中温厌氧纤维素菌的分离鉴定，系统发育学分析及其酶学性质的研究

利用厌氧分离技术从泥炭中分离到一株纤维素降解能力较强的中温厌氧细菌.分离菌株为革兰氏染色阳性,直杆或稍弯曲杆状,4.2 μm ～6.8 μm×0.8 μm ～1.0 μm,严格厌氧,不形成芽孢,能运动.分离菌株可在20℃～40℃,pH 6.0～8.5之间利用纤维素生长,最适生长温度为35℃,最适pH 6.8～7.0.分离菌株能利用滤纸、纤维素粉MN300、微晶纤维素、羧甲基纤维素等,还可以利用葡萄糖、纤维二糖、木糖、木聚糖、棉子糖、麦芽糖、山梨糖、胰蛋白胨和水杨苷作为底物.在P4-3的纤维素酶复合体中,滤纸酶,Cx酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适作用温度分别为55℃,55℃和45℃,接种120 h后培养物的胞外纤维素酶液中三种酶的酶活分别为86.25 U·mg-1, 20.04 U·mg-1, 18.39 U·mg-1.部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株P4-3与Clostridium cellulolyticum的序列相似性为99%.     

厌氧分解纤维素细菌P4-3的产酶特性及其纤维小体组分的定位

中温厌氧纤维素分解菌P4-3可产生活性较高、热稳定性较强的纤维素酶.通过检测CMC酶活性,研究了培养时间、温度、培养基初始pH值、碳源和氮源对其产酶的影响.通过破壁处理,检测不同部位粗酶液中的CMC酶、滤纸酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,分析了其纤维小体中三种酶组分的分布和比例.结果显示,利用滤纸和纤维二糖作为底物达到最大酶活的时间分别为144 h和72 h;产酶最佳温度为40℃,pH值为7.5,纤维二糖为最佳碳源,酵母粉为最佳氮源.培养144 h,CMC酶、滤纸酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶在上清液、未破壁菌体悬浮液与破壁菌体悬浮液中的活性比分别为9:1:1,14:4:3和6:3:4.     

一株新的球状产甲烷菌的分离和特性

采用改良的Hungate严格厌氧技术,从稳定的丙酸盐产甲烷富集培养中,分离获得一株产甲烷细菌SN菌株。该菌菌落呈椭圆形,直径1.0-1.5mm,黄色,半透明、边缘光滑、中央突起且有颗粒堆积,在紫外光的激发下,菌落产生明亮持久的蓝绿色荧光。菌体为不规则球状,老龄菌体形态趋向规则,单个细胞直径为0.5-1.8μm,不形成芽孢。革兰氏染色阴性,具有周生鞭毛。SN菌株只能利用H_2/CO_2和甲酸作为生长和产甲烷的基质,其生长需要酵母膏或胰酶解酪蛋白和少量乙酸;生长的pH范围为6.0-8.2,最适pH为7.6;温度范围为20-40℃,最适温度为35℃;其最适生长不需外加NaCl,2％NaCl能完全抑制其生长。在最适条件下,SN菌株利用H_2/CO_2和甲酸的比生长速率分别为0.165小时~(-1)和0.089小时~(-1)。这些形态和生理特性表明,SN菌株可能是一株新的产甲烷菌。其确切的分类地位尚有待于进一步研究。     

一株近海沉积物中产甲烷菌的分离及鉴定

从胶州湾浅海沉积物中分离出一株嗜热自养产甲烷杆菌JZTM,直径0.3～0.5 μm,长3～6 μm,具有弯曲和直杆微弯两种形态,单生、成对、少数成串.能够利用H2/C02和甲酸盐生长,不利用甲醇、三甲胺、乙酸和二级醇类.最适生长温度60℃,最适盐浓度0.5%～1.5%,最适pH为6.5～7.0,酵母膏刺激生长.菌株JZTM与标准株M.thermautotrophicus strain delt H的16S rRNA基因序列相似性为99%.     

稻秸厌氧消化纤维制取乙醇实验研究

对利用厌氧消化纤维制取乙醇进行了实验研究,探索了不同温度、总固体质量分数等厌氧发酵条件对厌氧消化纤维产乙醇特性的影响。结果表明,中温低浓度(37℃,6%)厌氧发酵得到的厌氧消化纤维,在预处理过程纤维素损失较低,酶解过程葡萄糖得率较高,为33.17%,乙醇产率为41 g/kg。为提高乙醇产率,对预处理条件进行了优化,对酸、碱预处理方式进行了比较,结果显示,厌氧消化纤维产乙醇采取碱预处理更为有利。在温和温度(60℃)条件下,采用1%~3%的Na OH预处理6 h至24 h后,失重率降低至22%~56%,纤维素回收率高达80%以上,酶解葡萄糖产率升高,乙醇得率显著提高。通过优化预处理参数,3%Na OH在60℃预处理6 h可以获得最大乙醇产量(87 g/kg),有效地提高了厌氧消化纤维产乙醇的效率。     

利用Shuffling技术改良纤维素葡聚糖内切酶(EGI)酶活

本文以纤维素葡聚糖内切酶基因为基础,利用shuffling改组技术,经过DNaseI降解、PrimerlessPCR、TouchdownPCR对纤维素内切酶基因进行了突变和改组,然后将改组的纤维素内切酶基因插入原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,构建了重组子突变体库。通过羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)培养基的分离筛选,得到活性比较高的纤维素葡聚糖酶菌株。对这些菌株通过3,5-二硝基水杨酸法(DNS)进行酶活检测,成功获到比原来酶活高5.75倍的菌株,酶活表达量56.52U/mL,对其诱导表达条件进行优化结果表明在50℃,异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)终浓度为0.1mmol/L条件下,酶的产量最高。     

高温厌氧环境中一株嗜热产甲烷古菌的分离鉴定

本研究采用Hungate厌氧操作技术、液体培养基和固体培养基交替传代的培养方法,从油层采出液中分离到一株产甲烷古菌DH-5.实验结果表明菌株DH-5为严格厌氧菌,菌体大小为(0.06～0.07)μm×(3.8～8.7)μm,可利用H2/CO2,但不利用其它供试底物;最适生长温度63℃;最适盐浓度0.80 g· L-1;最适pH为7.2;酵母粉为其生长必须因子;最适生长条件下其倍增时间为2.77 h.菌株DH-5与标准株Methanothermobaaer thermautotrophicus DSM 1053T (AY 196660)的16S rRNA基因序列相似性为99.8％.     

复合菌系CN6生长特性及在沼气发酵中的应用

为有效提高纤维素类原料厌氧发酵水解效率,根据不同菌株利用底物差异和产酶互补性,人工构建产纤维素酶复合菌系CN6.通过检测滤纸酶活和纤维素降解率,确定了复合菌系CN6的最适培养温度为30～37℃,最佳培养初始pH值为7.0,菌系CN6遗传性能稳定.复合菌系CN6应用于以牛粪为原料的室内沼气厌氧发酵,发酵0～15d时,挥发性脂肪酸质量浓度比对照提高26.5％～ 30.6％,发酵结束时,纤维素降解率比对照提高6.8％,沼气总产量比对照提高18.4％.     

角蛋白厌氧降解复合菌系构建及其在产沼气中的作用

采用Hutngate厌氧生物技术,通过高温驯化,首次在实验室构建了3个高效厌氧角蛋白降解复合菌系,其中复合菌系M1-18在最适温度和最适pH值分别为55℃时,8.0 ～8.5条件下,15 h～16 h内可将羽毛完全降解,降解速度比现有文献报道快.初步探讨了角蛋白厌氧降解菌对猪粪,鸡毛等基质发酵产甲烷的影响,实验表明,3...     

城市有机垃圾厌氧干发酵菌群与代谢产物特性研究北大核心

文章以城市有机垃圾为原料,采用一次投料批式中温(37℃)厌氧发酵工艺,分析了厌氧干发酵过程中主要菌群,包括厌氧产酸菌、厌氧氨化菌、产甲烷菌和厌氧纤维素降解菌的数量变化及代谢产物的特性。结果表明:厌氧菌中产酸菌和氨化菌最先增殖,产酸菌先于氨化菌达到最大值并占据优势地位。产甲烷菌在启动阶段初期基本没有增殖,第25 d左右达到最大值3.25×10~9个·m L^(-1),随后产甲烷菌在整个盛产期数量维持在这一数量级上。厌氧纤维素降解菌菌数呈现缓慢增长的趋势,直到投料的第45 d才增加到10~6个·m L^(-1)。了解发酵过程中菌群间的作用及代谢产物的特性,协调各微生物的稳定生长,是保证沼气发酵正常运行的必要条件,本试验为城市有机垃圾的无害化处理和资源化利用奠定基础。     

化探样品中微量元素Ag、W、Mo、Sn、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Co、Cr的水平撒料光谱定量分析

针对化探样品批量大,元素多,检出限低等特点,采用水平电极撒料法,对化探样中多种微量元素进行了光谱定量分析.将样品与缓冲剂1:1混匀,采用W-100光栅摄谱仪(光栅刻线1200条/毫米,二级光谱)进行水平撒样摄谱,谱板经暗室处理后,在东德GFE760μ测微光度计上用P标尺测光,以△P-logc绘制工作曲线,查出含量.本法采用了特制的撒样漏斗,改善了下料的均匀性,提高了分析精度;以Ge和Pd作内标消除工作条件变化对谱线强度的影响;同时还试选了SiO2:C:Na2SO4＝61:30:9的混合物作缓冲剂,提高了弧烧的稳定性,获得了较高的再现性.本文还采用了一种单元素线减光器对Ag3382.9进行减光,使Ag的测定上限由5×10-6提高到30×10-6.本法操作简便快速,成本较低,一次可测定Ag、W、Mo、Sn、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Co、Cr等多种元素,检出限为Ag 0.03×10-6,W 0.5×10-6,Mo0.05×10-6,Sn 0.4×10-6,Pb 1×10-6,Zn 3×10-6,Cu 0.5×10-6,Bi 0.1×10-6,Ni 0.3×10-6,Co 0.3×10-6,Cr 1×10-6,基本上达到了化探普查找矿定量分析的要求.     

2010年世界健康食品展望

当前,中国粮油企业的生存与发展已与世界粮油经济的发展息息相关。无论是粮油企业全面亏损的2004年,还是粮油价格大起大落的2008年,世界其他各国粮油政策和价格的变化均对中国的粮油产业发展造成了很大的影响。全面了解国际粮油发展新动向、掌握世界粮油食品发展新方向,从宏观上为企业找到准确定位,是每位粮油企业家、每位粮油人都必须具备的。正所谓知己知彼,百战不殆,希望以下这些国际前沿信息能为您带来收获。     

王水消解法同时测定土壤中Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb,Cd的方法研究

为了快速、准确地检测土壤中多种重金属元素,建立一种王水消解同时测定土壤中Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb,Cd的方法.选取8种具有广泛代表性的土壤标准物质对王水消解法进行考察,结合土壤标准物质标准值,通过大量试验数据对该方法做出全面评价.     

冀、鲁、豫、苏、皖五省农机夏收跨区作业调研报告

农机跨区作业是我国农民自发进行的又一项伟大的制度创新,为促进我国农业机械化发展做出了重要的贡献.为此,采用问卷调查法、文献资料法和数理统计法,对冀、鲁、豫、苏、皖等省505户参与跨区作业的农机大户进行了问卷调查.以问卷数据为基础,分析了农机大户的自身特征和经营状况,并总结了影响跨农机大户参与跨区作业的主要因素,最后提出了相应的对策建议.     

安徽省砀山县丰产农机合作社:创新模式发展优势服务

砀山县丰产农机服务专业合作社位于安徽省宿州市砀山县朱楼镇朱楼村,成立于2015年5月13日。合作社目前占地1.33 hm^2(20余亩),拥有成员200余人,拖拉机40多台,收割机18台,灌溉机械14套,植保飞机80多架,烘干机6组,配套农具230多台(套),机械资产达到1 200余万元。     

Advection,evaporation, and surface resistance

Summary We study the effect of surface resistance r (whether of monolayers on free water or plant diffusive resistance) on evaporation rate, energy balance, and microclimate, under advective conditions. We use power-law representations of the vertical profiles of mean windspeed and eddy diffusivity, and exploit two known similarity solutions, one for a step-function change of surface concentration, and the other for a step-function change of surface flux density. To a very close approximation, these two contrasting canonical advective problems yield the same (spatially variable) boundary layer transfer coefficient expressing the ratio of the surface flux perturbation to the surface concentration perturbation. Adopting this coefficient reduces the (spatially variable) surface energy balance for the advective boundary layer with surface resistance to a quadratic equation, with the solution yielding the fetch distances x at which the surface temperature assumes a given value To. With To (x) established thus, the other significant properties of the boundary layer follow simply and directly.The results reveal the profound influence of r, especially at small x. As boundary layer atmospheric resistance increases with x, r becomes relatively less important. It can be regarded as primarily reducing advective effects. Antievaporation films thus work best on small water surfaces in arid surroundings, but are less effective the larger the water body and the moister the surrounds. If leaf temperatures are not limiting, increasing r has greatest effect for small vegetated areas in an arid environment, but may not be optimal for extensive continuous monocultures. Control of surface resistance offers means of manipulating microclimate, for example when arid landscapes are watered for this purpose. The exploratory nature of this investigation, and its many limitations, are stressed.     

The FARMSCAPE approach to decision support: farmers', advisers', researchers' monitoring,simulation, communication and performance evaluation

FARMSCAPE (Farmers', Advisers', Researchers', Monitoring, Simulation, Communication And Performance Evaluation) is a program of participatory research with the farming community of northeast Australia. It initially involved research to explore whether farmers and their advisers could gain benefit from tools such as soil characterisation and sampling, climate forecasts and, in particular, simulation modelling. Its current focus is facilitating the implementation of commercial delivery systems for these same tools in order to meet industry demand for their access. This paper presents the story of what was done over the past decade, it provides performance indicators of impact, it reflects on what was learnt over this period and it outlines where this research is likely to head in the future.Over the past 10 years, the FARMSCAPE team employed a Participatory Action Research approach to explore whether farmers could value simulation as a decision support tool for managing their farming system and if so, could it be delivered cost-effectively. Through farmer group engagement, on-farm trials, soil characterisation, monitoring of crops, soils and climate, and sessions to apply the APSIM systems simulator, FARMSCAPE represented a research program on decision support intervention. Initial scepticism by farmers and commercial consultants about the value of APSIM was addressed by testing its performance both against measured data from on-farm trials and against farmers' experiences with past commercial crops. Once this credibility check was passed, simulation sessions usually evolved into participants interactively inquiring of the model the consequence of alternative management options. These ‘What if’ questions using APSIM were contextualised using local climate and soil data and the farmer's actual or proposed management rules.The active participation of farmers and their advisers, and working in the context of their own farming operations, were the key ingredients in the design, implementation and interpretation of the FARMSCAPE approach to decision support. The attraction of the APSIM systems simulator to farmers contemplating change was that it allowed them to explore their own system in a manner equivalent to learning from experience. To achieve this, APSIM had to be credible and flexible. While direct engagement of farmers initially enabled only a limited number of beneficiaries, this approach generated a commercial market for timely and high quality interactions based on soil monitoring and simulation amongst a significant sector of the farming community. Current efforts are therefore focused on the training, support and accreditation of commercial agronomists in the application of the FARMSCAPE approach and tools.The FARMSCAPE approach to decision support has come to represent an approach to guiding science-based engagement with farm decision making which is being tested nationally and internationally.