牡蛎de食法

软炸牡蛎:取洗净的鲜蛎肉,加入少些黄酒(下同);另取面粉加蛋和水,调成厚糊,加入适量精盐,然后夹蛎肉蘸面糊入油锅煎黄,即可蘸以酱油、醋等食用。也可把蛎肉与面糊拌匀后摊在平锅上,做煎饼吃。川牡蛎:用火锅,在煮沸的水内加入些盐和味精,川下鲜蛎肉:时间约1分钟,随烫随吃,否则,蛎肉不嫩。吃时也可依各人口味蘸上酱油、醋、辣油等佐料。牡蛎炒鸡蛋:把鸡蛋调散均匀后,加入鲜     

冻煮IQF杂色蛤肉加工工艺

杂色蛤是浅海中生长的一种双壳贝类,其肉营养丰富,脂肪低,蛋白质和钙含量较高。近几年在辽宁、山东、福建等沿海省市的滩涂海域捕捞和养殖产量增长迅速,辽宁丹东东港市每年出口日本100t～200t。杂色蛤可以加工成多种产品,如:冻煮IQF(单冻)杂色蛤肉,生开块冻杂色蛤肉,生开漂烫杂     

链式烫蛏机

链式烫蛏机是我公司加工厂工人根据生产需要自己设计、自己创造的。它具有结构简单，生产能力较大，操作方便，烫煮均匀，在生产过程中机器的所有传动部件均可加油而不使油体混入产品以及生产安全等优点，比原先采用吊车生产提高效率两倍以上。由于烫煮均匀，在烫煮过程中不损伤原料、     

生产蚝油的新原料及新工艺

蚝油是粤菜传统调味品,营养丰富,味道鲜美,深受人们的喜爱。传统生产蚝油的原料是采用加工牡蛎干(蚝豉)的煮汁,或制罐头时预煮牡蛎的煮汁,经加热浓缩后的浓缩蚝汁进行加工而成的。其工艺流程如下:鲜蚝剥壳→洗涤→煮溶→过滤→浓缩→入缸贮存→加配料→常温搅拌→加热搅拌→装瓶→封口→杀菌→成品。 本人根据多年实践,探索出了用新原料生产蚝油的工艺,现简介如下,供参考。 采用新原料生产蚝油的原料是直接把新鲜蚝,或个体小的、破肚的、破碎的新鲜蚝,磨成浆作为生产蚝油的原料。 一、工艺流程     

冻煮鸟蛤肉的加工方法

鸟蛤在辽宁、山东沿海均有分布。我公司经日商现场指导,对鸟蛤进行加工,生产出了合格的出口产品。下面简单介绍一下加工工艺,供参考。 一、卫生要求 冻煮鸟蛤肉成品经解冻后可直接食用,所以必须严格注意操作卫生。 二、工艺流程 原料经海水冲洗→挑选→开壳取肉→去外套膜→海水清洗鸟蛤足的部份→切足去脏→海水清洗→烫煮→选规格、控水→定量装盘→摆盘→速冻→脱盘→包装→冷藏→检验出口。 三、操作要点     

太平洋牡蛎在-3℃微冻贮藏过程中的品质和细菌茵相变化

以太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）为研究对象，对其在-3℃微冻贮藏过程中的感官品质、细菌总数和细菌菌相变化情况进行了分析。结果表明，牡蛎在微冻贮藏过程中，感官评分呈下降的趋势，至第30天时已接近感官拒绝点。细菌总数呈先减少后增加的趋势，第60天贮藏期末时为4．1lg cfu·g^-1。牡蛎生鲜样品的初始菌相比较复杂，分离到的菌株分别属于14个属（科），其中假单胞菌（Pseudomonas spp．）和弧菌（Vibrionaceae）为优势菌，比例分别为22％和20％。微冻贮藏过程中，各个菌属的比例有不同程度的变化，其中假单胞菌比例不断增加，成为牡蛎微冻贮藏过程中的优势菌。     

进出口鲜冻禽产品有了新国标

近日,国家质量监督检验检疫总局和卫生部联合发布通知:进出口鲜、冻禽产品执行新的国家标准——GB16869——2000《鲜、冻禽产品》.该标准适用于健康活禽经屠宰加工后的鲜、冻禽产品,凡国内生产或从国外进口的鲜、冻禽产品,其技术要求、检验方法、标志、包装、贮存必须符合该标准.同时废止GB2710——1996《鲜(冻)禽卫生标准》和GB/T16869——1997《分割鲜(冻)鸡肉》两个国家标准》.     

鲜蚝瘦肉汤罐头加工工艺

以新鲜蚝、猪瘦肉为原料，制成的鲜蚝瘦肉汤罐头，不仅是一种营养丰富、味道鲜美的菜肴，而且具有养血宁心之功效。一、工艺流程原料验收-原料处理-预煮-挑选-称量猪瘦肉-切丁-炒熟-装罐-加汤-真空封罐-杀菌-冷却-保温试验-包装-成品二、操作要点1．原料验收：（1）采用新鲜度良好的鲜牡蛎。烟体完整，无破肚、断头等现象，无水，无日晒，含壳、沙等杂质少。蛎体饱满或稍软，呈乳白色，体液澄清、白色或淡灰色，有牡蛎固有的气味，无异味。卫生质量应符合（（GB27－1996海水贝类卫生标准》的有关规定。不得使用腐败变质或受污染的牡蛎。（2…     

四种常见染料对黄鳝鲜、冻精子染色效果的比较

为了解甲基绿、姬姆萨、台盼蓝和伊红Y这4种常见染料对黄鳝新鲜和冷冻精子的染色效果,从而为黄鳝精子超低温冷冻保存损伤机理的研究及超低温冷冻保存方法的改进提供依据,用这4种染料进行了对比染色试验.结果显示:(1)伊红Y为黄鳝鲜、冻精的最佳染料,最佳染色时间均为1 min,染色前鲜、冻精子均不需要固定.(2)以伊红Y为染料时,延长染色时间,染色效果无明显变化;以甲基绿为染料时,随着染色时间的延长,鲜、冻精子的颜色加深;以姬姆萨为染料时,随着染色时间的延长,鲜精颜色加深,而冻精则分不清细胞核和细胞质;以台盼蓝为染料时,延长染色时间,鲜精颜色加深,而对冻精的染色效果无明显变化.(3)在试验时间(1 -7 d)内,延长精子的冷冻时间对染色效果无明显影响.     

黄姑鱼精子的超低温冻存及细胞结构损伤的检测

以HBSS溶液为稀释液,DMSO为抗冻剂,0.25 mL麦细管为冻存管,两步降温法超低温冻存黄姑鱼精子,并用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术检测了冻精的DNA损伤,荧光双染色流式细胞仪技术(FCM)检测了冻精的细胞膜性结构损伤。结果表明,DMSO质量分数在5%~20%时,冻精的活力与鲜精相比无显著差异;其中DMSO质量分数在10%时,冻精的激活率、运动时间及寿命分别为85.25%±3.95%、(3.23±0.27) min及(3.83±0.33) min。DMSO质量分数在25%、30%时,冻精的活力显著下降。SCGE检测显示,DMSO质量分数在5%~15%时、冻精的DNA损伤与鲜精相比差异不显著,DMSO质量分数为20%、25%、30%时,冻精的DNA损伤明显加重,冻精的DNA损伤与抗冻剂DMSO的质量分数成正相关。FCM检测显示,DMSO质量分数在5%~20%时,冻精中线粒体及细胞膜结构保持完整性的精子比例与鲜精相比无显著差异,DMSO质量分数在25%、30%时,冻精中的线粒体及细胞膜结构保持完整性的精子比例明显下降。分析认为,较高质量分数的DMSO是引起冻精活力下降,DNA、线粒体及细胞膜结构损伤加重的主要原因。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.