不同密度的石莼与中国对虾的混养实验

在10个水族箱(53cm×24cm×23cm)中各放养中国对虾(Penaeuschinensis)4尾,混养孔石莼(UluaPertysavar)0、4g、6g、8g和10g,采用投饲精养.结果表明,孔石莼能有效吸收N、P营养盐,提高对虾对饲料中氮的利用率(42.7%～212.9%),水质状况也优于单养对虾.混养的综合养殖指数高于单养对虾.对虾密度为320-480g@m-3,石莼密度为400～600g@m-3时,可以进行免充气养殖.     

Production performance of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and water quality variation in monoculture,polyculture and integrated culture

A 74‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the production performance and water quality variation in three types of farming system for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The tested aquaculture models included monoculture of largemouth bass (MC), polyculture of largemouth bass, gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (PC), and integrated culture of largemouth bass, gibel carp, silver carp and freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii (IC). The ratio of largemouth bass, gibel carp and silver carp was 30:2:1 in the PC model, and the ratio of largemouth bass, gibel carp, silver carp and mussel was 30:2:1:5 in the IC model. The largemouth bass were fed with formulated feed twice daily. No significant differences were found in weight gain and yield of largemouth bass, total fish yield, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) utilization efficiencies, N and P wastes, pH, nitrite, nitrate, reactive phosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, primary productivity among the MC, PC and IC models. The ammonia was lower, while the dissolved oxygen was higher in the PC tanks than in the MC tanks. These results suggest that the environment situation was better in the PC tanks relative to that in the MC tanks. The present study reveals that the PC model should be a way to optimize the aquaculture model for commercial largemouth bass farming.     

The use of high rate algal ponds for the treatment of marine effluent from a recirculating fish rearing system

A high rate algal pond (HRAP) system was used to treat effluent from a recirculating sea water aquaculture system in southern France. Dicentrarchus labrax L. were farmed at a high density, with effluents containing an average of 10 mg L^?1 dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and 1.3 mg L^?1 reactive phosphorus (RP). On a yearly basis, the algal pond removed 59% of the dissolved nitrogen and 56% of the phosphorus input, which was converted into 3.3 kg DW m^?2 algae. Green macroalgae were dominant throughout the year and the algal biomass mirrored the seasonal changes in daily irradiance and temperature. This first year study supports the possibility of treating marine aquaculture wastes using HPAPs, although conditions will have to be found to mitigate the strong influence of climate on the algal community during winter. During the more temperate season, only 150 m² of treatment ponds would be necessary to remove the nutrients produced by 1 ton of fish. Treated water was characterized by a high pH, elevated levels of dissolved oxygen (midday value) and low concentrations of nutrients and suspended solids. The absence of toxic phytoplankton meant that the water could be recycled through the farm tanks.     

Environmental effects of a marine fish farm of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the NW Mediterranean Sea on water column and sediment

This study examined the effects of organic enrichment on water column, sediments and macrofauna caused by a fish farm in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected on four sampling campaigns over a one‐year cycle. Significant differences were found in the water column in dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations between the fish farm and the control. The increase in the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate concentrations at the fish farm modified the stoichiometric ratios between nutrients, with silicate acting as limiting nutrient at the fish farm 11% more than at the control. Nevertheless, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column was higher at the control station, probably due to the fouling of the underwater fish farm structures. Significant differences were found in sediment concentrations of organic matter, total phosphorus and redox potential between the fish farm and the control. The Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated that organic matter, total phosphorus, redox potential and% of gravels accounted for 68.9% of the total variance in the species data. Changes were observed in macrofauna, with a decrease in number of species and up to a nine‐fold increase in abundance with respect to the control.     

Outdoor phytoplankton continuous culture in a marine fish–phytoplankton–bivalve integrated system: combined effects of dilution rate and ambient conditions on growth rate, biomass and nutrient cycling

Natural phytoplankton populations were cultured in outdoor continuous cultures using fish-farm effluents as the source of nutrients. The dilution rate was assumed to be the integrating factor of phytoplankton growth and biomass development (flux and stock). In this context, the combined effects of (i) dilution rates of the outdoor culture and (ii) ambient conditions were tested on phytoplankton growth, biomass and cycling of the major nutrient elements (C, N and P). Experiments were carried out in outdoor polyester tanks (0.7 m deep), homogenised by gentle aeration. Si/P ratio was balanced at around 5 in the inflow in order to induce diatom domination while maintaining high N and P assimilation by phytoplankton. Nutrient cycling was assessed through analyses of the different forms of particulate and dissolved nutrients in the inflow and the outflow. Culture dilution rates determined the longevity of the culture and the assimilation efficiency of nutrients. Dissolved phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient. The optimal dilution rate was approximately 0.5 day⁻¹ at 10 °C and 1.5 day⁻¹ at 20 °C with a mean diatom biomass of 9 μM P. Under these conditions, 80% of the dissolved nutrients provided to the tanks were transformed, a production of 8 g C m⁻² day⁻¹ and an assimilation rate of 0.3 g P m⁻² day⁻¹ were recorded. Assimilation by diatoms was the major pathway of nutrient cycling. During the experiment, a bottom sediment developed progressively and this also played an important role in denitrifying the excess dissolved nitrogen in the fish-farm effluent. However, the results showed that diatom biomass can collapse and we hypothesize that this was the consequence of an increase in cellular sinking rates due to cell aggregation under nutrient or light stress. Modelling approaches are needed in future research in order to determine optimal dilution rates taking into account phytoplankton growth rates, nutrient inputs and ambient conditions (e.g. light and temperature).     

The effect of dietary protein on the growth and survival of the shrimp, Penaeus monodon in outdoor tanks

The comparative effect of reducing the protein content of formulated feed on the growth and survival of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and on water quality was tested in outdoor tanks. Three diets, 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 crude protein (CP), were fed to P. monodon (3.1 g animals, 25 animals per m²) in each of eight replicated outdoor 2500 L tanks in an 8‐week trial. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) in shrimp growth rate (1.34–1.50 g week^?1), survival, or final biomass between the treatments. However, when tanks with lower survival were removed from the analysis (<60 and <80% were tested), shrimp growth rate was statistically higher (P < 0.05) in the 350 and 400 g kg^?1 CP diets than in the 300 g kg^?1 CP diet treatment. There were no differences in the nutritional condition of shrimp between treatments, as determined by moisture and protein content, and lipid content of the digestive gland. Using ¹⁵N‐nitrogen isotope tracers, it was determined that shrimp were consuming natural biota, although these were unlikely to have contributed substantially to their nutrition. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the water column increased over the eight week experiment and were statistically different (P < 0.001) between treatments (3.60, 5.17 and 6.45 mg L^?1 in the 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 CP treatments, respectively). Concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were also statistically different between treatments and made up 35–40% of the TN in the water column. Concentrations of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and oxides of nitrogen, and fluorescence were not statistically different between treatments but there was a trend of higher concentrations in treatments with higher protein levels. There was no difference in sediment nutrients between treatments. This study has shown that there is scope to reduce the protein content of P. monodon diets but only by 5–10%. However, further validation of these results in commercial ponds is needed. Reducing the feed protein content may result in cost savings and also has the advantage of improving water quality and reducing nitrogen discharge.     

Water quality,nutrient budgets and growth performance in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) co‐culture systems

An experiment was conducted to determine the growth efficiency of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) on nutrient capture in farming systems of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson). Three treatments, a control treatment of N. nucifera alone (T1), a treatment of N. nucifera‐P. fulvidraco co‐culture (T2) and a treatment of P. fulvidraco alone (T3), were conducted in triplicate. Except pH, conductivity and chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn), most of the water quality parameters were significantly lowered by N. nucifera cultivation. Total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the T2 system were 62.2% and 71.6% higher than those in the T1 system respectively; and 31.8% and 59.2% lower than those in the T3 system respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus release rates were 41.2% and 36.8% in the T2 system, respectively, and 95.6% and 99.1% in the T3 system respectively. 7.31%–21.4% of nitrogen and 3.35%–15.9% of phosphorus were unaccounted. N. nucifera can effectively remove nutrients from water and sediments and may promote the outflow of nutrients. No significant difference in fish or N. nucifera growth performance was observed among the systems. This study indicates that the co‐culture of N. nucifera with P. fulvidraco is an optimal culture system that can increase food production and reduce waste discharge.     

The effect of C/N ratio on bacterial community and water quality in a mussel‐fish integrated system

A 30‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of C/N ratio on water quality and bacterial community in an integrated system comprising one molluscan species (pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii) and two fish species (gibel carp Carassius gibelio and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) at five C/N ratios (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14). The mussel and fishes were reared in the experimental tanks (400 L), but gibel carp received formulated feed. Water quality in the experimental tanks was analysed on day 0, 10, 20 and 30, and bacterial community in the water column and sediment was analysed on day 30. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic carbon accumulated in the tanks over time. Ammonia and nitrite decreased with the increase in C/N ratio. Bacterial community in the water column and sediment changed at the phylum and genus levels with the increase in C/N ratio, and the critical C/N ratio causing a functional shift of bacterial community occurred at 10 in water column and 12 in sediment. The increase in C/N ratio benefited the growth of both potential probiotics and pathogenic bacteria. The high C/N ratio enhanced the bacterial functions of chemoheterotrophy and hydrocarbon degradation, but depressed the functions of nitrification and denitrification in the water column and sediment respectively. This study reveals that the C/N ratio can be used as a tool to manipulate the bacterial community and water quality in the mussel‐fish integrated system.     

Effects of different feed management treatments on water quality for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Increasing feeding rates may provide an increase in production, thus nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter will also increase. These nutrients promote a greater oxygen demand and concentrations of toxic metabolites which can lead to frequent problems with low dissolved oxygen and an abundance of blue‐green algae. Four feed management practices were evaluated among sixteen 0.1 ha ponds culturing Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Feeding treatments included hand feeding using the Standard Feeding Protocol (SFP), SFP plus 15% from 8 to 16 weeks, an automatic‐solar timer which fed SFP+15%, and an AQ1 acoustic demand feeder allowing up to 12 kg/day·pond based on shrimps feeding response. Samples were analysed at weeks 0, 4 and 8–16 for the following parameters: chlorophyll a, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total suspended solids, total suspended volatile solids, turbidity, conductivity, salinity and biological oxygen demand. Samples were collected and shipped overnight to Auburn, Alabama for off‐site analysis. On‐site water quality was also obtained at the farm. The AQ1 acoustic demand feeder produced the most shrimp with a yield of 4,568 kg/ha; however, the AQ1 also had the highest total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels late in the growing season. The AQ1 feeder may be a viable, reduced labour and cost alternative for the shrimp commercial industry; however, such technologies must also be matched to the ability of the production system to process nutrients.     

Experimental Evaluation of the Halophyte,Salicornia virginica,for Biomitigation of Dissolved Nutrients in Effluent from a Recirculating Aquaculture System for Marine Finfish

The ability of the halophyte, Salicornia virginica, planted in drainage lysimeters to biomitigate dissolved nutrients in effluent from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for marine finfish was evaluated. Seawater effluent from a RAS producing black sea bass, Centropristis striata (filtered to reduce total suspended solids), was used as irrigant. Plant growth and dissolved N and P removal were determined as a function of leachate fraction (LF%) – that is, proportion of irrigant that leaches from the plant‐substrate lysimeter. Lysimeters were irrigated weekly to produce 30, 40, and 50% LF. A control (unplanted) lysimeter was included at the 30% LF. Plant growth was excellent in all LF% treatments until Day 141 when salt buildup in the lysimeter substrate inhibited nutrient uptake. Salt accumulation was mitigated at higher LF%, so that plant biomass and net removal (μg) of dissolved N and P by the p‐s lysimeter remained higher (P < 0.05) at the 40 and 50% than at the 30% LF. On Day 141, percent removal efficiency at the 50% LF was 79.2% for inorganic N and 73.9% for total phosphorus. Through Day 355, substrate salinity was minimized and plant biomass and nutrient removal were maximized at the 50% LF. S. virginica is an effective biofilter for dissolved nutrients in effluent from an RAS for marine finfish.     

不同形态氮富集对青菱湖沉积物磷释放的影响

为了揭示无机氮和有机氮对沉积物磷释放的贡献,在武汉市青菱湖草型湖区和藻型湖区分别采集沉积物,进行添加不同形态不同浓度氮(0.5、2.5 g酪蛋白,0.02、0.2 g氯化铵)的培养实验。结果显示,培养结束时,草、藻型湖区沉积物加2.5 g酪蛋白的处理组上覆水中溶解反应性磷(SRP)浓度分别为对照组的64.88倍和5.61倍,而加氯化铵处理组与对照组上覆水中SRP浓度无显著差异;加氯化铵处理组上覆水溶解氧(DO)浓度分别为各自对照组的80%左右,而加酪蛋白处理组上覆水DO浓度分别为各自对照组的10%和4%;整个培养过程中,草、藻型湖区沉积物均为加2.5 g酪蛋白处理组的沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)稍高于其他处理组相应值,但无显著性差异;草、藻型湖区沉积物加2.5 g酪蛋白处理组磷平衡浓度(EPC0)分别为对照组的2.08倍和1.77倍;而加氯化铵处理组和加0.5 g酪蛋白处理组沉积物EPC0与对照组相应值无显著差异。研究表明,有机氮的富集会增加沉积物磷的释放,而无机氮对沉积物磷释放的贡献不大;有机氮对沉积物磷释放的影响是由形成厌氧的状态、胞外磷酸酶的分泌、改变沉积物磷吸附行为等多种因素综合作用的结果。     

Effects of Intensification of the Amazon River Prawn,Macrobrachium amazonicum,Grow‐out on Effluent Quality

Studies to determine suitable levels of intensification are essential for developing sustainable aquaculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of effluents discharged from ponds stocked with 10 (D10), 20 (D20), 40 (D40), and 80 (D80) postlarvae of Macrobrachium amazonicum/m². Intake and effluent water samples were taken throughout a 5.5‐mo grow‐out cycle. In that study, twelve 0.01‐ha earthen ponds were stocked postlarvae with 0.01 g. Average water exchange rate was 15%/d; water was discharged from the bottom of the ponds. Prawns were fed a commercial feed with 38% crude protein according to their biomass (3–10%) and the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO). In our research, temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids, conductivity, DO, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), N‐ammonia, N‐nitrite, N‐nitrate, N‐Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and soluble orthophosphate were measured every 15 d throughout the experiment in the early morning (0630 to 0730 h). Turbidity was lower in D10 than in D20 and D40 and total phosphorus was higher in D80 than in D10 and D20. An analysis of principal components comparing treatments and intake water showed three groups: intake, D10 and a cluster of D20, D40, and D80. On the basis of the water characteristics found in our study it appears that the farming of M. amazonicum is likely to have a low environmental impact, at least up to a stocking density of 80 prawns/m².     

The effect of four microbial products on production performance and water quality in integrated culture of freshwater pearl mussel and fishes

An 80‐day mesocosm experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of four commercial microbial products on production performance and water quality in integrated culture of freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii, grass carp, gibel carp, silver carp and bighead carp. Five treatments were tested. One treatment with non‐supplementation of microbial products served as control (C). In the other four treatments, Novozymes Pond Protect (NO), Bio‐Form BZT‐Water Reform (WR), Bacillus natto (BN) and Effective Microbes (EM) were added at the intervals of two weeks, respectively. Mussel yield declined in the tanks with supplementation of the microbial products. No significant differences were found in fish yield and chemical water quality among the treatments except total nitrogen (TN) was higher in tanks EM than in tanks C. Biomass of phytoplankton and Cyanophyta was higher in tanks NO, WR, BN and EM than in tanks C. Supplementation of the microbial products resulted in change in bacterial community in which Actinobacteria, Chlorobi, Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria dominated. Bacterial community in the tanks was significantly affected by TN, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand and Cyanophyta biomass. This study reveals that the function of these microbial products as probiotics is limited in H. cumingii farming.     

Growth of Chaetoceros calcitrans in Sediment Extracts from Artemia franciscana Culture Ponds Points to Phosphorus Limitation

Chaetoceros calcitrans is one of the most suitable algal strains to feed Artemia because of its appropriate size, digestibility, absence of toxins, and nutritional value. Apart from light and temperature, the growth of C. calcitrans in Artemia ponds in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam depends on the supply of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released from the pond bottom sediments. This study was carried out to investigate the growth of C. calcitrans in relation to the availability and proportions of N and P present in the extracts of Artemia pond bottom sediments. The results show that the sediments are depleted in dissolved reactive P (DRP) and highly unbalanced in terms of the ratio of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) to DRP. Algal density and biomass were significantly higher in the extracts with DRP concentrations above 0.1 mg P/L and DIN/DRP ratios below 100.     

Nutrient budget of a marine fish pond in Eilat,Israel

Monthly budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus for a marine fish pond in Eilat were determined for the period September 1983 to June 1984. The ponds are operated as a semi-open system, 41% of the pond water being replaced each day by water from a nearby seawater well. Only 29% of the phosphorus and 36% of the nitrogen are incorporated into harvestable fish flesh (Sparus aurata or Mugil sp.). The remainder reaches the pond as uneaten food, fish faeces or excreted matter, and it is then available to support high levels of phytoplankton and heterotrophic activity. The total input of nutrients supplied to the ponds showed a seasonal trend, with the lowest amount being supplied at the beginning of the sampling period (October) (5.2 moles N/day, 0.25 moles P/day), and increasing in June to 10.6 moles N/day, 0.57 moles P/day. All the increase was due to the amount of food fed. A large proportion (70–80%) of the excess nutrients was exported from the system as dissolved or particulate matter in the overflow. Because of this the water quality of the ponds has remained at levels which have enabled 6.5–12 tons fish/ha to be cultured without regular drying of the ponds. Oysters have been grown on the plankton carried out with the overflow. The ponds have a surplus of nutrient inflow in October/November (1.9 moles N/day, 0.06 moles P/day), a small deficit of N (0.4 moles/day), and surplus of P (0.01 moles/day) in spring, and a large surplus again in May and June of 1.3 moles N/day, 0.11 moles P/day. In all, 60–120% of the nutrient inputs are directly accounted for.     

Dissolved nutrient release from solid wastes of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, Castelnau) aquaculture

Finfish pens are point sources of dissolved nutrients released from fish metabolism or degradation of solid wastes. Nutrients leaching from uneaten feed and faeces are not usually quantified in mass budgets for these systems, leading to an overestimation of fish retention or deposition to the seabed. In this study, we investigated nutrient leaching from pellets and baitfish feed as well as faeces of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) into seawater. Faeces were nitrogen depleted (51–54 mg N g⁻¹ dw) and phosphorus enriched (62–72 mg P g⁻¹ dw) compared with feeds (83–111 mg N g⁻¹ dw and 17–21 mg P g⁻¹ dw). Less phosphorus was available for leaching from pellets and faeces of pellet‐fed tuna (5–6%) than from baitfish and faeces of baitfish‐fed tuna (17–21%). The proportion of soluble nitrogen in pellets (15%) was also lower than in baitfish and faeces (35–43%). Leaching loads for a feed conversion ratio of 5 were estimated as 22 and 26 kg N tonne⁻¹ growth when baitfish or pellets were used as feed respectively. Phosphorus loads were estimated as 15 and 4 kg P tonne⁻¹ growth respectively. More than 90% of nitrogen loads, and approximately 50% of phosphorus, are likely to be released into seawater before solid wastes reach the seafloor.     

Biological filtration properties of selected herbs in an aquaponic system

This study was conducted to determine the biological filtration capabilities of some culinary herbs co‐cultured with lemon fin barb hybrid in a nutrient film technique (NFT) recirculating aquaponic system. Lemon fin barb hybrid (Hypsibarbus wetmorei ♂ × Barbonymus gonionotus ♀) fingerlings were stocked in twelve 2‐tonne fibreglass tanks at 25 fish per tank and co‐cultured with Chinese celery (Apium graveolens var. secalinum Alef.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and peppermint (Mentha × piperita) for seven weeks. The impacts of the waste generated by the fish on the water quality, the filtration capability of the herbs and the ability of fish and herbs to retain nutrients (NPK) were also estimated. All the herbs showed water purifying potentials to varying degrees as significantly lower levels of nitrogenous compounds (NH₃‐N, NO₃‐N, NO₂‐N) were observed after the herbal filtration. The plant growth seemed to be affected by their ability to absorb nutrients and consequently purify the culture medium. Interestingly, the lemon fin barb hybrid also showed significant differences in terms of weight gain, but the nutrient retention among fish treatments was not statistically different. The plants absorbed less phosphorus and potassium than the fish. After computing for the total system percentage of NPK recovered, nitrogen was the most retained nutrient. The peppermint showed superiority in terms of gross biomass and water purifying potential compared to the Chinese celery and coriander.     

Salmon of the Southeastern U.S.: Sucker migrations deliver resource subsidies to oligotrophic stream

The ability for migratory fishes to move commonly limiting resources such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) between discrete environments can have pronounced effects on recipient ecosystems. To further understand the geographic and taxonomic scope of migratory fish resource subsidies, we quantified N and P subsidies delivered by adfluvial suckers (Smallmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus bubalus) via excretion, eggs and carcasses to a small oligotrophic stream during their annual spawning migration. We also compared nutrient inputs from migrant buffalo with watershed nutrient export to assess the likelihood that delivered nutrients were ecologically important. We estimated that approximately 67,000 buffalo delivered 730 kg of N and 80 kg of P to Citico Creek as a result of excretion and egg subsidies across three migration waves. We estimated that carcasses delivered negligible amounts of N and P due to extremely low retention. The ratio of migrant inputs (M_w) to system export (E_w; M_w/E_w) varied amongst three migration waves and compounds (i.e. dissolved inorganic nitrogen, ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus), with values for M_w/E_w ranging from 0.25 to 5.10, reflecting the potential of nutrient subsidies to exceed nutrients exported from the system under certain conditions. Our findings suggest that suckers have the potential to deliver large resource subsidies to their spawning habitats and that these subsidies may be ecologically important, thus warranting additional consideration of the functional relevance of nongame fishes and their migrations.     

Improvement of Water Quality by the Macroalga, Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta), near Aquaculture Effluent Outlets

Raft culture of the seaweed, Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, was used as biofilter for purifying effluent and removing nutrients from the nearby animal aquaculture. The results showed that the cultivated seaweed grew well outside effluent discharge outlets for growout ponds and a hatchery plant. The biomass (fresh weight) of Gracilaria from the 0.5-ha area outside the growout ponds increased about 60 times, from 80 to 4750 g/m during the 65 d of experiment (with the daily special growth rate [SGR] of 3.87%/d); the yield was 30.4 tons and 93.97 kg N and 12.81 kg P were removed; the seaweed biomass from the 0.2-ha area outside the hatchery outlet increased 37.5 times, from <100 to 3600 g/m (with SGR of 3.4%/d); the yield was 10.4 tons and 31.7 kg N and 4.33 kg P were removed. Several water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, secchi disk depth, and pH value in the algal cultivation area were substantially higher than those in the noncultivation zone, whereas chemical oxygen demand, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and dissolved inorganic phosphorous at both areas were similar.     

Release of nutrient from fish food and effects on Microcystis aeruginosa growth

This study aimed to explore the relationship between Microcystis aeruginosa growth and nutrients released from fish food, which mainly simulates the effect of uneaten food on algae growth and water quality variables during aquaculture activities. Fish food (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 g dosages tested) of different grain sizes (original; 0.147 ≤ d ≤ 0.85 mm; d ≤ 0.147 mm) was added each into M‐II culturing medium (nitrogen and phosphorus absent). During the experimental running period, the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate phosphorus (PO₄^3?‐P), total nitrogen and ammonia‐nitrogen (NH₄⁺‐N) increased significantly with increasing fish food dosages regardless of their grain sizes. Furthermore, grain size had a negligible effect on nutrient release from fish food with the same dosage. Based on the above experiment, M. aeruginosa was introduced into the culturing media at different dosages (nitrogen and phosphorus absent) with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 g fish food to assess algae growth characteristics. Algae cell density significantly increased with the dosage ranging from 0 to 0.2 g. NH₄⁺‐N and PO₄^3?‐P were the main fractions of available nutrients used by M. aeruginosa in the fish food. In comparison to the growth dynamics of algae in M‐II culturing medium, the lag phase for M. aeruginosa in the presence of fish food extended significantly when calculating the time from the addition of fish food and insignificantly when the time for nutrient release from fish food was excluded.