脱硫副产物改良苏打碱土的田间效应分析

通过2年的田间小区向日葵种植试验,分析了脱硫副产物改良苏打碱土对ESP、SAR、pH值和向日葵产量的影响,提出了脱硫产物改良苏打碱土的合理施用量和施用方式。研究设4个脱硫副产物水平(18750、22500、26250和30000kg/hm2)。研究结果表明:施加脱硫副产物后各处理的ESP、SAR和pH值都明显降低,向日葵产量明显提高;经过2年的改良后,耕作层土壤的ESP、pH和SAR分别小于15、8.5和13,向日葵产量达到1100kg/hm2;脱硫副产物存在利用效率问题,实际选用的脱硫副产物用量应在理论计算量的基础上乘以修正系数1.32;对于碱化度较高的土壤,应选用分批连续施用的方式,以避免形成盐害。     

CaSO_4在改良碱化土壤过程中对其理化性质的影响

通过室内土柱混合置换试验探讨了不同CaSO4浓度水平下土壤淋溶液的理化性质的变化规律。试验设置2个处理,CaSO4浓度分别为0.5 g/L和1.5 g/L。结果表明:碱化土壤经过不同浓度的CaSO4溶液淋溶,土壤的pH值、电导率和饱和水力传导度得到了不同程度的降低,同时,CaSO4溶液浓度高的淋溶效果要比浓度低的变化明显。在土壤表层,2种处理的pH分别由初始的9.71和9.26降低到8.06和8.03;电导率分别由初始的14.49ds/m和14.39 ds/m降低到0.82 ds/m和1.67 ds/m。这说明土壤的理化性质得到了改善,碱化土壤改良效果显著。     

滴灌施沼液改良甘肃盐碱地的效果研究

针对甘肃白银地区盐碱地碱化度高、土壤结构差,盐分难以淋洗等瓶颈的问题,本研究采用沼液进行改良,沼液通过滴灌方式兑水稀释后滴入土壤。设置不同沼液施用量T0(0 t/hm2)、T1(1.2 t/hm2)、T2(1.3 t/hm2)、T3(1.4 t/hm2)、T4(1.5 t/hm2),通过田间对比试验,研究不同沼液施用量对盐碱地碱化度、p H的影响以及对油葵生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:施用沼液后土壤肥力显著提高,能有效改善土壤理化性质,降低土壤p H、碱化度,0~20 cm土层脱盐效果显著,但在20 cm土层以下出现盐分累积现象;在T3处理下,油葵产量最高,达2 384.8 kg/hm2。试验结果表明施用适量的沼液能改善土壤理化性质利于油葵生长。     

碱化土壤改良后种植乔木红柳对比试验研究

【目的】研究碱化土壤改良后土壤理化性质的变化对种植乔木红柳后树木生长进行对比,从而筛选出最优的改良剂配比。【方法】采用小区试验,以燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物和糠醛渣为碱化土壤的改良剂,设置不同改良剂配比组合,研究了碱化土壤改良后种植乔木红柳的效果。试验共设3个处理:T1处理(燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物(3.0 kg/坑)+糠醛渣(1.0 kg/坑)),T2处理(燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物(2.0 kg/坑)+糠醛渣(2.0 kg/坑))和T3处理(燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物(1.0 kg/坑)+糠醛渣(3.0 kg/坑))。【结果】随着种植年限的延长,不同处理下土壤的pH值、全盐量和碱化度(ESP)均有不同程度的降低。其中,T3处理对土壤的pH值、全盐量影响较大,种植第2年0~40 cm土层的pH值、全盐量分别从8.52和3.08‰降低到7.85和1.56‰;而T1处理对土壤的ESP影响最为显著,0~40 cm和40~80 cm土壤ESP降幅最大达到30.42%和22.75%。T1处理最有利于乔木红柳的生长,其成活率和保存率分别达到了91.66%和83.33%,较CK提高了37.48%和66.66%;而胸径和1 a生枝条长度分别为2.86 cm和20.8 cm,较CK提高了34.91%和30.00%。【结论】燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物和糠醛渣配合施用能有效降低碱化土壤的pH值、全盐量和ESP,从而有利于乔木红柳的生长和发育,其中T1处理为改良剂最优配比组合。     

脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤试验研究——以白城市为例

本文采用盆栽试验方法共设计了5个脱硫石膏施用水平(0、11.25、22.5、33.75、45 t/hm2).通过种植向日葵进行了脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤的施用量试验研究.通过盆栽试验研究苗期向日葵在不同脱硫石膏施用水平条件下的出苗、株高、根重、土壤化学性质的变化规律.研究表明:施用脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤可以有效降低土壤的pH值和提高向日葵的出苗率,综合土壤pH值和全盐量以及向日葵的出苗和生长指标,初步得出脱硫石膏施用量为33.75t/hm2时,对重度盐碱土的改良效果最好,最有利于向日葵的出苗和生长发育.     

不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土的改良效果

为了探究不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土的改良效果,以河北省中捷友谊农场学院路的滨海盐渍土为研究对象,试验设定5种不同的改良处理:TR1(有机改良剂+天然沸石)、TR2(园林废弃物+天然沸石)、TR3(有机改良剂+园林废弃物+天然沸石)、TR4(天然沸石)、TR5(有机改良剂)以及CK(对照),进行田间试验,分别于改良1个月后以及改良1a后取样,分析并测定土壤8大离子质量分数以及土壤全盐量。结果表明:改良1个月后,5种改良处理均能显著地降低土壤Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2)质量分数和全盐量;TR2处理和TR4处理能显著降低土壤中K~+质量分数;除TR5处理外,其他4种处理均能显著降低土壤中Na+和Cl-质量分数;只有TR5处理能够显著降低土壤中HCO_3~-质量分数和pH值。改良1a后,5种改良处理均能显著地降低土壤K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2)质量分数和全盐量;除TR5处理外,其他4个改良处理均能显著降低Na~+质量分数;改良后土壤pH值和HCO_3~-质量分数均无显著变化。因此,有机改良剂、天然沸石和园林废弃物作为改良土壤降盐材料均有助于滨海盐碱地改良,达到降盐效果。     

脱硫石膏改良对吉林西部碱土酶活性的影响研究

通过燕麦盆栽试验,研究不同施用量(15、30、45、60t/hm2)脱硫石膏对不同碱化程度的燕麦根际土壤的酶活性影响。结果表明:脱硫石膏改良后,脱硫石膏四种施用量中度碱土及15、30t/hm2重度碱土的过氧化氢酶活性,脱硫石膏四种施用量轻度碱土、中度碱土的多酚氧化酶活性,脱硫石膏30、45、60t/hm2重度碱土的脲酶活性,脱硫石膏四种施用量重度碱土的蛋白酶活性,脱硫石膏四种施用量轻度碱土、中度碱土的硝酸盐还原酶活性,施脱硫石膏各碱土(60t/hm2轻度碱土除外)的三氧化二铁还原酶活性均高于改良前;施脱硫石膏后过氧化物酶活性较改良前则有不同程度的降低。     

滴灌条件下脱硫石膏对甘肃盐碱地的改良效果研究

为研究滴灌条件下施用脱硫石膏对甘肃盐碱地理化性质的影响,在统一淋洗定额3.2×103m3/hm2、施用有机肥40 t/hm2、黄沙225 m3/hm2的基础上,通过2 a田间对比试验,研究不同脱硫石膏施用量0(T0)、18(T1)、22(T2)、26(T3)、30 t/hm2(T4)对甘肃盐碱土的p H、碱化度、电导率、盐分离子含量、枸杞生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:随脱硫石膏施用量的增加,土壤p H、碱化度呈递减趋势,土壤电导率先减小后增加;滴灌有助于0~40 cm土层电导率值的降低;在T3处理下,第2年枸杞干果产量为1.85 t/hm2,表明施用适量的脱硫石膏配合滴灌能改善土壤理化性质利于枸杞生长。     

脱硫石膏改良草甸碱土效果的研究

通过田间试验,对脱硫石膏改良草甸碱土的效果进行了分析。结果表明：脱硫石膏能明显降低草甸碱土的pH值及土壤代换性盐基离子的含量,使土壤强碱状况得到改善。     

冲水洗盐对滨海盐碱地盐分变化的影响

【目的】改良盐碱地。【方法】通过引水冲刷的方法,研究盐碱地盐分因子的时空变化,采用常规理化分析方法对样点土壤的盐碱度进行分析,并比较土壤的阴阳离子和生态离子之间的相关性。【结果】随着冲洗的次数增多,土壤中SAR从11.87 mmol/L降到3.02 mmol/L,pH值(从8.47降到8.25,夏季盐碱因子量最低,而秋季为返盐期盐碱因子小幅增加;盐度量随着月份的增加而增加,10月份最大为8.30‰;EC和TDC呈先减小后增加的趋势,分别从982.67μS/cm到1 037.67μS/cm和491.33 mg/L到523.67 mg/L;上、中、下层土在不同月份间有差异。本试验盐碱离子主要是Na+、CL-构成,表现为CL->Na+>Mg2+>SO42->Ca2+>HCO3->K+>CO32-,SAR与Na+极显著正相关。【结论】减少土壤中Na+量对治理盐碱地具有极大的作用。     

Use of saline–sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline–sodic soils

Use of poor-quality groundwater has become inevitable for irrigation to compensate rapidly increasing water demands in many arid and semiarid regions. Salinity and sodicity are the principal soil and water quality concerns in such areas. Many saline–sodic and sodic soils have saline or saline–sodic subsurface drainage waters. Amelioration of these soils needs a source of calcium (Ca²⁺) that can replace the excess exchangeable sodium (Na⁺). Most of these soils, however, contain calcite (CaCO₃) of extremely low solubility. The native calcite does not supply adequate levels of Ca²⁺ for soil amelioration as do other chemical amendments. Phytoremediation may help ameliorate such soils through cultivation of certain crops tolerant to ambient soil salinity and sodicity. This amelioration strategy works through plant root action to help dissolve CaCO₃ to supply adequate Ca²⁺ without the application of an amendment. During a 3-year field experiment conducted under irrigated conditions, we evaluated phytoremediation against soil application of gypsum and farm manure, and water treatment with sulphuric acid on a calcareous saline–sodic soil (pH_s=8.0–8.4, EC_e=24–32 dS m⁻¹, SAR=57–78, CaCO₃=45–50 g kg⁻¹ for the top 0.15 m depth; Calcic Haplosalids). A saline–sodic water (EC=2.9–3.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR=12.0–19.4, RSC=4.6–10.0 mmol_c l⁻¹, SAR_adj=15.6–18.4) was used to irrigate the rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in rotation. Active desalinisation and desodication processes were observed in all the treatments. After the final wheat crop, the 1.2 m soil profile EC_e was 7±0.5 dS m⁻¹ and SAR was 15±2 with non-significant treatment differences, indicating comparable soil amelioration effect of phytoremediation with other treatments. Better crop yields were obtained from the manure-treated plots, owing to its annual addition to the soil that possibly improved soil fertility. Phytoremediation needed minimum capital input because no initial investment was made to purchase the amendments.     

Effect of frequency of sodic and saline-sodic irrigations and gypsum on the buildup of sodium in soil and crop yields

The effect of three frequencies of irrigation with sodic (high residual alkalinity) and saline-sodic (high residual alkalinity and high NaCl concentration) waters in presence and absence of gypsum application on soil properties and crop yields were investigated under millet (fodder) — wheat — maize (fodder) rotation in a field experiment carried out for 6 years (1986–1992) on a well drained sandy loam Typic Ustochrept soil. Irrespective of the irrigation intervals, sustained use of sodic and salinesodic waters increased pH, electrical conductivity and ESP of the soil and hence significantly decreased crop yields. Application of gypsum decreased ESP and significantly improved crop yields. The beneficial effect of gypsum was lower under saline-sodic irrigation. There were no significant beneficial effects of increasing the frequency of sodic and saline-sodic irrigation, both in presence and absence of applied gypsum, on the yields of wheat and millet (f) crops grown during winter and monsoon seasons, respectively. But decrease in irrigation interval significantly improved yields of maize (f) grown during the hot dry summer period. Frequency of irrigation did not appreciably alter the effectiveness of applied gypsum in wheat and millet (f) but in maize (f), the gypsum treatment was more effective under more frequent irrigation.     

Salt leaching and the effect of gypsum application in a saline-sodic soil

Field leaching studies in representative mixed Hyperthermic Salic Calciorthids showed that for 80% reduction in profile salinity, 0.4 cm leaching water/cm soil depth was required to be passed through the soil. This corresponded to 1.14 pore volume displacement. From four different predictive models, Burns' model, which is theoretically based and requires knowledge of simple parameters, was found to be highly predictive. Dieleman's empirical relationship also adequately described field leaching data. Desalinization of the profile was accompanied by simultaneous reduction in the SAR of the soil solution. When leached in the presence of gypsum, the SAR was reduced to a greater extent in lower depths which would otherwise have been achieved by passing additional quantities of water. Results have been discussed in view of the possible need or otherwise of amendments during reclamation of soils having excess neutral salts and a high SAR of soil solution (saline-sodic soils).     

Changes in spatial and temporal variability of SAR affected by shallow groundwater management of an irrigated field, California

In the irrigated western U.S. disposal of drainage water has become a significant economic and environmental liability. Development of irrigation water management practices that reduce drainage water volumes is essential. One strategy combines restricted drainage outflow (by plugging the drains) with deficit irrigation to maximize shallow groundwater consumption by crops, thus reducing drainage that needs disposal. This approach is not without potential pitfalls; upward movement of groundwater in response to crop water uptake may increase salt and sodium concentrations in the root zone. The purposes for this study were: to observe changes in the spatial and temporal distributions of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) and salt in a field managed to minimize drainage discharge; to determine if in situ drainage reduction strategy affects SAR distribution in the soil profile; and to identify soil or management factors that can help explain field wide variability. We measured SAR, soil salinity (EC_1:1) and soil texture over 3 years in a 60-ha irrigated field on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, California. At the time we started our measurements, the field was beginning to be managed according to a shallow groundwater/drainage reduction strategy. Soil salinity and SAR were found to be highly correlated in the field. The observed spatial and temporal variability in SAR was largely a product of soil textural variations within the field and their associated variations in apparent leaching fraction. During the 3-year study period, the percentage of the field in which the lower profile (90-180 cm) depth averaged SAR was above 10, increased from 20 to 40%. Since salinity was increasing concomitantly with SAR, and because the soil contained gypsum, sodium hazard was not expected to become a limiting factor for long term shallow groundwater management by drain control. It is anticipated that the technology will be viable for future seasons.     

准噶尔盆地东南缘荒漠灌丛盐生假木贼周围土壤理化性质研究

土壤资源异质性是荒漠生态系统的一种普遍现象。【目的】探索荒漠灌丛盐生假木贼(Anabasis salsa)的土壤理化性质空间分布特征。【方法】以准噶尔盆地东南缘沙漠戈壁地带的优势种盐生假木贼灌丛为对象,测定距离灌丛中心5 cm处、距离灌丛中心10 cm处和距离灌丛外缘20 cm处的土壤有机质量、土壤全磷量、土壤全氮量、土壤电导率、土壤pH值和土壤含水率,研究了土壤主要理化性状的水平和垂直分布规律。【结果】水平方向上,0～50 cm土层,距离灌丛中心5 cm处、距离灌丛中心10 cm处和灌丛外缘20 cm处的土壤有机质量、土壤全氮量、土壤全磷量、土壤电导率、土壤pH值及土壤含水率均无显著差异。垂直方向上,盐生假木贼灌丛周围土壤有机质和土壤全磷量随着土层深度的增加呈减小趋势;土壤全氮量随着土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势;土壤电导率随着土层深度的增加而增加的分布特征;土壤pH值随着土层深度的增加而减小;土壤含水率随着土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小。【结论】盐生假木贼灌丛的土壤主要理化性质在水平方向没有显著变化,但在垂直方向表现出一定分布特征。     

不同淋洗条件下黄河三角洲盐渍土脱盐规律研究

【目的】探索黄河三角洲地区盐渍土在不同淋洗条件下土壤脱盐规律。【方法】通过室内土柱淋洗脱盐模拟试验,设置2种淋洗方式(连续淋洗和间歇淋洗),分析了在连续淋洗和间歇淋洗条件下土壤淋洗耗水量、淋洗滤液的矿化度随时间、滤液累积量的变化规律和滤液的脱盐速率,同时分析了0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土层的电导率、SAR(钠吸附比)的变化过程。【结果】①不同淋洗方式条件下,土体脱盐共有3个过程,分别为盐分峰值初步形成过程、盐分峰值向下移动过程和土柱底层土体盐分峰值消失过程;连续淋洗和间歇淋洗土柱为达到一般农作物(计划湿润层为0～60 cm)生长所需淋洗水量为472.70 mm和411.60 mm,间歇淋洗较连续淋洗省水14.8%。②连续淋洗和间歇淋洗滤液矿化度随时间均表现为幂函数关系;连续淋洗和间歇淋洗的滤液脱盐效率分别为18.45 g/L2和28.49 g/L2,连续淋洗的滤液脱盐效率为间歇淋洗的64.7%。③连续淋洗土柱和间歇淋洗土柱淋洗后含盐量是淋洗脱盐前的11.89%和8.39%(以40～60 cm土层为例),间歇淋洗土柱中各层pH值增量均小于在连续淋洗土柱中pH值的增量,并且在间歇淋洗后各层土壤pH值虽有增加,但是还在一般植物生长的允许范围内;间歇淋洗土柱中SAR减小量大于连续淋洗土柱中SAR的减小量,RSC增量小于连续淋洗土柱中RSC的增量,SAR和RSC均在一般植物生长的允许范围内。【结论】盐渍土经过淋洗脱盐可以达到植物生长的要求,同时,间歇淋洗明显比连续淋洗节约水,在生产实践中采用间歇淋洗土壤脱盐效果更好。     

黑土区农田尺度田间持水率的空间变异性研究

【目的】探究黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异性机制。【方法】利用传统统计学和多重分形方法量化了田间持水率的空间变异强度,分析了造成田间持水率空间变异性的局部信息;利用联合多重分形方法确定了田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性在多尺度上的相关性。【结果】研究区域田间持水率具有多重分形特征,随土层深度增加,田间持水率的空间变异程度先降后增;田间持水率的大值数据对0~5 cm和10~15 cm土层田间持水率空间变异性的贡献较大,小值数据对5~10 cm和15~20 cm土层田间持水率空间变异性的贡献较大;单一尺度上,与田间持水率相关程度最高的土壤基本物理特性在0~5 cm土层是黏粒量和土壤体积质量,在5~10 cm和10~15 cm土层是粉粒量和黏粒量,在15~20 cm土层是土壤体积质量和粉粒量;多尺度上,与田间持水率相关程度最高的土壤基本物理特性在0~5、5~10和10~15 cm土层是黏粒量和粉粒量,在15~20 cm土层是土壤体积质量和粉粒量。【结论】黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异程度为弱变异,田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度在单一尺度和多尺度上有所差异。