地下水对作物生长影响研究

浅埋深地下水对作物的生长发育过程有着很大影响。通过对不同地下水埋深条件下冬小麦和移栽棉生长试验 ,探讨浅埋深地下水对作物生长的影响 ,为地下水浅埋区作物生长调控提供基础数据。试验表明 :对于冬小麦和移栽棉存在一个最优的地下水位 ,埋深分别为 1.5m和 1.3m。     

砂姜黑土区有无作物生长土壤水与地下水转化关系研究

为研究砂姜黑土区有无作物生长条件下土壤水与地下水的转化关系,采用五道沟实验站蒸渗仪1991-2015年10-5月份小麦生长期及同期裸地不同地下水埋深水平下蒸发和入渗实测资料,分析了不同下垫面条件下潜水蒸发量、入渗补给量和潜水补耗差随地下水埋深变化规律。结果表明:小麦生长条件下,潜水蒸发主要发生在2.5 m以浅,裸地潜水蒸发主要发生在0.4 m以浅,且其均随地下水埋深增加而递减;裸地累积入渗补给量大于小麦地累积入渗补给量,均随地下水埋深增大而减小,裸地与小麦地累积入渗量之间差值随地下水埋深的增大呈先增加后减少趋势,在2～3 m时小麦地蓄水能力最大;在种植小麦条件下,潜水补耗差与地下水埋深呈对数关系,土壤水与地下水转化量的均衡临界埋深为1.62 m,地下水埋深小于1.62 m,潜水消耗起主导作用,地下水向土壤水转化,大于1.62 m,土壤水补给地下水,裸地条件下土壤水与地下水转化量的均衡临界埋深0.2～0.5 m之间。土壤水与地下水的转化受作物和均衡临界埋深共同影响。     

不同地下水埋深对土壤水、盐及作物生长影响的试验研究

对20个地中测坑进行不同地下水埋深下土壤水、盐运移及作物生长的分析,研究了地下水埋深对土壤水分利用效率(WUE)、养分(NO3-N)及作物生物性状指标的影响.结果表明:埋深为1.5～2.5 m时,有利于作物生长,但从盐渍化控制角度看,地下水埋深宜控制在2.0 m左右为宜;当地下水埋深大于2.0 m时,目前的灌溉制度已经不能满足作物的正常生长需要,出现亏缺灌溉,需要增加灌水定额,本研究说明适宜地下水位的控制对于河套灌区节水改造具有重要的意义.     

冬小麦生长条件下土壤水与地下水转化试验研究

基于不同地下水埋深土壤水与地下水转化田间试验,探讨冬小麦生长条件下不同地下水埋深对土壤水与地下水转化的影响机理。试验结果表明,地下水埋深为1.5 m,在冬小麦需水高峰期,地下水为冬小麦生长提供的水资源量占耗水量的30%以上;随着地下水埋深增大,地下水对冬小麦需水的动态调节作用减弱;当地下水埋深为3.5 m,地下水已基本失去对冬小麦需水的动态调节能力。     

地下水埋深对芦苇出苗及苗期生长发育的影响

通过对芦苇桶栽试验数据进行方差分析,得出不同地下水埋深对芦苇苗期各项生长指标的影响。试验结果表明:在芦苇出苗之前土壤达到饱和的前提下,不同的地下水埋深对芦苇苗期叶数、枯黄叶数、叶长及叶宽的影响较小,地下水埋深对苗期芦苇的长高和出苗影响显著,其中10 cm是芦苇苗期生长和出苗的最佳地下水埋深。     

地下水浅埋条件下土壤水动态变化规律研究

通过对夏玉米和冬小麦生长季节期间土壤水动态观测试验 ,探讨了地下水浅埋条件下土壤水动态的变化规律。试验结果表明 ,浅埋地下水对土壤水动态具有很大影响 ,农田土壤水分变化主要发生在根区深度 0～ 5 0 cm的土壤。土壤水动态变化规律为实施土壤水分实时调控、控制作物生长提供了理论依据     

地下水埋深对玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

为研究地下水埋深对作物的生长发育及水分利用的影响,选择具有代表性的夏玉米为研究对象,借助地中渗透仪,通过人工控制设置不同地下水埋深（分别设置0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0和1.2 m）,探讨地下水埋深对不同生育期夏玉米的形态指标、产量、耗水量及地下水补给量的影响,分析不同地下水埋深条件下水分利用率差异.结果表明：地下水埋深对玉米株高的影响不具有统计学意义,而地下水埋深过浅或过深均会明显抑制植株叶面积指数和茎粗的增长（P〈0.05）,地下水埋深0.4 m时叶面积指数和茎粗最大.随作物生育进程,根系数量和根系干质量随地下水埋深增大,先减小后增大.玉米灌浆前,单株根系伤流量随地下水埋深增大而增大,而灌浆前后则无显著影响.地下水位埋深过深或过浅均影响穗长、秃尖长、穗粒数、百粒质量及经济产量.分析表明,0.53 m为当地玉米产量最优地下水位埋深.玉米生长期内0~80 cm土层土壤含水量随着地下水埋深增大而降低,同一地下水埋深处理玉米生育期内土壤含水量变化幅度较小.夏玉米全生育期耗水量、阶段耗水量及耗水强度随地下水位埋深增大而直线减少,回归方程在P〈0.01水平下具有统计学意义;同样夏玉米全生育期地下水补给量、阶段地下水补给量及地下水补给强度随地下水位埋深增大而直线减少,回归方程在P〈0.01水平下也具有统计学意义.玉米水分利用率随地下水埋深增大而增大,地下水埋深1.2 m处理水分利用率最高.研究成果对江淮丘陵区地下水资源利用及评价、玉米高产高效灌溉制度的制订具有实际意义.     

地下水埋深与芦苇生长的响应机制研究

由于芦苇各生长阶段需水量不同,对芦苇湿地进行水位的管理会影响芦苇的生长发育和产量。通过为期2年的野外试验,利用桶栽方法,控制地下水埋深分别为0(饱和状态)、10、20、30、40 cm的试验条件,利用SPSS分析软件,得出不同地下水埋深与芦苇苗期各项生长指标的响应状况。结果表明,不同的地下水埋深处理对芦苇的株高生长、茎粗生长和分蘖影响显著,其中10 cm是芦苇苗期生长和出苗的最佳地下水埋深。可见,控制芦苇不同时期生长的地下水埋深状况,能有效提高芦苇产量。     

地下水浅埋条件下土壤水动态变化规律研究

通过对夏玉米和冬小麦生长季节期间土壤水动态观测试验，探讨了地下水浅埋条件下土壤水动态的变化规律。试验结果表明，浅埋地下水对土壤水动态具有很大影响，农田土壤水分变化主要发生在根区深度0－50cm的土壤。土壤水动态变化规律为实施土壤水分实时调控，控制作物生长提供了理论依据。     

不同地下水埋深对土壤水、盐及作

对20个地中测坑进行不同地下水埋深下土壤水、盐运移及作物生长的分析，研究了地下水埋深对土壤水分利用效率（WUE）、养分(NO3--N)及作物生物性状指标的影响。结果表明：埋深为1.5～2.5m时，有利于作物生长，但从盐渍化控制角度看，地下水埋深宜控制在2.0m左右为宜；当地下水埋深大于2.0m时，目前的灌溉制度已经不能满足作物的正常生长需要，出现亏缺灌溉，需要增加灌水定额，本研究说明适宜地下水位的控制对于河套灌区节水改造具有重要的意义。     

地下滴灌不同土壤水分下限对番茄生长发育及产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了地下滴灌条件下不同土壤水分控制下限对番茄生长发育以及产量、根系的影响。结果表明:只在番茄的生育阶段末期采用45%~50%田持的水分下限处理不仅能获得了最高的产量,而且水分生产率也最高,滴头附近的根密度最小,有利于减少滴头根系入侵堵塞的几率;在番茄的后3个生育阶段都控制土壤水分为45%~50%田持时,番茄产量最低,滴头附近的根密度最大;全生育期土壤水分都控制在70%~75%田持时,得到的番茄株高最高,但水分生产率最低。     

地下水埋深对夏玉米根冠生长和耗水量的影响

利用排水式蒸渗仪,借助自制的Mariotte瓶装置,通过设置6种地下水埋深控制处理(地下水位埋深分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.01、.2m),探讨了不同地下水埋深对夏玉米的地上部分、根系生物量及耗水量的影响。结果表明,夏玉米株高和冠层叶面积随地下水埋深减小有增加的趋势,但是当地下水埋深减小到一定程度时就会抑制株高、叶面积,地下水埋深0.6m处理株高和叶面积系数(LAI)最大。各土层根系及其总生物量随地下水埋深增大而增大;地上部总生物量与地下部根生物量的比值随地下水埋深的增大呈明显减少的趋势。夏玉米全生育期和各阶段耗水量分别与地下水埋深呈较好的负相关关系,达到极显著水平(P<0.01);地下水补给量占耗水量的比例随地下水埋深的增大而逐步降低。研究结果可为江淮丘陵区夏玉米灌溉制度的制定及农田排水工程的设计提供参考依据。     

Cotton root growth as affected by changes in soil water distribution and their impact on plant tolerance to drought

The capability of mature cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to adjust to progressive drying of their root zone by promoting root growth to adjacent wetted zones, and the implications of this process on irrigation design were investigated. Field grown plants that developed shallow root systems in response to a drip irrigation management of daily, surface soil wettings were exposed 85 days after emergence (DAE), while in the flowering stage, to a sudden change in water distribution in the form of deep soil wetting (DSW) followed by termination of irrigation. The shallow rooted plants (SRP) failed to respond to further surface soil wetting and the progressive drying of the profile by rapid root growth to the deeper-wetted zones; consequently, the SRP suffered from water deficiency for at least two weeks, evidenced by a gradual decrease in their leaf water potential (L_w). Potted plants responded similarly. Daily irrigations of the pot surface with water amounts similar to those lost by evapotranspiration led to the development of a system in which most of the roots and available water became concentrated at the pot's upper section. A transition to irrigation from the bottom of the pot led to a reversed soil-water content gradient and failed to promote rapid root spreading to the deeper-wetted layers, in spite of the accelerated drying of the upper zone. The slow deepening of the root system was accompanied by water-stress symptoms as indicated by a considerable reduction in dry matter production. The root shoot ratio in these plants was not much greater than in non-stressed plants in which the surface wetting was continued. This indicated that preferential root growth relative to the shoot did not occur in response to the progressive drying of the shallow root zone. Rewetting of the root zone after a long period of soil water deficiency failed to promote rapid recovery of the root system in the form of root regrowth in this zone. It was concluded that the capability of mature cotton plant roots to adjust their growth to large changes in water distribution in the soil, is slow and that this should be taken into account when determining an irrigation regime in which the depth at which water is applied is changed during the growing season.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel; No. 343-E, 1992 series     

Model to assess water movement from a shallow water table to the root zone

UPFLOW is a simple software tool developed to estimate with limited data availability and appropriate assumptions the expected upward water movement from a shallow water table to the root zone during a specific period (typically 10-day) in a specific environment. The program contains various sets of soil water retention curves that are considered as representative for various soil classes and indicative values for root water extraction for a number of crops. The environmental conditions are specified in fields of a spreadsheet type Main Menu by specifying: (i) the average evapotranspiration (ET) demand of the atmosphere during the period under consideration, (ii) the expected soil wetness in the topsoil as a result of rain during that period, (iii) the depth of groundwater below the soil surface, (iv) the water extraction pattern of the plant roots, (v) the thickness and characteristics of successive layers of the soil profile and (vi) the salt content of the water table. A steady state upward flow is assumed during the period. The simulations are in line with indicative values presented in literature. Additionally, the software displays the deficient aeration conditions in the root zone and its effect on crop evapotranspiration when the groundwater is close to the soil surface.The model was used to estimate the capillary rise from shallow groundwater (1–1.5 m) to the root zone (0.4–0.6 m) of horticultural crops in loamy sand and sandy loam soils in Belgium. The field measurements confirm that UPFLOW simulates the correct order of magnitude of the capillary rise to the root zone.UPFLOW is public domain software and hence freely available. An installation disk and manual can be downloaded from the web.     

Shallow groundwater contribution to pistachio water use

Pistachio can be grown in the central desert of Islamic Republic (I.R.) of Iran with adverse conditions such as shallow saline groundwater tables. The contribution of water from shallow, saline groundwater to crop water use may be important in such conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine the contributions from shallow, saline groundwater to water use of pistachio seedlings, and how this contribution was affected by groundwater depth, salinitiy, and irrigation conditions. The results indicated that an increase in groundwater depth resulted in significant increase in root depth and significant decrease in seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), transpiration, and groundwater contribution to the plant water use. Non-saline shallow (30–120 cm depth) groundwater under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions contributed 72.4–89.7% and 90.7–100.0% of plant water use, respectively. However, these contributions were 57.2–74.8% and 79.3–100.0% for irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, respectively for saline shallow (30–120 cm depth) groundwater. The effect of groundwater depths (D, cm) on groundwater contributions (q, %) was found to be influenced by the salinity levels of the groundwater (EC, dS m⁻¹). The linear multiple regression equations were q = 97.5 − 1.24(EC) − 0.194(D) and q = 105.9 − 0.48(EC) − 0.154(D) for irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, respectively. The maximum reductions in relative plant dry weight of 80.3% and 44.8% were occurred under non-irrigated condition and saline groundwater depth of 30 cm and non-saline water depth of 60 cm, respectively. Root depth analysis indicated that vertical root growth caused the root to reach a moist layer near the groundwater. A very close to 1:1 relationship between relative reduction in top dry weight (1 − y/y_m) and relative reduction in transpiration (1 − T/T_m) was obtained.     

Crop coefficients for irrigating cotton in the presence of groundwater

A cotton crop coefficient was modified to account for the contribution of shallow groundwater to crop water use. The data used in the modification were developed using weighing column lysimeters. The percentage groundwater contribution to crop water use, expressed as a function of growing degree days for several salinities and two water table depths, was used in the regression analysis. Use of the modified coefficient was demonstrated by scheduling a subsurface drip irrigation system installed in an area with shallow saline groundwater. Use of the modified crop coefficient resulted in 25% of the cotton water requirement being extracted from shallow groundwater with a salinity of 5 dS m^-1 without any adverse effects on vegetative plant growth and yield. Groundwater depth dropped from 1.2 to 2.2 m during the growing season.     

Monitoring water and NO3-N in irrigated maize fields in the Sorraia Watershed, Portugal

The Sorraia Watershed has a long history of continuous irrigated maize. Imprecise water and fertiliser management has contributed to increase nitrate in the groundwater. Solving this problem requires the identification of problem sources and the definition of alternate management practices. This can be performed by an interactive use of selective experimentation and modelling. This paper presents the experimentation phase, where the field experiments were conducted under the irrigation and fertilisation management commonly found in the watershed. Two different soil representatives of the watershed were selected, presenting different water and solute transport properties. One is a silty loam alluvial soil, with a shallow water table, and the other is a sandy soil with a very low water retention capacity. The various terms of the water (consumption, drainage, soil storage) and nitrogen balance (plant uptake, mineralisation and leaching) were obtained from intensive monitoring in the soil profile up to 80 cm, corresponding to the crop root zone. The results showed that in the alluvial soil, up to 70 kg N ha⁻¹ was produced by mineralisation. Current fertiliser management fail in that it does not consider the soil capability to supply mineral nitrogen from the organic nitrogen stored in the profile at planting. This leads to a considerable amount of NO₃-N stored in the soil at harvesting, which is leached during the winter rainy season. In the sandy soil, the poor irrigation management (45% losses by deep percolation), leads to NO₃-N leaching during the crop season and to inefficient nitrogen use by the crop.     

地下水埋深对作物的影响研究现状

根据国内外的研究成果,对地下水埋深对作物的影响的研究现状进行了分析和总结。地下水埋深影响作物土壤水分吸收和盐分运移,影响作物生长发育、产量。适宜的地下水位能够改善作物的土壤环境,提高根系活力,增加作物产量。最后提出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

东北寒区水稻需水对地下水埋深的响应及灌溉模拟

【目的】揭示不同降水年型下东北寒区水稻需水对地下水埋深变动与灌溉的响应规律,进一步优化寒区水稻灌溉制度。【方法】以黑龙江庆安和平灌区灌溉试验站多年水稻灌溉试验及2017年地下水动态观测数据为依据,分析不同灌水模式下水稻耗水及地下水变化动态,验证AquaCrop模型在东北寒区水稻生长模拟中的适用性,并用于模拟分析25%、50%、75%降水年型下水稻需水与不同地下水埋深的相互关系及灌水量的响应规律,提出适宜该地区水稻高产的地下水埋深范围及其生育期净灌水量。【结果】①水稻生育期内,地下水埋深先浅后深,其中,分蘖期、拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期耗水量大,灌溉和降雨较多,地下水埋深较浅;②构建了3种降水年型下ET与GD、I的多元回归方程,综合考虑了水稻需水量与地下水埋深、生育期灌水量之间的相关关系,可用于稻田高效耗用水管理和地下水资源持续利用;③为实现东北寒区水稻高产和地下水埋深基本稳定的双重目标,地下水埋深应控制在2.0～2.5 m之间,水稻生育期净灌水量为:枯水年不宜低于现状灌水量,即300 mm;丰水年和平水年净灌水量可适当减少至现状灌水量的0.8倍,即240 mm。【结论】提出了适宜该地区水稻高产的地下水埋深范围及生育期净灌水量,为促进我国东北地区节水增粮,保护湿地生态环境,提高农业用水效率提供了理论依据。