Stakeholder participation in the distribution of freshwater in the Netherlands

It is widely recognized that integrated approaches are required to manage our limited water resources in an effective and sustainable manner. In the Netherlands, this is mostly realized by organizing integrated spatial development processes. This paper presents a discussion in which the distribution of freshwater is integrated with spatial development in the southwestern Delta in the Netherlands. This discussion is characterized by uncertainty in knowledge and stakeholders with diverging perceptions. By actively involving these stakeholders in a process of problem structuring, it was possible to reach an agreement on the preferred direction for solutions. Problem-structuring involves that stakeholders actively participate in formulating the problem and its solutions. It is characterized by interaction between stakeholders and the integration of expert knowledge and stakeholder knowledge. Based on these practical experiences, we conclude that putting integrated water management into practice benefits from a problem-structuring approach. This enhances learning processes and contributes to the development of an agreed upon and valid knowledge base. As the context of such processes is highly dynamic, there is a need for transparent and adaptive process management.     

辽西地区沙棘资源可持续利用探讨

针对辽西地区现有沙棘资源经营的现状及存在的问题,对大面积沙棘人工林的死亡进行了调查分析,提出了将现有沙棘资源根据立地条件划分为不同林种,按不同林种进行分类经营的技术措施。同时,针对沙棘大面积死亡的经验和教训,对不同林种的更新改造及沙棘种植园和生态经济林的建设提出了可持续经营的方向及切实可行的方法。     

The meaning of agricultural sustainability: Evidence from a conjoint choice survey

Because of its complex, multi-dimensional nature, agricultural sustainability is most often assessed using numerous indicators, which make aggregate comparisons among different production systems difficult. In this paper we propose a methodology that could be beneficial in aggregate sustainability assessment. We apply the method of conjoint analysis to select economic, social, and ecological attributes that are perceived as important for agricultural sustainability by different stakeholders and to assess their relative impact on the overall sustainability measure. Our method presents a flexible framework which could be adopted for a variety of specific applications and allows drawing comparisons among various stakeholder groups based on how they perceive agricultural sustainability.     

Understanding interdependencies: stakeholder identification and negotiation for collective natural resource management

Many natural resource management (NRM) problems transcend farm boundaries. Particularly in hilly regions where land tends to be fragmented among numerous users, managing these biophysical interdependencies to solve transboundary NRM problems implies the coordination of the management decisions of diverse resource users among whom complex social interdependencies are likely to exist. This paper argues that joint learning about the social and biophysical interdependencies existing among users and between the resources they manage is a valuable and often essential element in efforts to improve NRM. Based on action research carried out in the Colombian Andes, the paper presents a process—the stakeholder identification and negotiation process—which facilitates such joint learning using a combination of individual interviews, group meetings and joint problem analysis.     

GAMEDE: A global activity model for evaluating the sustainability of dairy enterprises. Part II – Interactive simulation of various management strategies with diverse stakeholders

GAMEDE is a stock-flow dynamic simulation model designed with farmers to represent dairy farm functioning and the consequences of the farmer’s daily management decisions for whole-farm sustainability. Sustainability is evaluated according to its three pillars: technico-economic viability, respect for environment, and social liveability. The model provides original information for a better understanding of the processes regulating nitrogen dynamics within the farm, and the factors determining farmers’ decisions and practices. Model implementation experiments have revealed that GAMEDE is also a useful tool to support discussions and to generate knowledge exchange among various stakeholders who play an important role in the development of farm sustainability: farmers, extension agents and researchers.While a majority of researchers and advisers are specialised and a majority of farmers fix their attention on specific and narrow themes of farm management, such a comprehensive model can help stakeholders complement their knowledge to gain a holistic view of the farming system. This holistic and integrated view is crucial: (i) for researchers who wish to explain diversity in farming systems and understand decisional and biophysical processes and their interrelated effects operating in such complex agro-ecosystems, (ii) for advisers whose aim is to define alternative management strategies applicable in practice, i.e. taking into account farm specificities, and (iii) for farmers who must choose practices compatible with their resources, assets, constraints and objectives.Holism can also improve versatility and thus the generic character of models. Issues are narrowly specified and greatly vary both among categories of stakeholders (e.g. scientists versus farmers) and within each category (e.g. among farmers). A comprehensive model that: (i) details all farm management operations, and (ii) represents their effects on different spatio-temporal levels and on the three sustainability dimensions, is more likely to respond to the various issues facing different stakeholders. We argue that capacity of models to respond to stakeholders’ questions has to be considered in future evaluations of decision support systems.     

基于GIS和PCA降维的森林景观格局等级特征分析

森林景观空间格局及其内在等级特征辨识是森林资源管理和生态环境规划的重要基础。以新疆天山北坡西段霍城林场为对象,以森林资源二类调查资料和DEM数据为基础,基于GIS和PCA降维方法,通过景观等级分类和景观指数分析,对林区森林景观空间格局及其等级特征进行了研究。结果表明:天山北坡森林景观格局存在明显的等级特征,在不同等级上森林景观破碎化严重,斑块大小空间变异强烈;随着森林景观等级细化,森林核心斑块大小、破碎化、景观丰富度、空间邻近程度等指标变异加强;在较高等级水平上,斑块密度(PD)、平均斑块面积(AREA_MN)、景观形状指数(LSI)、周长-面积分形维数(PAFRAC)等指数对概括森林景观空间格局具有决定性。森林景观资源保护和精细化管理应注重对景观破碎化、丰富度、斑块空间邻接度等指标的考虑及调控,进而为林区景观格局优化、森林景观资源健康经营与管理提供有力参考。     

区域水资源合理配置研究

针对目前全球性水资源危机，提出实施水资源可持续利用的必然性，以及实现水资源可持续发展的重要途径——水资源合理配置。采用水资源综合短缺度最小为目标函数，对降水、地表水、地下水、客水等多种水源统筹考虑，对工业、农业、生活、生态环境等不同用水需求，用权重区别对待，实现区域水资源合理配置。     

辽东山区小流域治理模式研究——以本溪市溪湖区三会厂小流域为例

为实现小流域水土资源保护和生态环境持续改善，以本溪市溪湖区三会厂小流域为例，在研究区内开展小流域建设，通过采取营造水土保持林、封育及修建方塘、谷坊等植物保护措施及工程措施，探索适合辽东山区的小流域治理模式。     

基于复合多目标方法的灌区水资源优化配置

针对传统灌区水资源多目标模型求解过程中难以兼顾多维配置要求的问题,基于目标协调度、可持续发展指数、目标实现度3个指标提出了一种复合多目标方法。为验证该方法有效性,以甘肃省黑河中游17个灌区间水资源优化配置为例,以经济效益、社会效益、生态效益为目标函数构建多目标优化模型,并分别使用传统方法与复合多目标方法进行求解。结果表明,使用复合多目标方法所获得的优化配置方案可以将灌溉水利用系数提高5.42%~7.57%。结果验证了传统多目标模型在协调多个冲突目标方面较单目标模型有显著优势,而复合多目标方法所获得的优化方案更能体现决策者对研究区域种植业发展与灌区水资源配置的多元要求。     

济南市土屋峪小流域水土保持生态治理工程分析

小流域治理是生态环境建设的重要组成部分,既有利于水利资源和环境保护体系,又有利于土壤和耕作保护体系,进而促进生态环境向良性循环转化.本文以济南市土屋峪小流域水土保持生态治理工程为实例,介绍了项目区水土流失现状、总体规划和具体治理措施,包括梯田工程、人工林、堰坝工程等设计及施工技术,可为以后类似治理工程提供必要的技术参考.     

水文部门开展水生态监测的实践研究——以江苏为例

水文事业是为防御自然灾害,为开发、利用、管理、保护水资源提供重要信息的前期性工作和基础性事业.开展水生态监测是实现水生态文明建设的基础,也是水文部门及时准确掌握水生态信息的主要方法.本文以江苏省为例,对水文部门水生态监测的实践进行分析和研究.     

Household livelihood strategies and forest dependence in the highlands of Tigray,Northern Ethiopia

Forest environmental resources provide substantial contributions to the wellbeing of many rural dwellers. However, the level of forest use and the degree of reliance on forest environmental products differ across households. The factors that condition a household’s economic reliance on a particular economic activity in general and on forest environmental resources in particular may vary depending on the resource endowment of the household, the household’s demographic and economic characteristics, and exogenous factors such as markets, prices and technologies. This paper identifies the factors that condition a household’s livelihood strategy choice with a particular focus on forest products. For this, we use the livelihood approach as a framework of analysis. Environmentally augmented household income data were collected from 360 sample households in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. On the basis of the share of forest environmental income in total household income, sample households were clustered into distinct livelihood strategies. Student’s t-test and ANOVA were used to test income differences among the clusters. Multinomial logit (MNL) regression on asset-based explanatory variables was run to identify the main factors that determine households’ livelihood strategy choice and forest dependence. The analyses indicate that differential access to, or endowment of, livelihood assets determines the choice of a household’s strategy. Asset-poor households should be encouraged to engage in activities with higher economic return.     

基于生态足迹的河南省水资源评价分析

利用水资源生态足迹模型对河南省2005-2014年的水资源生态足迹、生态承载力进行了分析。在考虑黄河客水情况下的结果表明:12005-2014年间河南省总水资源生态足迹呈现不断上升趋势,农业用水居于主导地位,累积贡献率为576.1%;2水资源生态承载力与降雨量之间有密切的联系,相关系数为0.925 5;310年间均出现不同程度的生态赤字,水资源负载指数也全为Ⅰ,水资源利用前景不容乐观;4人均水资源生态足迹相对较低,一直在0.35~0.42 hm2之间波动;万元GDP水资源生态足迹逐年下降,水资源的利用效率不断提高,但河南省总体水资源利用处于不安全状态。     

浅谈国内外城市污水回用的主要途径

在介绍城市污水回用的基础上，阐述了城市污水回用于农业灌溉、工业、娱乐景观水体以及地下水回灌等的主要途径，指出我国各地区应结合当地的实际情况，采用不同的污水回用途径，对城市污水进行再生利用以缓解水资源短缺的紧张局面，实现水资源的可持续利用。     

吴起县沙棘林地的生态效益评价

生态效益的评价和核算对评价林业生态工程的建设效果至关重要。文章以截止2008年底吴起县沙棘造林取得的成绩为基础，估算了增加森林在涵养水源、保护土壤、固碳制氧、净化环境、改善小气候、保护生物多样性等方面在退耕期间所产生的生态效益。结果表明：吴起县沙棘林工程取得了巨大的生态效益，核算后的总生态价值为803020.31万元，其中保护水资源价值为193239．39万元，保育土壤价值为322519．73万元，固碳制氧价值为222247．90万元，净化环境价值为2759．07万元，改善小气候价值为23343．81万元，保护生物多样性价值为38910．40万元。研究结果可为黄土区生态修复工程建设效益评价提供参考。     

基于植被蒸散发法的孔雀河流域天然植被生态需水估算

【目的】定量天然植被生态需水,为流域有限水资源的合理分配和使用供科学依据和决策参考。【方法】采用FAO56Penman-Monteith公式,结合干旱强度指数DSI,分析新疆孔雀河流域2000-2016年天然植被生态需水时空变化特征,幵计算了丌同干、湿状况下天然植被的生态需水。【结果】①研究区内天然植被生长季多年平均生态需水量为7.575 7×10^8 m^3,天然草地需水量大于天然林地需水量。②从时间上看,2000-2016年天然植被生长季生态需水总量以2006年为分界点整体上呈现出上升-下降波动趋势;在生长季内变化特征上,天然植被的生态需水主要集中在6-8月,占植被主要生长季全部需水量的69.64%;从空间上看,天然植被生态需水主要集中在绿洲区的农区外围及河流中、上游两侧。③丌同干、湿状况下,天然林、草地单位面积生态需水量均表现为:正常年>湿润年>轻度干旱年>极度干旱年,天然植被生态需水总量呈现:极度干旱年>正常年>轻度干旱年>湿润年。【结论】丌同干湿条件下天然植被生态需水存在差异,气候因子和天然植被面积的变化是导致生态需水差异的主要因素。     

平原水库周边天然生态林地水盐动态变化特征分析

为揭示平原水库周边无灌溉生态林地水盐分布特征,2013-2014连续两年开展生态林地的地下水埋深、矿化度、土壤含水率及含盐量逐月监测。结果表明:周边生态林地地下水埋深变化范围在1.18~1.82m之间,水位变化幅度不大,地下水位随季节性变化较小;地下水矿化度变化范围在0.42~4.92g/L之间,呈周期性变化。土壤水分含水量整体随着土层深度的增加而增加。土壤总盐含量在0.24~8.9g/kg之间变化,其中10~40cm土层含盐量变化最为显著,具有明显的盐分表聚现象。     

“三信法”在食品工程原理教学中的应用

食品工程原理课程内容广、难度大,在教学中存在教学氛围沉闷、师生互动性较差、学生自主学习积极性不强等问题。为解决教学困境,该文首次提出“三信法”教学方法,并将其成功应用于食品工程原理教学中,利用信息化资源,建设了具有挑战度的翻转课堂,取得非常好的教学效果。实践证明,“三信法”可提升课程教学质量、改善教学氛围、增强师生互动、提高学生学习积极性,促进形成教学相长的良性循环,使得教学效果最优化。      

水利工程建设生态风险评估模型探析

本文针对我国水能资源理性有序开发问题,采用专家组评分与本底资料查阅等方式,探索构建水利工程建设生态风险评估模型.该模型可定量与定性分析水利工程建设中对生态系统产生的危害与事故发生的概率,模型对水能资源开发生态评估具有较强适用性.本研究可对水利工程建设与水能资源开发决策提供有益借鉴.     

水生态区划理论方法及全国水生态区划方案

针对我国复杂的水生态状况,建立了一套水生态区划理论方法,并提出全国水生态区划方案。遵照区域相关性原则、协调原则、主导功能原则和分级区划原则,采用三级分区的思路,综合气候、地理、水资源条件、人类活动影响及生态功能类型等诸多因素,详细阐述各级分区的划分依据、命名与编码原则。基于对全国范围内主要水生态系统特征、人类活动影响及水生态类型的认识,将全国划分为6个一级区、34个二级区和130个三级区。