八种主要经济龟类简介及其养殖前景（一）

本文主要介绍了黄喉拟水龟、三线闭壳龟、乌龟、黄缘盒龟、平胸龟、四眼斑龟、鳄龟、红耳龟的形态特征与生活习性、养殖技术及人工养殖前景。     

黄喉拟水龟_三线闭壳龟_鳄龟的生长比较研究

本文对黄喉拟水龟、三线闭壳龟、鳄龟周年生长进行了研究与比较.在广州自然温度下,人工饲养黄喉拟水龟343d,平均体重由10.3g增到71.9g,生长率为4.37mg·g-·d-;三线闭壳龟343d,由15.6g增到68.2g,生长率为3.68mg·g-·d-;鳄龟363d,由m.8g增到263.1g,生长率为5.08mg·g-·d-1.即在生长速度上,鳄龟＞黄喉拟水龟＞三线闭壳龟.在周年生长中,三种龟体重、背甲长、背甲宽与日龄;背甲长与宽;背甲长、宽与体重;均有着显著的正相关关系.温度与龟的生长有密切关系,低温抑制龟的生长,其影响程度依次为黄喉拟水龟＞三线闭壳龟＞鳄龟.同等条件下,三种龟个体间生长有差异,差异大小为鳄龟＞黄喉拟水龟＞三线闭壳龟.饵料转化效果,鳄龟＞黄喉拟水龟＞三线闭壳龟.日粮需求,三线闭壳龟＞黄喉拟水龟＞鳄龟.     

不同饲料蛋白质水平对黄缘盒龟稚龟影响的试验

用三种不同粗蛋白质水平（42．66％、46．49％、50．16％）的饲料日粮分别饲喂黄缘盒龟稚龟150d，结果表明，饲料蛋白质为46．49％组的日增重最高，饵料系数最低，蛋白质效率最高；同时，当配方中动物性蛋白质和植物蛋白质饲料的配比为1．5：1左右时，黄缘盒龟稚龟的生长性能和饲料利用率均有较好的效果。     

国内龟类养殖业概况

一、龟类养殖业的发展历史我国对于龟类的利用已有数千年历史。但直到80年代初，龟的用途主要是以龟的甲壳作中药，也有少数人因治病需要食用。市场上的龟多数是依靠捕捉野生龟，种类以乌龟、黄喉拟水龟、黄缘盒龟、三线闭壳龟居多。由于龟的生长周期长，市场需求量不大，因此，龟类一直未被作为水产养殖对象。到80年代中期。随着经济的发展，龟的利用有了进一步的扩大，除以前的药用外，增加了食用、观赏、深加工、出D等。因此，龟的价格不断上涨，但仍比中华鳖的价格低，未引起养殖户的注意。国内仅有少数科研单位对乌龟、黄喉拟水龟等龟…     

绿毛龟培育技术

绿毛龟是由黄喉拟水龟等水龟类的甲壳上着生基枝藻后的龟藻共生体，属珍稀水生观赏动物，经济价值极高，素有“水中翡翠”之美称。它与“双头龟”、“蛇形龟”、“白玉龟”并称为我国四大奇龟，深受国内外欢迎。1 培育绿毛龟的基龟选择培育绿毛龟的预备龟称为基龟，凡是水生龟类都可作为培育绿毛龟的基龟，其中以黄喉拟水龟为正宗品种。其它如金钱龟、鹰嘴龟、黄缘盒龟、眼斑水龟、四眼斑水龟、金头闭壳龟及雌性草龟等也可作培育绿毛龟的基龟，但金钱龟、金头闭壳龟等稀少、珍贵而不划算，不易被接受。黄喉拟水龟(Maccremrs onaeica)，别名…     

Ⅰ龄乌龟与黄喉拟水龟生长的初步研究

乌龟Chinemysreevesii(Gray),黄喉拟水龟Mau-remysmutica(Cator),在分类学上属脊椎动物门、爬行纲、龟鳖目,均属淡水栖龟类,适应性强,分布广,具有较高的食用、药用、观赏价值,深受人们青睐。由于野生资源匮乏,各地已开展人工养殖,现将其生长情况初报如下。1材料与方法试验龟的来源乌龟、黄喉拟水龟均为本公司自繁龟苗。饲料试验用饲料为本公司生产的龟料,粗蛋白含量为42%～45%。试验方法和日常管理乌龟、黄喉拟水龟放入相邻面积为30米2的水泥池。水泥池四周呈30度倾斜,且排水方便,池四周用红砖砌成50厘米高围墙,以防逃逸。放养密度为10只/…     

以中华花龟为基龟培育绿毛龟技术

绿毛龟是极具开发潜力的一个养殖品种,有“水中翡翠”之称,受到广大市民的青睐。一般来说,培育绿毛龟以黄喉拟水龟为宜,但黄喉拟水龟做基龟成本太高。1只100 g左右的黄喉拟水龟市场价110元左右,而同等重量的中华花龟仅20元左右。中华花龟(Chinese Striped-     

渔业科技入户主推品种——龟

【品种来源】龟的种类很多，目前我国养殖的主要有鳄龟、乌龟、黄喉拟水龟和三线闭壳龟等。来自野生资源养殖培育选育，如乌龟；或引进培育选育，如鳄龟。鳄龟经培养选育，2004年经全国水产原种和良种审定委员会审定，审定编号为GS030012004。     

以中华花龟为基龟培育绿毛龟技术

绿毛龟是极具开发潜力的一个养殖品种，有“水中翡翠”一称，受到广大市民的青睐。一般来说，培育绿毛龟以黄喉拟水龟为宜，但黄喉拟水龟做基龟成本太高。一只100克左右的黄喉拟水龟市场价110元左右，而同等重量的的中华花龟仪2O元左右。中华花龟属曲颈龟目，龟科，花龟属，又名花龟，俗名叫斑马龟，是水栖龟，     

黄喉拟水龟与日本拟水龟

黄喉拟水龟（Mauremys mutica） 黄喉拟水龟属淡水龟科、拟水龟属，俗称石龟、石金钱、假红边，主要分布于我国的南部、越南、日本一带；在我国，除乌龟外，是分布最广的品种。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.