比例配合制成的一种营养完善的混合饲料。配合饲料种类很多，目前养殖生产上利用配合颗粒饲料养鱼，已基本取代了传统的养鱼方式，饲料成本已占到养殖成本的60％以上。饲料的选择不当将会导致养殖成本上升，效益下降。因此，如何正确选择好鱼用配合饲料并科学投喂，对水产养殖业的发展和经济效益的提高意义重大。     

牙鲆幼鱼饲料养殖试验

牙鲆属碟形目，鲆科，牙鲆属，俗称偏口、牙片，其经济价值高，生长速度快（60一100元／斤，一年半养成），特别适合于在我国北方水域进行集约化养殖。但目前牙鲜幼鱼期的颗粒饲料，主要依赖于进口，这大大阻碍了我国牙鲜养殖的发展。鉴于此，北京友谊饲料公司开发了这一饲料，并于1997年7月至9月进行了养殖对比试验，下面就此试验进行分析讨论。一、材料和方法1．材料1997年7月6目-9月6日共63天，地点山东荣成一养殖场。试验池长6米，宽1米，水深0．5米共8个。牙稣苗为当年该场自育后长势缓慢的“老头苗”。饲料为友谊饲料公司生产的鱼苗料…     

湿颗粒饲料在海水鱼养殖中应用与使用事项

海水鱼的养殖是一个新兴产业,养殖品种主要有牙鲆、大菱鲆、大黄鱼、花鲈、美国红鱼、真鲷和石斑鱼等,养殖规模逐年扩大,技术日趋成熟,在苗种培育、养殖设施、水质处理、病害控制、饲料营养及投喂技术、经营管理方面有了较大进步,但较日本、挪威、美国等发达国家差距较大,特别是饲料与营养方面的研究较少。     

现代水产养殖临床医学技术关键点探讨*(连载) 四、饲料、投饲技术及健康饲养管理

（一）饲料的品质评判 以商品化颗粒饲料为养殖水产动物唯一营养来源的现代水产养殖业，促进了水产饲料加工业的飞速发展，有关水产动物营养和饲料的研究也因此而不断地完善和发展。对于养殖业主来说，首先要掌握鉴别好料、差料、坏料和科学投喂饲料的基本技术，把握养殖动物饲料营养卫生和体质健壮的关键技术，有效预防水产动物的食源性疾病。     

用配合颗粒饲料养鱼的经验

配合颗粒饲料是按养殖鱼类的营养需要,把多种饲料的各种营养成份按比例适当配合,加工成适口颗粒。所以,这种饲料具有营养全面,符合鱼类生长需要,在水中损失小,减轻劳动强度等优点,饲料效率高,经济效益好。我场采用配合颗粒饲料养鱼后,取     

牙鲆的营养需求及饲养管理技术

牙鲆已成为我国沿海最重要的海水鱼类养殖品种。近年来因爱德华氏菌症、淋巴囊肿病、嗜腐虫症等顽固性疾病的危害日益严重，养殖成活率下降，给牙鲆养殖业造成极大损失。为保证牙鲆养殖稳定发展，根据牙鲆对营养的需求，选用安全、稳定的EP饵料，最大限度减少养殖鱼和病原菌的接触，同时使用对应激有抵抗力的优良添加物维生素、强肝剂、免疫赋活剂，提高牙鲆的应激抵抗力，可有效抑制因疾病造成的死亡，提高养殖鱼的存活率。根据多年的养殖实验，参阅国内外研究成果，介绍符合牙鲆营养需求的饵料及饲养管理技术。     

Weaning of Wild Young-of-the-Year Winter Flounder Pleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) on a Dry Diet: Effects on Growth, Survival, and Feed Efficiency Ratios

Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus is being developed for aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. Weaning, the switch from a live diet to formulated feed, is a critical stage in the culture of any fish species. In this study, we used wild young-of-the-year stock to determine whether juvenile winter flounder can be weaned from live, cultured Artemia onto dry feed. The dry feed used was originally formulated for turbot Scophthalmus maximus and cod Gadus morhua by BP Nutrition, Stavanger, Norway. The performance of live feed and dry pellets was compared in terms of survival, growth and feed efficiency over three months. We were able to wean wild juvenile winter flounder onto dry feed after one week. Increased specific growth rates and feed efficiency ratios in weaned juveniles indicated that prepared diet was a better food source than Anemia . Survival was not influenced by food type.     

Influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> in suboptimal water temperatures

This study was carried out to investigate the influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder (initial mean weight 6.3 g) in sub optimal water temperatures. A 2 (diets: extruded pellet and moist pellet)×2 (feeding frequencies: two and three times daily)×2 (water temperatures: 12 and 17°C) factorial design with three replications was used. After 60 days of feeding, the feeding frequency did not significantly affect growth performance of fish. Weight gain, daily feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish reared at the higher water temperature. At the same water temperature, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish fed the extruded pellet than moist pellet. The results of this study indicate that feeding frequency of two times daily is sufficient for optimal growth of juvenile flounder when reared in suboptimal water temperatures, and an increase in water temperature from 12 to 17°C improved growth and feed efficiency.     

国产鱼粉替代进口鱼粉饲养牙鲆试验报告

以国产鱼粉和进口鱼粉 ,分别设计成两种等蛋白、等能量的干粉料 ,与小杂鱼按一定的比例混合制成软颗粒饲料 ,投喂南方池养牙鲆进行饲养对比试验 ,经过 2 0 4天的饲养 ,投喂A料、B料的尾相对增重率分别为 2 4 0 1 %、 2 4 83% ,尾平均日增重分别为 2 .1 8g、1 .4 6 g ;饲料系数分别为 2 .0 5、 2 .6 0 ,牙鲆增重 1kg所需饲料成本分别为 9.6 6 元和 1 3.6 5 元。牙鲆鱼肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,5种鲜味氨基酸的含量很接近     

Effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

A factorial (3 × 4) feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth performance, feed utilization and body proximate composition of juvenile olive flounder. Three feed types including a sinking moist pellet (MP), a sinking dry pellet (DP) and a floating extruded pellet (EP) were used. Fish (average weight, 11.1 ± 0.4 g) were randomly distributed in thirty‐six 300 L tanks in a flowthrough system. Triplicate groups (30 fish per tank) of fish were fed each feed type to visual satiation at three meals per day, two meals per day, one meal per day and one meal every 2 days for 7 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the survival of fish was not significantly different among the treatments. Weight gain was affected by the feeding frequency. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed the EP at three meals per day. The daily feed intake of fish fed the MP and DP tended to be higher than that of fish fed the EP at each feeding frequency. The feed efficiency and the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP were higher than those of fish fed the MP and DP. The body proximate composition of fish was altered by the feeding frequency. The crude lipid content increased with the increase in the feeding frequency. The present findings suggest that three feedings per day at visual satiation of the floating EP may be sufficient for the maximal growth performance of olive flounder grown from 11 to 60 g.     

Advance in the Culture Research of Small-Eye Flounder,Paralichthys microps,and Chilean Flounder,P. adspersus,in Chile

ABSTRACT

Over 71% of the aquaculture production of Chile is based on salmonids, and given the recents problems in the world salmon industry, it is necessary to investigate the culture of new species as a vital priority to maintain an industry of great social and economic impact for Chile. Small-eye flounder, Paralichthys microps, and chilean flounder P. adspersus, are native, high-value flatfish present off the coasts of Perú and Chile, that are commonly exploted by artisanal fishermen. Since 1986 both species have been objects of research studies for culture based on techniques developed for Japanese flounder. This paper is a review of current knowledge of this species and to identify research needs for the near future. Natural spawning of small-eye flounder and chilean flounder broodstock in captivity is already possible, but the manipulation of spawning using photoperiod and hormonal inducement, as well as the role of broodstock nutrition in egg and larval quality, needs to be explored. Successful incubation and larval culture protocol for both species have been developed, with larval survival over 24% from certain egg batches. Nutritional characterization and requirements for chilean flounder eggs and larvae during the culture period, optimal temperature, density, light intensity and green-water culture, are all subjects of ongoing research. Efforts to improve early culture protocol continues with emphasis on causes of larval mortality, early use of dry feed, microbial ecology of culture tanks and water quality. Weaning from live to formulated diets has been investigated, demonstrating survival of 30-50%. Presently only about 1-5% of hatchery raised flounder show a pigment disorder. Research on formulated diets and the weaning process are under way to ameliorate these results. Juveniles are being grown experimental in tanks and net pens systems and their performance (growth, survival, health) in both systems is being evaluated. Chilean flounder require approximately 2.8 years to reach 1 kg. Effort is also focusing on improving juvenile growing protocol, including recirculation systems, culture environment and diet formulation. Much future research will be required to attain optimal production of the species, such as species-specific nutritional requirements, optimum stocking density, disease and health management and growing protocols with new systems (shallow raceway). At present there is enough known about chilean flounder to begin a pilot-stage that will be the key for future development of its culture.     

Nutritional comparison in muscle of wild,pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) adults

Muscle proximate composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions and selected minerals of wild, pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder adults were compared in this study to elucidate their nutritive values and dietary nutrition requirements. Wild and pond cultured Japanese flounder flesh had higher crude proteins, but crude lipid contents of factory cultured fish were 3.8~4.0 fold greater. Major amino acids in Japanese flounder were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Wild fish had higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and half‐essential amino acids and the contents in pond cultured samples were similar. Arachidonic acids (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), DHA + EPA and n–3 PUFA in wild Japanese flounder were significantly higher than that in factory cultured fish, whereas fatty acid levels were close between pond cultured and wild fish. Japanese flounder were rich in zinc, iron and selenium, but poor in copper, chromium and nickel. Results indicated wild Japanese flounder had higher nutritional value and better meat quality, but the nutritional compositions of pond cultured fish were close to wild Japanese flounder, which suggested that pond culture of Japanese flounder offers broad application prospects.     

Survival of larval summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus on formulated diets and failure of thyroid hormone treatment to improve performance

Summer flounder is a new aquaculture species, the culture of which could be made simpler by the replacement, to the greatest extent possible, of live feed with formulated diets. Previous work has shown that development of the summer flounder stomach can be accelerated by treatment of the larvae with thyroid hormone. Two series of experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, 2-week feeding trials were conducted beginning with fish (which were not treated with thyroid hormone) 14, 21, 28, 35, or 42 days after hatch (DAH) to determine when they could begin to utilize commercially available formulated diets. In the second experiment, two groups of sibling larvae, one treated with thyroid hormone, the other not, were placed in similar 2-week feeding trials at 25, 30 or 35 DAH to test whether survival of thyroid hormone-treated larvae would surpass those of untreated larvae. The first series of experiments demonstrated that the larvae could not effectively utilize the formulated diets until 35 DAH. The second series of experiments indicated that thyroid hormone-treated larvae do not exhibit significantly greater survival than untreated larvae.     

以大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料应用为例谈 改变鱼类营养和饲料研究范式

鱼类营养和饲料研究始于70年前并借鉴陆生动物营养研究经验形成了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖发展面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更高的要求。事实表明,根据一些鱼类营养和饲料研究成果所配方的饲料在养殖生产实践中往往不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着在已有范式下取得的研究成果有时难以很好地满足现代鱼类养殖产业的需要。本文叙述了具有重要经济价值的两种肉食性鱼类大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料研发与应用的历程,指出对饲料蛋白需求的低估是限制配合饲料长期未能在大口黑鲈和大黄鱼养殖生产中应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400-440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450-470 g/kg。经过重新评估后将大口黑鲈和大黄鱼的最适饲料蛋白水平分别提高到480-510 g/kg和490-520 g/kg。在适宜的饲料蛋白水平下,投喂配合饲料的大口黑鲈和大黄鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时相当。作者认为对饲料蛋白需求的低估与已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式存在的不足有关,其表现为：（1）强调食物对鱼类生长的作用,但忽视了实验鱼遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对生长和摄食的影响;（2）强调鱼类个体生长对评价营养需求和饲料质量的重要性,但忽视了鱼类个体生长差异并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益的事实;（3）强调生长和饲料利用效率作为鱼类营养和饲料研究评价指标的重要性,但忽视了养殖对环境和自然资源的负面影响是限制水产养殖产业可持续发展的瓶颈;（4）没有足够重视基础饲料配方在评价营养需求或饲料质量方面的影响,一些研究因基础饲料组成不当而产生没有实际意义的评价结果。针对上述问题,作者建议从概念、理论和研究方法方面对已有的范式做如下修改：（1）重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对鱼类生长的影响,明确鱼类营养需求取决于其生长需求;（2）重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用,明确不同饲料原料在实现配方的营养平衡方面发挥着不同的作用;（3）重视对实验鱼种质和种群结构的选择,重视对照组和处理组个体生长差异的幅度对判断饲料处理效应的指示作用,重视饲料配方对渔业资源和环境等水产养殖可持续发展相关的内容的影响。经过修改后的研究范式更符合养殖生产实际,在此基础上开展研究所获得的成果也能够更好地指导配合饲料生产,为鱼类养殖产业的可持续发展提供更好的科技支撑。     

海水鱼类必需脂肪酸营养与需要的研究进展

综述了牙Ping、大菱Ping、鲷和鲈等海水主要养殖鱼类的必需脂肪酸营养及其需要量；讨论了为海水养殖鱼类提供必需脂肪酸的有效途径。