焦作地区浅层地下水水质评价

利用焦作地区88个监测孔水质指标检测结果,采用模糊综合评价法对焦作地区浅层地下水中硝酸盐氮、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、硬度、六价铬、氟化物、镍离子、氨氮、氯化物共9个指标进行评价.通过建立因子集、评价集、隶属度集、模糊权向量矩阵,进行模糊综合运算最终确定研究区浅层地下水水质的级别.评价结果表明,研究区浅层地下水质很差,污染率高达81.82％,其中,劣V类水质高达26.14％,主要分布于北部的大家作、小尚、北敬村以及南部的任庄、小王庄、南李村一带,与工业污染源、农业污染源和生活污染源分布具有一致性.     

基于模糊聚类法的潘集采煤塌陷区地下水水质评价

以淮南潘集采煤塌陷区为研究对象,通过对塌陷区积水区周边浅层地下水进行监测分析,采用模糊聚类法对区域地下水水质进行评价。     

沽源县浅层地下水化学特征及适宜性评价

为查明沽源县浅层地下水水化学特征及水质状况,选取52组样品进行水化学组成分析.运用Piper三线图,确定研究区地下水水化学类型.在此基础上采用了不同的评价方法对该研究区水质现状进行评价.结果表明:该区浅层地下水化学类型主要以HCO₃-Ca型为主;地下水质量综合评价结果显示研究区内18组地下水化学组分是比较高的,适用于农业用水,也可适当处理后作为生活饮用水;16组地下水化学组分高,质量标准评价为Ⅴ类水,不宜作为生活饮用水饮用.为了水资源利用效率,对其进行灌溉用水适宜性评价.通过对16组地下水作为灌溉用水评价,评价结果是DX-39处水质较差,不宜或不太适用于灌溉.研究成果可为该区浅层地下水资源的合理开发和利用提供科学依据,对保证灌溉当地农作物安全有着重要意义.     

河南新乡市傍河水源地浅层地下水资源评价

为了摸清新乡市傍河水源地浅层地下水资源状况,对浅层地下水资源总量进行了计算和分析。结果表明,利用均衡法计算得出现状年浅层地下水总补给量为13 289.85万m3/a,排泄量为13 260.05万m3/a,均衡差为29.8万m3/a。各均衡区计算水位与实测水位亦比较接近,表明计算所选参数比较合理,计算的补给量和排泄量可靠;采用均衡法、解析法和数值法对设计新增的地下水允许开采量35万m3/d进行了评价,结果表明本次评价的水源地地下水允许开采量的补给量是有保证的;水源地内浅层地下水水质较好,经适当处理后适宜饮用;通过建立水源地保护区和水源地开采监测来保证饮用水的水质安全。     

北京大兴区浅层地下水水质初步评价

采用模糊数学方法对大兴区82个浅层地下水监测井的水质进行了现状评价。结果表明，中西部水质较好，主要为Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水，而北部、南部和东部大部分地区水质较差．主要为Ⅳ类和V类水。造成本区地下水水质污染的主要原因是过境污水的渗透、不适当的污水灌溉。     

廊坊平原区浅层地下水流场异变与影响因素研究

廊坊平原区地下水监测工作已开展了30余年,监测区主要为平原区。根据多年地下水位监测资料,对研究区孔隙浅层地下水多年水位动态特征、区域浅层地下水流场变化及其影响因素进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)多年来,廊坊平原区浅层地下水位总体呈下降趋势,35 a累计下降约7.97 m,平均下降速率为0.23 m/a;(2)浅层地下水流场由1974年监测初期的天然状态,经过1981-2000年期间的水位迅速下降期,2000年后进入水位匀速下降期,地下水水位降落漏斗形成,水流方向也发生改变;(3)降水量是影响研究区地下水流场变化的重要因素,而人工开采是主导因素。     

洱海近岸菜地浅层地下水动态变化特征及影响因素

研究洱海近岸菜地浅层地下水埋深是合理调控浅层地下水位和防止土壤氮磷随浅层地下水流失的基础。通过对洱海近岸菜地2 a（2014年6月—2016年5月）浅层地下水埋深进行监测,分析了浅层地下水埋深的时空变化特征和影响因素。结果表明,洱海近岸菜地 5 个高程浅层地下水埋深均服从正态分布,其平均值为 25.21～45.07cm,变异系数在 0.26～0.43 之间。浅层地下水埋深旱季深、雨季浅,其月变化和雨、旱季不同期,存在滞后现象,雨季浅层地下水埋深变异系数大于旱季。旱季和雨季浅层地下水埋深空间变化随等高线均呈不规则带状分布。洱海水位、降雨、灌溉、潜水蒸发和土壤物理特性的空间变异均是影响洱海近岸菜地浅层地下水埋深变化的主要因素。其中,1 966 m高程浅层地下水埋深与洱海水位极显著线性相关（p＜0.01）,二者互为连通,相互补给;其他高程浅层地下水埋深与降雨量和灌溉量显著线性相关（p＜0.05）,随降雨量增加,浅层地下水埋深逐渐变浅,随潜水蒸发量和灌溉量增加,浅层地下水埋深逐渐变深。距洱海由近及远土壤母质为河湖相沉积物到第四纪红黏土,使得不同发生层土壤渗水性由强变弱,造成离洱海越远,海拔越高,浅层地下水埋深越浅,变幅越小。     

洱海近岸菜地浅层地下水动态变化特征及影响因素

研究洱海近岸菜地浅层地下水埋深是合理调控浅层地下水位和防止土壤氮磷随浅层地下水流失的基础。通过对洱海近岸菜地2 a(2014年6月—2016年5月)浅层地下水埋深进行监测,分析了浅层地下水埋深的时空变化特征和影响因素。结果表明,洱海近岸菜地5个高程浅层地下水埋深均服从正态分布,其平均值为25.21~45.07cm,变异系数在0.26~0.43之间。浅层地下水埋深旱季深、雨季浅,其月变化和雨、旱季不同期,存在滞后现象,雨季浅层地下水埋深变异系数大于旱季。旱季和雨季浅层地下水埋深空间变化随等高线均呈不规则带状分布。洱海水位、降雨、灌溉、潜水蒸发和土壤物理特性的空间变异均是影响洱海近岸菜地浅层地下水埋深变化的主要因素。其中,1 966 m高程浅层地下水埋深与洱海水位极显著线性相关(p0.01),二者互为连通,相互补给;其他高程浅层地下水埋深与降雨量和灌溉量显著线性相关(p0.05),随降雨量增加,浅层地下水埋深逐渐变浅,随潜水蒸发量和灌溉量增加,浅层地下水埋深逐渐变深。距洱海由近及远土壤母质为河湖相沉积物到第四纪红黏土,使得不同发生层土壤渗水性由强变弱,造成离洱海越远,海拔越高,浅层地下水埋深越浅,变幅越小。     

基于MapGIS的河南省浅层地下水功能评价与区划

针对河南省水资源供需矛盾,对全省山前岗地与平原区浅层地下水功能进行评价。主要考虑地下水的资源功能、生态功能、地质环境功能,并分别建立属性指标数据层。运用层次分析法评价软件GFS以及MapGIS的空间叠加能,对各属性指标进行加权计算和空间数据的叠加计算,综合评价得出河南省浅层地下水开发利用的可持续性等级与区域分布。共分为5个区域等级,即可持续性强区、可持续性较强区、可持续性一般区、可持续性较弱区和可持续性弱区。可为河南省国土规划、地下水资源合理开发利用和环境保护提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的沈阳市浅层地下水脆弱性评价研究

综合考虑影响沈阳市浅层地下水脆弱性的内因和外因,构建了包括固有脆弱性和胁迫脆弱性两方面影响因素的多层次评价指标体系;充分借助GIS软件,进行了地下水脆弱性综合评价和编图;并以地下水污染现状加以验证,为地区水资源管理提供决策依据.     

水资源水质水量优化配置分析

本研究旨在实现水资源水质水量的优化配置,通过对水资源水质水量优化配置的生态经济学理论进行分析,指出水资源水质水量优化配置的概念,在内涵分析基础上确定了水资源水质水量优化配置的具体阈值原理和模型体系框架.同时对青海水资源水质水量的优化配置进行分析,指出不同区域的水资源水质水量需要进行针对性的优化配置.     

水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式探讨

在水资源管理中,水量水质联合调控主要是为了协调生态环境.利用运筹学、系统方法论、宏观经济学为计算基础,通过控制流域污染物来达到水质控制的目标.基于此,本文对水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式进行探讨.     

浅析传统水利向环境水利及生态水利的转变

农田水利建设一直是我国农业发展的重中之重,最初的农田一般仅依靠自然河水和雨水进行灌溉,而后由兴修的水利工程进行灌溉,农水建设发展到今天开始重视环境水生态.传统农田水利向环境水生态转变是一种必然的发展趋势.这种形式的转变能够最大限度地满足农业经济发展中的用水需求,而且不会对生态环境带来危害.本文主要分析农田水利发展对环境的影响,并概述了传统农业水利向环境水生态转变的过程.     

Sugarcane water use from shallow water tables: implications for improving irrigation water use efficiency

The resource potential of shallow water tables for cropping systems has been investigated using the Australian sugar industry as a case study. Literature concerning shallow water table contributions to sugarcane crops has been summarised, and an assessment of required irrigation for water tables to depths of 2 m investigated using the SWIMv2.1 soil water balance model for three different soils. The study was undertaken because water availability is a major limitation for sugarcane and other crop production systems in Australia and knowledge on how best to incorporate upflow from water tables in irrigation scheduling is limited. Our results showed that for the three soils studied (representing a range of permeabilities as defined by near-saturated hydraulic conductivities), no irrigation would be required for static water tables within 1 m of the soil surface. Irrigation requirements when static water tables exceeded 1 m depth were dependent on the soil type and rooting characteristics (root depth and density). Our results also show that the near-saturated hydraulic conductivities are a better indicator of the ability of water tables below 1 m to supply sufficient upflow as opposed to soil textural classifications. We conclude that there is potential for reductions in irrigation and hence improvements in irrigation water use efficiency in areas where shallow water tables are a low salinity risk: either fresh, or the local hydrology results in net recharge.     

水利工程项目的水闸设计探讨

在水利工程项目建设中,水闸工程项目占据着极其重要的作用.换言之,水闸工程质量的好坏,在很大程度上将直接关乎到整个水利工程项目的整体效果,包括使用寿命、功能发挥等.在工程建设过程中,水闸这一环节一旦出现了问题,对于整个工程及其下游地区,都会造成安全隐患,极大危害着当地居民的财产与生命安全.本文重点针对水利工程项目中的水闸设计环节,选取了春风河水利工程项目实例探讨,着重以该工程的水闸设计为研究对象,加以论述.     

水源更换对自来水厂进水泵房给水泵的影响

以杭州市清泰水厂进水泵房给水泵为对象,通过对千岛湖作为第二供应水源后水质变化进行理论分析和试验研究,以及水源变化后水泵实际流量扬程等性能进行分析研究,提出在千岛湖、钱塘江等多水源下给水泵的选型设计。通过给水泵叶轮切削的方式,使给水泵新的工况点处于高效区域内,确保给水泵安全顺利生产运行,提高进水泵房给水泵的效率,满足日供水量的要求。     

Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries

Given current demographic trends and future growth projections, as much as 60% of the global population may suffer water scarcity by the year 2025. The water-use efficiency techniques used with conventional resources have been improved. However, water-scarce countries will have to rely more on the use of non-conventional water resources to partly alleviate water scarcity. Non-conventional water resources are either generated as a product of specialized processes such as desalination or need suitable pre-use treatment and/or appropriate soil–water–crop management strategies when used for irrigation. In water-scarce environments, such water resources are accessed through the desalination of seawater and highly brackish groundwater, the harvesting of rainwater, and the use of marginal-quality water resources for irrigation. The marginal-quality waters used for irrigation consist of wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and groundwater containing different types of salts. In many developing countries, a major part of the wastewater generated by domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors is used for crop production in an untreated or partly treated form. The protection of public health and the environment are the main concerns associated with uncontrolled wastewater irrigation. The use of saline and/or sodic drainage water and groundwater for agriculture is expected to increase. This warrants modifications in the existing soil, irrigation, and crop management practices used, in order to cope with the increases in salinity and sodicity that will occur.     

Effect of soil water osmotic potential on growth and water relationships in barley during soil water depletion

Summary Barley plants (Hordeum distichum, L., cv. Zita) grown in a sandy soil in pots were adjusted during a pretreatment period of 5 days to three levels of soil water osmotic potential by percolating 61 of a nutrient solution with additional 0, 22.3 and 44.6 mM KCl. A drying cycle was then started and the plants were harvested when the soil water matric potential had decreased to –1.4 MPa, respectively 6, 7 and 8 days later.No significant differences in dry matter yields, transpiration coefficients and wilting percentages were found between treatments.During the drying cycle leaf water potential ( _l ) decreased concomitantly with decrease in soil water potential ( _s ) with almost constant and similar differences ( _l – _s ) for all treatments despite differences in levels of potentials. The concomitant decrease in leaf osmotic potential () was due partly to dehydration (58%) and partly to increase in leaf solute content (42%) independent of treatment. The part of total osmotic solutes due to K decreased relatively during the drying cycle.Close relationships were found between and _l as functions of relative water content (RWC). Identical curves for the two levels of salt treatment agree with similar concentrations of K, Cl, and ash found for salt treated plants indicating that maximum uptake of macro nutrients may have been reached.During the main part of the drying cycle the turgor potential as function of RWC was higher and decreased less steeply with decreasing RWC in the salt treated than in the non-salt treated plants.In the beginning of the drying cycle additions of KCI lowered the transpiration rates of the salt treated plants resulting in a slower desiccation of the soil and hence an increased growth period. A delay in uptake from a limited soil water supply may be advantageous during intermittent periods of drought.     

Production and water use in lettuces under variable water supply

The effects of a variable water supply on the water use, growth and yield of two crisphead and one romaine (i.e., Cos) lettuce cultivar were examined in a field experiment using a line source sprinkler system that produced a range of water regimes that occur in growers fields. Four locations at increasing distances from the main line were monitored through the season (i.e., from thinning to harvest, 28–63 days after planting (DAP)). These locations at the end of the season corresponded to: (1) rewatering to field capacity (FC); (2) watering with a volume 13% below that required in the field capacity treatment (0.87*FC); (3) 30% below FC (0.70*FC); and (4) 55% below FC (0.45*FC). A linear production function for dry matter accumulation and fresh weight vs. crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) was determined for lettuce during this period, giving a water use efficiency for dry matter of 1.86 g m^–2 mm^–1 and for fresh weight of 48 g m^–2 mm^–1 . For lettuce irrigated to field capacity, ET_c between thinning and harvest was 146 mm; maximum crop coefficients of 0.81–1.02 were obtained at maturity (55–63 DAP). For the three irrigation treatments receiving the largest water application, ET_c was higher in the Cos culivar than in the two crisphead lettuce cultivars which had similar ET_c. Plant fresh weight was more sensitive than dry weight to reduction in water supply. In the FC treatment, root length density and soil water extraction were greatest in the top 0–45 cm, and decreased rapidly below 45 cm depth. Soil water extraction by roots increased at lower depths when irrigation was reduced. Instantaneous rates of leaf photosynthesis and leaf water potential showed no response to the irrigation treatments in this study, despite differences in biomass production. Evaporation was determined to be the major component of ET_c for 45 of the 63 days of the growing season. The large loss of water by evaporation during mid-season and the apparent insensitivity of lettuce to the volume of irrigation during this period may provide an opportunity for reducing irrigation applications.