脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤试验研究——以白城市为例

本文采用盆栽试验方法共设计了5个脱硫石膏施用水平(0、11.25、22.5、33.75、45 t/hm2).通过种植向日葵进行了脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤的施用量试验研究.通过盆栽试验研究苗期向日葵在不同脱硫石膏施用水平条件下的出苗、株高、根重、土壤化学性质的变化规律.研究表明:施用脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤可以有效降低土壤的pH值和提高向日葵的出苗率,综合土壤pH值和全盐量以及向日葵的出苗和生长指标,初步得出脱硫石膏施用量为33.75t/hm2时,对重度盐碱土的改良效果最好,最有利于向日葵的出苗和生长发育.     

脱硫石膏改良对吉林西部碱土酶活性的影响研究

通过燕麦盆栽试验,研究不同施用量(15、30、45、60t/hm2)脱硫石膏对不同碱化程度的燕麦根际土壤的酶活性影响。结果表明:脱硫石膏改良后,脱硫石膏四种施用量中度碱土及15、30t/hm2重度碱土的过氧化氢酶活性,脱硫石膏四种施用量轻度碱土、中度碱土的多酚氧化酶活性,脱硫石膏30、45、60t/hm2重度碱土的脲酶活性,脱硫石膏四种施用量重度碱土的蛋白酶活性,脱硫石膏四种施用量轻度碱土、中度碱土的硝酸盐还原酶活性,施脱硫石膏各碱土(60t/hm2轻度碱土除外)的三氧化二铁还原酶活性均高于改良前;施脱硫石膏后过氧化物酶活性较改良前则有不同程度的降低。     

碱性水灌溉及石膏对碱土改良和水稻、小麦生长的影响

本文在温室进行了不同石膏施用量(各占土壤石膏总需要量的33％,67％和100％)和碱性水灌溉对碱土Ca沉淀和Na淋移的影响研究并调查了水稻的生长。Ca和碳酸钙沉淀及土壤Na饱和度随着灌溉水碱度的增加而增加。碱土开垦初或在水稻、小麦生长期间每次灌溉(Cei)时,施用石膏可增加土壤Na~+的淋移,降低交换性Na(ESP)含量和PH值,在碱性水灌溉条件下,即使碱土开垦初施用大量石膏,也不能把ESP值控制在水稻、小麦正常生长的水平,但在Gei(碱性水中添加石膏)处理条件下,碱性水灌溉观察到的土壤pH和ESP值与优质水灌溉相似,所以,碱性水灌溉改良碱土必须添加额外的石膏(比开垦初还要多)以减小钠吸附比(SAR)和水的碱度,控制土壤Na的升高并增加作物产量。     

利用SAR和pH分析脱硫石膏改良碱(化) 土壤的机理

通过对碱土和强碱化2种土壤施加不同数量脱硫石膏进行改良的大田试验研究,探讨了土壤N a+吸附比SAR以及土壤溶液pH值的变化规律。研究结果表明:经过1年的大田试验后,2种土壤的在(0~15 cm的SAR以及pH值较对照均有了明显的降低,且不同处理的试验效果差异较大。1年的大田试验对15 cm以下土层的pH值影响甚微。这说明经过1年的大田试验后,根区活动层范围内的土壤钠碱化度明显降低,土壤理化性质在一定程度得到了改善。由于供试土壤的渗透性较差,经过N a+-C a2+交换后,0~15 cm土乘代换出的盐分不能全部被淋洗排出土体,在土体下层附集,这无疑说明了碱土改良是一个较漫长的过程。在改良的初始阶段,强度碱化土壤的改良效果要优于碱土区的改良效果,这是由土壤原有的碱化程度以及土壤的理化性质决定的。     

脱硫石膏对苏打盐碱土旱田的改良效果研究

以吉林省西部苏打盐碱土旱田为供试土壤,以玉米为供试作物,通过盆栽试验,研究了脱硫石膏对供试土壤的改良效果和作物生长的影响.结果表明:脱硫石膏可有效降低苏打盐碱土的pH和促进玉米的生长.当脱硫石膏施用量为3t/667m2时,成熟期玉米的株高、根长、植株鲜重等各项生长指标达到最好,但与脱硫石膏施用量为2t/667m2时没有显著差别,结合土壤pH值、全盐量等因素,得出脱硫石膏施用量为2t/667m2时,对吉林西部苏打盐碱土旱田改良效果最好.     

碱化土壤改良后种植乔木红柳对比试验研究

【目的】研究碱化土壤改良后土壤理化性质的变化对种植乔木红柳后树木生长进行对比,从而筛选出最优的改良剂配比。【方法】采用小区试验,以燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物和糠醛渣为碱化土壤的改良剂,设置不同改良剂配比组合,研究了碱化土壤改良后种植乔木红柳的效果。试验共设3个处理:T1处理(燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物(3.0 kg/坑)+糠醛渣(1.0 kg/坑)),T2处理(燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物(2.0 kg/坑)+糠醛渣(2.0 kg/坑))和T3处理(燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物(1.0 kg/坑)+糠醛渣(3.0 kg/坑))。【结果】随着种植年限的延长,不同处理下土壤的pH值、全盐量和碱化度(ESP)均有不同程度的降低。其中,T3处理对土壤的pH值、全盐量影响较大,种植第2年0~40 cm土层的pH值、全盐量分别从8.52和3.08‰降低到7.85和1.56‰;而T1处理对土壤的ESP影响最为显著,0~40 cm和40~80 cm土壤ESP降幅最大达到30.42%和22.75%。T1处理最有利于乔木红柳的生长,其成活率和保存率分别达到了91.66%和83.33%,较CK提高了37.48%和66.66%;而胸径和1 a生枝条长度分别为2.86 cm和20.8 cm,较CK提高了34.91%和30.00%。【结论】燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物和糠醛渣配合施用能有效降低碱化土壤的pH值、全盐量和ESP,从而有利于乔木红柳的生长和发育,其中T1处理为改良剂最优配比组合。     

滴灌条件下脱硫石膏对甘肃盐碱地的改良效果研究

为研究滴灌条件下施用脱硫石膏对甘肃盐碱地理化性质的影响,在统一淋洗定额3.2×103m3/hm2、施用有机肥40 t/hm2、黄沙225 m3/hm2的基础上,通过2 a田间对比试验,研究不同脱硫石膏施用量0(T0)、18(T1)、22(T2)、26(T3)、30 t/hm2(T4)对甘肃盐碱土的p H、碱化度、电导率、盐分离子含量、枸杞生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:随脱硫石膏施用量的增加,土壤p H、碱化度呈递减趋势,土壤电导率先减小后增加;滴灌有助于0~40 cm土层电导率值的降低;在T3处理下,第2年枸杞干果产量为1.85 t/hm2,表明施用适量的脱硫石膏配合滴灌能改善土壤理化性质利于枸杞生长。     

覆膜滴灌盐碱土改良效果研究

【目的】研究不同改良剂对覆膜滴灌盐碱土的改良效果。【方法】采用有机肥料、微生物菌剂、无机肥作为盐碱土壤改良剂,分析了不同改良剂对土壤pH值变化率、脱盐率、养分和玉米产量的影响。【结果】①不同改良剂均能降低盐碱土壤pH值和盐分,增加玉米产量,其中施用有机肥料300 kg/hm~2+微生物菌剂250 kg/hm~2的处理效果显著,在拔节期和成熟期,该处理的pH值变化率相比CK增加4.58%和2.65%,生育期内土壤脱盐率接近60%,玉米产量较CK增加39.04%;②施用不同改良剂后土壤有机质、速效钾在生育期内呈递增趋势,水解性氮、有效磷均呈先增加后减少趋势。【结论】在覆膜滴灌盐碱地的改良与利用中,以有机肥料和微生物菌剂为主要原料的微生物改良剂可作为优先选择。     

脱硫石膏改良草甸碱土效果的研究

通过田间试验,对脱硫石膏改良草甸碱土的效果进行了分析。结果表明：脱硫石膏能明显降低草甸碱土的pH值及土壤代换性盐基离子的含量,使土壤强碱状况得到改善。     

滴灌施沼液改良甘肃盐碱地的效果研究

针对甘肃白银地区盐碱地碱化度高、土壤结构差,盐分难以淋洗等瓶颈的问题,本研究采用沼液进行改良,沼液通过滴灌方式兑水稀释后滴入土壤。设置不同沼液施用量T0(0 t/hm2)、T1(1.2 t/hm2)、T2(1.3 t/hm2)、T3(1.4 t/hm2)、T4(1.5 t/hm2),通过田间对比试验,研究不同沼液施用量对盐碱地碱化度、p H的影响以及对油葵生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:施用沼液后土壤肥力显著提高,能有效改善土壤理化性质,降低土壤p H、碱化度,0~20 cm土层脱盐效果显著,但在20 cm土层以下出现盐分累积现象;在T3处理下,油葵产量最高,达2 384.8 kg/hm2。试验结果表明施用适量的沼液能改善土壤理化性质利于油葵生长。     

Sodium adsorption ratio-exchangeable sodium percentage relationships in a high potassium saline-sodic soil

Summary Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) values were obtained from 692 soil samples and their saturation extract solutions. All samples were from a Declo silt loam (coarse, loamy, mixed, mesic, Xerollic Calciorthids) phase that was saline-sodic and very high in potassium (K). Some samples contained as much as 80 meq K/1 in the saturation paste extract. In those samples where the Na : K ratio was less than 4 : 1 the measured ESP was considerably lower at a given SAR than is usually observed in high Na soils. As the soluble salts were leached from this soil in lysimeters and under field conditions, with or without Ca amendments, the soil did not become sodic nor have decreased infiltration rates when irrigated with low salt water (200 unhos/cm). The exchangeable K was more tightly held on the exchange sites than were Ca, Mg, or Na, thus reducing the high Na effects.     

不同淋洗条件下黄河三角洲盐渍土脱盐规律研究

【目的】探索黄河三角洲地区盐渍土在不同淋洗条件下土壤脱盐规律。【方法】通过室内土柱淋洗脱盐模拟试验,设置2种淋洗方式(连续淋洗和间歇淋洗),分析了在连续淋洗和间歇淋洗条件下土壤淋洗耗水量、淋洗滤液的矿化度随时间、滤液累积量的变化规律和滤液的脱盐速率,同时分析了0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土层的电导率、SAR(钠吸附比)的变化过程。【结果】①不同淋洗方式条件下,土体脱盐共有3个过程,分别为盐分峰值初步形成过程、盐分峰值向下移动过程和土柱底层土体盐分峰值消失过程;连续淋洗和间歇淋洗土柱为达到一般农作物(计划湿润层为0～60 cm)生长所需淋洗水量为472.70 mm和411.60 mm,间歇淋洗较连续淋洗省水14.8%。②连续淋洗和间歇淋洗滤液矿化度随时间均表现为幂函数关系;连续淋洗和间歇淋洗的滤液脱盐效率分别为18.45 g/L2和28.49 g/L2,连续淋洗的滤液脱盐效率为间歇淋洗的64.7%。③连续淋洗土柱和间歇淋洗土柱淋洗后含盐量是淋洗脱盐前的11.89%和8.39%(以40～60 cm土层为例),间歇淋洗土柱中各层pH值增量均小于在连续淋洗土柱中pH值的增量,并且在间歇淋洗后各层土壤pH值虽有增加,但是还在一般植物生长的允许范围内;间歇淋洗土柱中SAR减小量大于连续淋洗土柱中SAR的减小量,RSC增量小于连续淋洗土柱中RSC的增量,SAR和RSC均在一般植物生长的允许范围内。【结论】盐渍土经过淋洗脱盐可以达到植物生长的要求,同时,间歇淋洗明显比连续淋洗节约水,在生产实践中采用间歇淋洗土壤脱盐效果更好。     

Yield and fibre quality of cotton cultivars as affected by the build-up of sodium in the soils with sustained sodic irrigations under semi-arid conditions

Cotton is commonly grown in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world having sodic ground waters. A field plot study was, therefore, conducted for 2 years to study the effect of sustained sodic irrigation on yield and fibre quality of two hirustum cotton cultivars (F-505 and F-846) and one arborium cultivar (LD-327). The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 0–30 cm soil under sustained canal water (CW) irrigation treatment was 3.5 whereas long-term irrigations (for more than 10 years) with sodic waters having residual sodium carbonate (RSC) of 5, 10 and 15 me l⁻¹ resulted in ESP bulid-up of 16.4, 39.6 and 56.2, respectively. These sodic waters were used for irrigation in the respective plots, for both years of the study. High ESP of the soil decreased the growth (in terms of plant height) and yield of all the three cotton cultivars. The rate of decline in plant height at 50, 80 and 140 days of sowing (DAS) was maximum in F-505 and minimum in F-846. Compared with CW treatment, relative seed-cotton yield under 16.4, 39.6 and 56.2 ESP levels obtained with respective sodic water treatments for 2 years were 99, 70 and 69%, respectively in F-846, 101, 46 and 29%, respectively in F-505 and 98, 67 and 49%, respectively in LD-327. Similar trends were observed in case of boll number per square metre and boll weight. The cultivar F-846 produced heavier bolls than the other two cultivars under ESP levels of 56.2 obtained under RSC₁₅ treatment which helped this cultivar to perform relatively better. The harmful effect of sodic waters on fibre quality (2.5% span length, micronaire value and bundle strength) were also not observed in the case of F-846. A slight deterioration in fibre quality was, however, observed in cultivars F-505 and LD-327 at an ESP of 56.2 in the soil.     

Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil sodicity and nutrient leaching in calcareous soils

Soil column studies were conducted with two soils to assess the effects of irrigation with wastewater on soil and groundwater quality. Upon the application of wastewater, exchange occurred between solution sodium (Na⁺) and exchangeable cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺), whereby these cations were released into solution. The average exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the soils increased during leaching from 9 to 21 and 28.8 to 29.7 after applying 5.0 and 3.5 l (about 7 and 6 pore volumes) of wastewater to the soils columns, respectively. Adverse effect of high Na⁺ concentration in the wastewater on raising ESP was less pronounced in the soil having initial high ESP than in the soil with low initial ESP. Salinity of the soils was also increased with the application of wastewater and Mg²⁺ and K⁺ were leached from the soils. These losses would be more severe on soils having a low cation exchange capacity and if, uncorrected could lead eventually to their deficiencies for plant growth. When the soil columns were leached with distilled water the flow rate of one soil decreased to zero after 2.2 pore volume indicating damage to soil structure. Irrigation with wastewater, which is generally more sodic and saline than regional groundwater, increases the rate of soil sodification of shallow groundwater. A relatively simple chromatographic model was used to estimate final ESP profiles in the soils assuming the condition of local equilibrium. This approach had a limited success for one of the soil. Since the final leached concentrations are in good agreement with those of wastewater, we attribute these differences to non-uniform flow through the column. In terms of practical soil and water management, our study reveals that relatively simple means can be useful to predict the water quality in soils, their discharge to ground water, and the hazard of soil structure deterioration.     

Effect of frequency of sodic and saline-sodic irrigations and gypsum on the buildup of sodium in soil and crop yields

The effect of three frequencies of irrigation with sodic (high residual alkalinity) and saline-sodic (high residual alkalinity and high NaCl concentration) waters in presence and absence of gypsum application on soil properties and crop yields were investigated under millet (fodder) — wheat — maize (fodder) rotation in a field experiment carried out for 6 years (1986–1992) on a well drained sandy loam Typic Ustochrept soil. Irrespective of the irrigation intervals, sustained use of sodic and salinesodic waters increased pH, electrical conductivity and ESP of the soil and hence significantly decreased crop yields. Application of gypsum decreased ESP and significantly improved crop yields. The beneficial effect of gypsum was lower under saline-sodic irrigation. There were no significant beneficial effects of increasing the frequency of sodic and saline-sodic irrigation, both in presence and absence of applied gypsum, on the yields of wheat and millet (f) crops grown during winter and monsoon seasons, respectively. But decrease in irrigation interval significantly improved yields of maize (f) grown during the hot dry summer period. Frequency of irrigation did not appreciably alter the effectiveness of applied gypsum in wheat and millet (f) but in maize (f), the gypsum treatment was more effective under more frequent irrigation.     

Effect of cyclic use and blending of alkali and good quality waters on soil properties,yield and quality of potato,sunflower and Sesbania

Degradation of soils through the use of alkali waters constitutes a major threat to irrigated agriculture especially for the cultivation of sodicity sensitive crops. The response of potato (Solanum tuberosum), sunflower (Helianthus annus) and Sesbania (Sesbania sesban) green manure to the combined use of a good quality canal water (CW, ECcw 1.1 dS/m, RSC nil, SAR 1.8) and an alkali water (AW, ECaw 3.6 dS/m, RSC 15.8 me/L, SAR 12.4) was evaluated for 5 years (1998–2003) on a well drained sandy loam soil (ECe 2.5 dS/m, pH 7.9, exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP 5.3). Increase in soil pH (8.9–9.1), salinity (4.7–5.1 dS/m) and sodicity (ESP 25–41) as a consequence of irrigation with alkali water affected the growth and yields of all the crops. The sustainability yield index (SYI) when irrigated with AW was 0.063 and 0.133 for potato and sunflower, respectively, indicating that these crops should not be irrigated with such high alkalinity waters. Cyclic use treatments included alternating irrigations with CW and AW, with CW to start with (1CW:1AW), alternating two irrigations each with CW and AW and applying CW to start with (2CW:2AW), alternating two irrigations each with CW and AW and applying AW to start with (2AW:2CW), four irrigations with AW to start with and followed by two with CW (4AW:2CW) and crop-wise alternations of CW and AW, with application of CW to potato and AW to sunflower (CWp:AWs). The SYI of potato improved to 0.703, 0.642, 0.442 and 0.579, respectively with the cyclic 1CW:1AW, 2CW:2AW, 2AW:2CW and CWp:AWs treatments. The values of SYI were 0.633 and 0.415 for potato when irrigated with blends of CW and AW in the ratio 2:1(2CW:1AW) and 1:2 (1CW:2AW), respectively. Similarly, the SYI for sunflower ranged between 0.481–0.736 and 0.512–0.592 for cyclic use and blending but was reduced to 0.394 with 4AW:2CW in cyclic use mode. When averaged for 5 years, the relative yields (compared to CW) ranged between 65–85 and 61–94% for cyclic use in potato and sunflower, respectively. However, the values ranged between 66–83 and 71–81% for blended waters. Considerable deterioration in produce quality was observed in terms of potato grade and weight loss on storage as well as the smaller seeds along and lower oil content in the case of sunflower. The overall deterioration in soil properties under different modes was related to the proportions of AW applied. Computations further indicated that with a similar proportion of CW and AW, cyclic application CW during the initial stages would minimise the adverse effects of alkali water.     

施肥模式对日光温室土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的影响

通过种植两茬油菜,设置7种施肥模式:有机肥施氮量600 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量300 kg/hm2;无机肥施氮量767 kg/hm2;无机肥施氮量383 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量450 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量153 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量300 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量383 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量150 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量191 kg/hm2,研究了日光温室0～200 cm土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的迁移累积。结果表明,不同施肥模式主要影响0～40 cm土壤中NH4+-N的平均累积量和平均质量比,单施无机肥的相应值大于单施有机肥;不同施肥模式主要影响0～40 cm土壤中NO3--N的平均累积量和平均质量比,当施氮量小于383 kg/hm2时,相应值从大到小依次为:单施无机肥、单施有机肥、有机肥和无机肥配施,不同施肥模式也影响40～160 cm土壤中NO3--N的迁移累积。从地下水污染风险和产量考虑,北京农业种植区日光温室油菜种植可按照有机肥150 kg/hm2、无机肥191 kg/hm2的施肥模式进行施肥。     

Polymer effects on runoff and soil erosion from sodic soils

High levels of soil sodicity, resulting from intensive irrigation with saline-sodic waters, lead to an increased soil susceptibility to seal formation and to severe problems of runoff and soil erosion. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the addition of small amounts of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to the irrigation water in controlling seal formation, runoff and soil erosion. Two predominantly montmorillonitic soils were studied, a grumusol (Typic Haploxerert) and a loess (Calcic Haploxeralf), having naturally occurring exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)>12. The soils were exposed to 60 mm of simulated irrigation with commonly used tap water (TW, electrical conductivity=0.8 dS m^–1; sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)=2), or saline water (SW, electrical conductivity=5.0 dS m^–1; SAR>12). PAM effectiveness in controlling runoff and erosion from the sodic soils was compared with runoff and erosion levels obtained from untreated soils having low ESPs (<4). For both soils and for both water qualities and polymer concentrations in the irrigation water, PAM was efficient in controlling runoff at low ESP levels and inefficient at high ESP levels. At moderate ESP levels, PAM's efficacy in controlling runoff was inconsistent and varied with water quality and polymer concentration. Conversely, in general, soil loss originating from rill erosion, was significantly and effectively reduced in moderate and high ESP soils by addition of PAM to the irrigation water, irrespective of water quality and polymer concentration. PAM was more effective in reducing rill erosion than in reducing runoff in the moderate and high ESP samples, because the energy involved in generating runoff is much higher than that involved in rill erosion. PAM treated surface aggregates were not stable against the distructive forces leading to seal formation and runoff production; but they were stable enough to resist the hydraulic shear exerted by the runoff flow.     

不同水肥调控模式对稻田土壤氮磷肥力的影响试验

选取湖北省漳河灌区,开展了不同水肥调控模式下稻田土壤氮磷肥力影响试验,分析了2种灌溉方式、3种施氮方式互作条件下稻田土壤氮、磷含量的变化及其显著性测验（a=0.05）。结果表明,间歇灌溉能较好维持稻田耕作上层（0～20cm）土壤全氮、全磷含量,对耕作下层（20～40cm）土壤全氮、全磷的维持和促进较差;淹灌对稻田下层（...