三峡水库小江回水区叶绿素a与环境因子的时空变化

2013年1-12月在小江水华暴发的敏感区域高阳断面开展了水文、营养盐、叶绿素a等指标长期、定点监测,分析库湾水体叶绿素a及环境因子的时空变化特征及其相互关系。结果表明,高阳断面水体在1月、10-12月处于混合状态,3-8月则处于弱分层到稳定分层状态。水体处于混合状态时,各层营养盐浓度变化不显著,处于分层状态时,则呈现较显著差异;时间分布上,冬季氮磷营养盐浓度(TN:1.52~1.74 mg/L,TP:0.092~0.095 mg/L)略高于夏季(TN:1.16~1.56 mg/L,TP:0.037~0.085 mg/L),干流水体倒灌作用对其影响显著。叶绿素a浓度呈现夏季高、冬季低的趋势,水体分层对叶绿素a垂向分布影响显著;当水体处于分层状态时,表层叶绿素a浓度(18.56~92.23 mg/m~3)明显高于中、底层(2.54~21.56 mg/m~3)。营养盐为小江高阳叶绿素a变化的限制因素,各层水体叶绿素a浓度与硝氮和可溶性磷酸盐呈显著负相关。表层水体叶绿素a与环境因子相关性较强,叶绿素a与营养盐、溶解氧、透明度、水温、表底温差等呈极显著相关(P0.01);中层叶绿素a与营养盐、水温、透明度、水深、水体稳定系数等呈极显著相关(P0.01),表明水体扰动是影响中层水体叶绿素a增长的关键因素之一;底层水体叶绿素a与硝氮(P0.01)、磷酸盐(P0.05)、水深(P0.05)呈极显著或显著相关。     

威海湾营养盐季节变化特征及与环境因子的相关性分析

根据2006-2007年威海湾4个航次营养盐的调查资料,分析该海域海水中无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO43--P)和硅酸盐(SiO32--Si)的季节变化规律及其与环境因子的典型相关性。结果表明,NO3--N是DIN的主要存在形式,比例达50%以上。营养盐季节性变化明显,秋冬季DIN和PO43--P浓度较高,春夏季较低,SiO32--Si的变化则相反。四季DIN和PO43--P浓度均大于浮游植物生长阈值,仅冬季SiO23--Si浓度低于浮游植物生长阈值。冬季浮游植物生长的限制因子是Si,其他季节具有P限制的潜在性。营养盐和环境因子具有较大的典型相关性,其中,盐度、pH和NO3--N、PO43--P、SiO23--Si相关性最大,典型相关系数达到0.979。     

西沙永兴岛附近海域秋末氮磷营养盐加富对浮游植物生长限制的影响

为探讨西沙海域氮(N)和磷(P)对浮游植物生长限制的影响,2014年秋末在永兴岛附近海域S0站(111°59.843'E,17°30.364'N)进行了N、P营养盐的现场添加实验。添加氮的浓度依次为4μmol·L-1、8μmol·L-1、16μmol·L-1、32μmol·L-1,添加磷的浓度依次为0.25μmol·L-1、0.5μmol·L-1、1μmol·L-1、2μmol·L-1,添加氮和磷的浓度组合依次为4μmol·L-1+0.5μmol·L-1(N∶P=8∶1)、8μmol·L-1+2μmol·L-1(N∶P=4∶1)、16μmol·L-1+0.25μmol·L-1(N∶P=64∶1)、32μmol·L-1+1μmol·L-1(N∶P=32∶1)。结果显示:加富N+P后,叶绿素a浓度显著增长(P0.05),其中,32μmol·L-1NO-3-N+1μmol·L-1PO3-4-P添加组和4μmol·L-1NO-3-N+0.5μmol·L-1PO3-4-P添加组叶绿素质量浓度从初始的0.06 mg·m-3分别达到1.71 mg·m-3和1.10 mg·m-3,说明添加N/P范围在8~32之间可以促进浮游植物生长。在单独加富N和P后,叶绿素a浓度均无显著的增加(P0.05),说明单独添加N和P不能促进浮游物生长。限制因子分析表明,S0站点的浮游植物生长为N+P共同限制。     

三峡水库小江回水区叶绿素a与环境因子时空变化

于2013年1-12月在小江水华暴发的敏感区域高阳断面开展了水文、营养盐、叶绿素a等指标长期、定点监测,分析库湾水体叶绿素a及环境因子的时空变化特征及其相互关系。结果表明高阳断面水体在1月、10-12月处于混合状态,3-8月则处于弱分层到稳定分层状态。水体在混合状态时各理化因子、营养盐及叶绿素a分层变化不显著;而处于分层状态时,各层水体氮磷营养盐呈现较显著差异,时间分布上冬季略高于夏季,干流倒灌对高阳断面营养盐的季节分布影响显著。叶绿素a浓度呈现明显的夏季高、冬季低的趋势,水体分层对叶绿素a垂向分布影响显著,当水体处于分层状态时,表层叶绿素浓度明显高于中、底层。高阳断面各层水体叶绿素a浓度与硝氮和可溶性磷酸盐呈显著负相关,表明营养盐是小江高阳叶绿素变化的限制因素。表层水体叶绿素a与硝氮、磷酸盐、溶解氧、透明度、水温、表底温差等呈显著相关(P<0.01),表明表层叶绿素a与环境因子相关性较强;中层叶绿素a与硝氮、总氮、总磷、磷酸盐、水温、透明度、水深、水体稳定系数等呈显著相关(P<0.01),表明水体的扰动是影响中层水体叶绿素a增长的关键因素之一;底层水体叶绿素a与硝氮(P<0.01)、磷酸盐(P<0.05)、水深(P<0.05)呈显著相关。     

渤海中部冬夏季叶绿素a和营养盐结构影响因素对比分析

根据2016年1月(冬季)和6月(夏季)渤海中部叶绿素a(Chl a)、营养盐等数据,对Chl a和营养盐的季节特征、影响因素及趋势变化进行分析,结果表明,Chl a和营养盐呈现明显的季节变化特征(P0.01)。冬季受洋流输入、扰动再悬浮及矿化释放等因素影响,DIN、PO■-P和SiO■-Si含量分别为(10.51±4.52)μmol·L~(-1)、(0.28±0.14)μmol·L~(-1)和(10.63±2.09)μmol·L~(-1),其中DIN主要组分为NO~-_3-N(92%),除部分站位呈现磷潜在限制外,氮硅营养盐限制状况不明显。Chl a含量较低为(0.99±0.25) mg·m~(-3),主要受温度限制(T8℃)。夏季受径流输入、北黄海水交换以及吸收利用等因素影响,DIN、PO■-P和SiO■-Si含量分别为(4.72±4.2)μmol·L~(-1)、(0.04±0.04)μmol·L~(-1)和(3.81±1.72)μmol·L~(-1),较冬季分别降低55.0%、85.7%和64.1%,其中DIN以NH~(4+)-N(48%)和NO~-_3-N(45%)为主。营养盐呈现明显的P限制,且部分站位DIN和SiO■-Si含量低于阈值,不利于浮游植物的生长。Chl a含量达(4.58±5.51) mg·m~(-3),为冬季的4.6倍。在黄河口和莱州湾外高营养盐海域,Chl a含量高达10 mg·m~(-3),存在爆发藻华的风险。     

营养盐对海萝生长和藻体生化成分的影响

研究了不同营养盐添加量对海萝(Gloiopeltis furcata)盘状体萌发、生长、成活以及藻体生长和生化成分的影响。海萝盘状体和海萝藻体分别培养于添加不同质量浓度的营养盐[硝酸钠(Na NO3)0 mg·L-1、10 mg·L-1、40 mg·L-1、80 mg·L-1、10 mg·L-1、40 mg·L-1、80 mg·L-1和相对应磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)0 mg·L-1、0 mg·L-1、0 mg·L-1、0 mg·L-1、1 mg·L-1、4 mg·L-1、8 mg·L-1]的天然海水中。结果表明,添加营养盐的各组盘状体萌发出直立体的百分率和成活率没有比空白对照组的高;添加营养盐的各组藻体质量与空白对照组没有显著性差异,但添加Na NO3质量浓度为40~80 mg·L-1组的叶绿素a和藻红蛋白含量则明显高于空白对照组(P0.05)。研究结果显示,海萝盘状体阶段可不添加营养盐进行培养;藻体阶段可添加Na NO310~40 mg·L-1和K2HPO44mg·L-1进行培养。     

黄颡鱼养殖池塘氮磷营养盐周年变化研究

通过对黄颡鱼养殖池塘水体主要水质因子周年变化的测定与比较,探讨黄颡鱼养殖对水体环境的影响。研究主要测定了水体总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)、硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)和氨氮(NH4-N)含量。结果表明:养殖水体TP全年变化范围为0.08~1.17mg/L,5月份TP含量最低。PO4-P全年变化范围为0.02~0.27mg/L,10-12月份PO4-P含量较高为0.24~0.27mg/L。NO3-N全年变化范围为0.02~11.67mg/L,8月和11月份形成2个峰值;NO2-N全年变化范围为0.02~0.48mg/L,10月份呈现最高值0.48±0.01mg/L。NH4-N全年变化范围为0.06~2.02mg/L,5月份呈现峰值。溶解态无机氮(DIN)全年含量为0.43~11.76mg/L,且从全年氮平均含量进行考察,NO3-N、NH4-N和NO2-N分别占DIN的78.16%、16.72%和5.12%,N/P比值在5月和11月份出现2个峰值。黄颡鱼养殖池塘的水体氮和磷营养含量受光照、水温和鱼体活动等因素影响。     

高位虾池养殖过程主要理化因子的变化及水质评价

研究了湛江东海岛2口凡纳滨对虾高位养殖虾池水体主要理化因子在养殖过程中的动态变化及其相互关系,并用营养状态质量法对该养殖场的水质状况进行评价.试验结果表明,养殖过程水体中DO、pH、温度和盐度波动较小、变化平缓,而COD、DOC、营养盐和叶绿素a的含量随养殖过程而上升.主要理化因子之间的相关关系复杂,但叶绿素a与营养盐之间存在显著的正相关关系.在养殖中后期,表征富营养化的NQI值大幅度升高,水体富营养化程度严重.     

葡萄糖添加对太湖水体浮游植物生长的影响

为探索葡萄糖(碳源)添加对浮游植物生长的影响,于2015年7月30日—8月6日用太湖梅梁湾水体进行了碳、氮、磷的营养盐添加试验。试验设置3个处理,每个处理均添加相同水平的氮、磷营养盐,而碳添加质量浓度分别为0 mg/L(对照组)、51 mg/L(低碳组)和102 mg/L(高碳组)。结果显示,对照组与低碳组的叶绿素a(Chl-a)均显著高于高碳组(P0.05),3个处理间总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)质量浓度没有显著差异(P0.05);整体上,第1~8天和第6~8天,高碳组的硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)、活性磷(SRP)质量浓度的降低速率均是最高的,低碳组次之,对照组最慢(P0.05)。研究表明,葡萄糖添加控制了浮游植物生长,促进了水体中无机氮、磷质量浓度降低;但在添加葡萄糖的处理中,无机氮、磷质量浓度降低速度的加快并没有得到更高的浮游植物浓度。     

桑沟湾营养盐时空分布及营养盐限制分析

根据2006年4、7、11月和2007年1月共4个航次的调查数据,分析了桑沟湾水域的溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO43-)和活性硅酸盐(Si)含量的时空分布特征,采用营养盐浓度阈值法和化学计量法对桑沟湾营养盐潜在的限制性进行了分析。结果显示,桑沟湾DIN、PO43-、Si含量及分布呈现出明显的季节变化:DIN在秋季最高,春季最低;PO43-在秋季最高,夏季最低;Si在夏季最高,秋季最低。春季DIN和PO43-的含量低于理论上浮游植物生长的营养盐阈值的站位分别占44%和39%;夏季PO43-的潜在限制性较强,浓度低于营养盐阈值的站位占68%,受PO43-潜在限制的几率达79%,DIN和Si分别为5%和0;秋、冬季Si可能是浮游植物生长的主要限制因子。讨论了海水养殖、陆源输入及外海交换对营养盐时空分布的影响。目前,桑沟湾营养盐浓度基本属于国家一类、二类水质。但是,长期变化趋势显示DIN有上升的趋势。     

对虾高密度养殖过程中水质的周期变化与分析

通过对对虾高密度养殖池中水质的连续监测，得出养殖水体水质污染状况及一般规律。养殖水体的污染主要是含氮废物的污染，在高密度养殖池养殖后期，养殖水体中氨氮首先达到峰值2.32m/L，随后亚硝酸盐的含量也迅速达到峰值0．773mg／L，在高密度养殖池中活性磷的含量较高，没有显示出明显的磷缺乏现象。     

室内集约化养虾池以低频率运转水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支

采用低频率运转循环水处理系统(含粗滤器、臭氧仪、气液混合器,蛋白分离器、暗沉淀池等)联用池内设施(微泡曝气增氧机与净水网)开展凡纳滨对虾室内集约化养殖实验。研究了养虾池以水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支。结果表明,养虾水经系统处理后,NO₂-N(53.4%～64.5%)、COD_Mn(53.4%～94.4%)与TAN(31.6%～40.4%)被显著去除,有效改进虾池水质;养殖周期内未换水与用药,虾池主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,7号实验池(100 d)与8号对照池(80 d)主要水化指标变化范围:DO分别为 5.07～6.70 mg/L和4.38～6.94 mg/L,TAN 0.248～0.561 mg/L和0.301～0.794 mg/L,NO₂-N 0.019～0.311 mg/L和0.012～0.210 mg/L,COD_Mn 10.88～21.22 mg/L和11.65～23.34 mg/L。7号池对虾生长指数优于8号池(80 d虾病暴发终止),单位水体产量分别为1.398 kg/m²与0.803 kg/m²。氮磷收支估算结果:7号与8号池饲料氮磷分别占总收入:氮93.70%与92.37%,磷98.77%与99.09%;初始水层与虾苗含氮共占总收入6.30%与7.63%,磷共占1.23%与0.91%。总水层(含排污水)氮磷分别占总输出:氮56.45%与59.86%,磷53.26%与55.79%;收获虾体氮磷分别占总输出:氮37.07%与31.94%,磷21.37%与13.11%。7号池饲料转化率较高;池水渗漏与吸附等共损失氮磷分别占总输出:氮7.00%与9.34%,磷25.37%与31.10%。实验结果表明,虾池以低频率运转循环水处理系统联用池内设施可有效控制水质与虾病,具较高饲料转化率。     

Effects of different feed management treatments on water quality for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Increasing feeding rates may provide an increase in production, thus nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter will also increase. These nutrients promote a greater oxygen demand and concentrations of toxic metabolites which can lead to frequent problems with low dissolved oxygen and an abundance of blue‐green algae. Four feed management practices were evaluated among sixteen 0.1 ha ponds culturing Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Feeding treatments included hand feeding using the Standard Feeding Protocol (SFP), SFP plus 15% from 8 to 16 weeks, an automatic‐solar timer which fed SFP+15%, and an AQ1 acoustic demand feeder allowing up to 12 kg/day·pond based on shrimps feeding response. Samples were analysed at weeks 0, 4 and 8–16 for the following parameters: chlorophyll a, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total suspended solids, total suspended volatile solids, turbidity, conductivity, salinity and biological oxygen demand. Samples were collected and shipped overnight to Auburn, Alabama for off‐site analysis. On‐site water quality was also obtained at the farm. The AQ1 acoustic demand feeder produced the most shrimp with a yield of 4,568 kg/ha; however, the AQ1 also had the highest total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels late in the growing season. The AQ1 feeder may be a viable, reduced labour and cost alternative for the shrimp commercial industry; however, such technologies must also be matched to the ability of the production system to process nutrients.     

A nutrient budget of some intensive marine shrimp ponds in Thailand

Abstract. A mass balance was constructed for nutrient flow through intensive marine shrimp ponds in which budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus were determined for a series of ponds in southern Thailand over two or three culture cycles. Ninety-five per cent of the nitrogen and 71% of the phosphorus applied to the ponds was in the form of feed and fertilizers. Of the feed input (at a food conversion ratio of 2) only 24% of the nitrogen and 13% of the phosphorus was incorporated into the shrimp harvested, whilst the remainder was retained in the pond and ultimately exported to the surrounding environment. The effluent water contained 35% of the nitrogen and 10% of the phosphorus discharged. Of the N and P exported in this effluent, 63–67% occurred during routine water exchange and the remainder during drainage on harvest. A major portion of the nitrogen (31%) and most of the phosphorus (84%) was retained in the sediments, emphasizing the importance of the correct removal and disposal of sediments between crops. Pond age (between two and six production cycles) did not markedly affect nutrient flows, whilst increasing stocking density increased the quantity of nutrients, but not their relative proportions.
The results derived from the nutrient budget provide data which may help define effective management techniques for reducing potentially harmful nutrient levels within intensive shrimp ponds, and for reducing the discharge of nutrients to the local environment. The data may also assist in determining the carrying capacity of an area for shrimp farming, and the potential impact of its development on the environment.     

菱角对农村富营养化水体营养盐吸收的初步研究

为探究浮叶植物对农村富营养化废水中营养盐的去除效果,选定华龙村4个典型水塘,以人工种植菱角(Trapa bispinosa)为试验对象,研究菱角对富营养化水体中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、氨态氮(NH_4~+-N)、总磷(TP)及化学需氧量(CODCr)的净化能力。结果表明,经过75 d的试验研究,试验区水塘的TN、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的浓度分别从55 mg/L、25 mg/L和3 mg/L降至13 mg/L、4.3 mg/L和2.1 mg/L,去除效率分别为62.3%、74.5%和23.5%;TP及CODCr的浓度从3.3 mg/L和120 mg/L分别降至1.45 mg/L和52.5 mg/L,去除效率为56.9%和56.3%;对照区水塘各营养元素去除率较低。菱角对农村废水中的N、P有一定的吸收作用,对重度富营养化水体,水生植物优先吸收NH_4~+-N,对TN的去除影响较大;NO_3~--N的去除主要依靠微生物的反硝化作用;TP的吸收需要更长的时间。菱角对重度富营养化农村废水营养盐的去除具有重要意义,且可以取得一定的经济效益。本研究为应用水生植物处理农村生活污水中的营养盐提供科学依据。     

湛江港沙湾对虾养殖场虾池水质状况分析

2002年4～7月,对湛江港沙湾对虾养殖场虾池的水质及对虾的生长情况进行连续监测,应用单项指标评价、富营养化评价等方法,对该养殖场的水质状况进行了评价和营养分级。结果表明,该养殖场的水质呈高N低P状态,水温、DO和大部分池的pH、DRP符合第二类海水水质标准,DIN超标,超标率达70%,该养殖场目前处于P中等限制潜在性富营养水平阶段。     

Production of Sunfish Lepomis spp. in Ponds Treated with Controlled-Release Fertilizers

Abstract.– Controlled-release fertilizer in pond water released nutrients according to the pattern reported for exposure in soil. A single application of controlled-release fertilizer (13% N, 13% P₂O_5, 13% K₂O) was compared with multiple applications of conventional, liquid fertilizer (10% N, 34% P₂O₅, 0% K₂O) for augmenting sunfish production in ponds. Liquid fertilizer was used at an annual phosphorus input rate of 39.3 kg/ha; controlled-release fertilizer was applied at 19.7, 9.8, and 4.9 kg phosphorus/ha per yr. Phytoplankton abundance inferred from chlorophyll u and Secchi disk visibility estimates and phytoplankton photosynthesis measured by the oxygen, light-dark bottle method were similar in ponds treated with liquid fertilizer and in ponds that received controlled-release fertilizers at the two highest rates. Net sunfish production did not differ among ponds treated with 39.3 kg phosphorus/ha in liquid fertilizer or 19.7 and 9.8 kg phosphorus/ha applied in controlled-release fertilizer. Controlled-release fertilizer used in this study contained more nitrogen and potassium than needed, but a custom, controlled-release fertilizer with the proper ratio of nutrients can be made. This fertilizer would have the advantage of requiring only a single application at the beginning of the growing season, and amounts of soluble reactive phosphorus in outflow from ponds could be reduced by using controlled-release fertilizers.     

Carbon and nitrogen budgets in shrimp ponds of extensive mixed shrimp–mangrove forestry farms in the Mekong delta,Vietnam

Mass balance estimates of carbon and nitrogen flux through two extensive shrimp ponds in the Mekong delta, Vietnam, were constructed to identify major sources and sinks of organic matter potentially available for shrimp production. Nutrient transformations in the sediments were measured to further assess rates of decomposition and burial and quality of organic matter. Tidal exchange was the major pathway for inputs and outputs of carbon and nitrogen in both ponds, with net primary production, nitrogen fixation and precipitation being minor inputs. No fertilizers or artificial feeds were added to either pond. The nutrient budgets identified burial and respiration as the next most important outputs after tidal exchange losses of particulate and dissolved carbon and nitrogen. There was no measurable denitrification in either pond, and volatilization was negligible. Mineralization efficiency of carbon in the water column was high (> 100%) in pond 23 reflecting rapid respiration rates; efficiency was lower (36%) in pond 12 waters. Mineralization efficiency of sediment nutrients averaged 34% for C and 41% for N in the pond with a higher annual shrimp yield (pond 12); lower mineralization efficiencies (11% for C, 10% for N) were calculated for the lower yield pond (pond 23). High burial efficiencies for both C (66–89%) and N (59–90%) in the sediments of both ponds suggest that little organic matter was shunted into biological production. Conversion efficiency for shrimp averaged 16% for C and 24% for N from pond 12, and 6% for C and 18% for N from pond 23. The high quantity but low quality of organic matter entering the ponds coupled with other factors, such as poor water quality, limits shrimp productivity. On average, nutrient outputs were greater than inputs in both ponds. This imbalance partly explains why shrimp yields are declining in these ponds.     

夏季桑沟湾养殖水域有机碳的平面分布特征及其来源分析

根据2012年8月对桑沟湾养殖海域18个站位取得的溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)数据,基于不同区域的养殖特点,分析了DOC和POC的平面分布特征,并对POC的来源进行了初步探讨。结果表明,整个调查海域表层DOC的浓度范围为1.70～2.82mg/L,平均值为2.03mg/L,大致呈自西向东递减的趋势。表层POC的浓度范围为0.04～1.33mg/L,平均值为0.55mg/L,大致呈自南向北逐渐递增的趋势。网箱养殖区表层DOC和POC含量最高,其次为桑沟湾近岸海域,而海带养殖区最低,这表明有机碳的含量与养殖品种和模式有直接的关系。根据POC/Chl-a比值对POC来源进行初步分析,表明贝类养殖区、海带养殖区、贝藻混养区、桑沟湾近岸海域以及外海对照点的POC主要来自活的浮游植物,而网箱养殖区存在降解的有机物质。