跨流域调水工程支线调蓄水库对沿线受水区水资源配置的影响分析

分析了有支线调蓄水库的跨流域调水工程水资源系统的结构和特点,定性分析了支线调蓄水库对跨流域调水工程沿线受水区水资源配置的影响。将数学规划与模拟技术结合,建立了由受水区水资源优化配置和干线调水协调模拟模型组成的跨流域调水工程水资源优化配置模型。采用大系统分解协调原理进行模型求解,通过有无支线水库水资源配置效果的对比分析,量化了支线调蓄水库对受水区水资源配置的影响。以南水北调中线工程河南段为例进行了应用研究,结果表明,模型和方法合理可行。     

基于和谐论的黑河流域“水-经济-生态”发展结构评价与预测

以黑河流域为研究对象，基于和谐理论和可持续发展理论，以协调流域生态建设、经济社会发展、优化水土资源配置为目标，建立地表水过度开发区“水-经济-生态”系统和谐性评价指标体系，采用线性隶属度方法将不同和谐程度划分5个等级。根据黑河流域“水-经济-生态”三者协调发展目标并结合未来规划，确定可以反映水资源现状、地表水开发利用程度、农业灌溉、经济社会发展水平与生态环境状况等的14项评价指标，为流域和谐性评价提供依据。采用综合指数评价法计算黑河流域不同水平年不同情景模式下的体系综合和谐度，计算结果表明，不同情景下整体和谐度虽均呈现上升趋势，但2020年和谐度均低于0.4，均达不到一般和谐；2030年情景Ⅰ、Ⅱ和谐度小于0.6，而情景Ⅲ、Ⅳ和谐度大于0.6，情景Ⅲ、Ⅳ和谐程度明显优于情景Ⅰ、Ⅱ，达到和谐等级。情景Ⅲ、Ⅳ通过继续调整政策，将地表水开发利用率控制在阈值75.0%以内，到2030年地表水开发利用率分别为70.7%、68.3%，比2015年分别降低了60.57%、62.97%，使得黑河流域退出地表水过度开发区。为确保黑河流域未来水资源、社会经济、生态环境三者协调、共同发展，针对该流域地表水资...     

分解协调技术在水资源大系统优化

根据云南滇池地区周边地区水资源系统及规划实施的跨流域调水工程特点，采用大系统分解协调的原理，分层次建立了水资源优化配置模型。结合流域分区及各区运行调度规则，采用DP-DP分解协调技术对模型进行求解，得出不同方案下的水资源优化配置成果，并分析了解决滇池地区周边地区缺水问题所需要的跨流域调水工程的合理规模。     

滇池流域水资源承载力评价与驱动力研究

【目的】探求滇池流域水资源承载力与流域社会经济发展、环境的协调关系。【方法】选取水资源、社会经济、环境相关指标,构建滇池流域水资源承载力综合评价模型,计算分析流域2011—2015年的压力指数、承载力指数、协调指数、水资源承载力指数的变化趋势,并用因子分析法进一步对流域水资源承载力进行评价,利用提取出的主要因子构建水资源承载力驱动力模型,识别出影响滇池流域水资源承载力的主要驱动力。【结果】滇池流域2011—2015年水资源承载力指数呈上升趋势;滇池流域水资源承载力的主要驱动力有人类活动因素和自然因素,包括城镇化率、经济发展因素以及年均气温和年降水量。人均GDP和年降水量属于正向驱动因子,城镇化率和年均气温是负向驱动力。【结论】基于社会经济可持续发展与水资源系统协调发展,应加大外流域向滇池流域调水工程的建设,形成多水源联合调水的格局,同时在保证大力发展经济的基础上控制人口数量,建立健全流域水资源系统多水源供水的水资源高效配置与统一调度方案。     

玛纳斯河流域水姿源优化配置研究

以玛纳斯河(玛河)流域为研究对象,基于玛河流域可持续发展的思路及流域水资源系统特征,引入多目标水资源配置模型,并采用基于欧氏距离的交互式模型求解方法,计算了各水平年规划年的水资源优化配置结果,并根据目标满意度及目标总体协调度对配置结果进行了评价.计算结果可为玛纳斯河流域水资源配置提供决策参考,以提高流域的水资源利用率.     

黑河流域水资源调配评价的模糊物元分析法

采用模糊物元分析方法,结合欧氏贴近度的概念,按照社会-经济-生态环境-资源-效率合理性指标建立水资源调配评判指标。对黑河流域5种可能的水资源配置方案行进分析,选出最佳配置方案。从评价结果可以看出,选出的方案在流域实施后,能满足流域社会经济的可持续发展,同时保持生态环境的良好。     

引调水工程对汉江中下游生态环境的累积叠加影响研究

汉江流域引调水工程较多,引调水工程在改变水资源时空分配布局、解决受水区缺水困境的同时,也给水源下游区生态环境带来一定的影响。本文结合南水北调中线工程、引江济汉工程、引汉济渭和鄂北地区水资源配置工程实施进展情况,通过设置3种引调水工况,定量分析引调水工程实施对汉江中下游水文情势、水环境、水生生态和湿地生态的累积影响,并有针对性地提出汉江中下游生态环境保护建议,为汉江流域管理机构提供参考依据。     

黑河流域水工程对生态环境的影响

任何一项水工程都和生态密切相关，水工程在改变自然的同时，不可避免地会对生态环境产生影响。从1950s以来，黑河流域修建了大量的水利工程，这些蓄、引水工程一方面调节黑河水量在时间和空间上的分配，适应人类对水资源利用的要求；另一方面，也增加了蒸发、渗漏损失，对中、下游水资源的自然分配和生态环境产生很大影响。通过对水工程与环境的思考，提出了对黑河流域水开发的5点建议。     

黑河流域水资源调配评价的模糊物

采用模糊物元分析方法，结合欧氏贴近度的概念，按照社会－经济－生态环境－资源－效率合理性指标建立水资源调配评判指标。对黑河流域五种可能的水资源配置方案行进分析，选出最佳配置方案。从评价结果可以看出，选出的方案在流域实施后，能满足流域社会经济的可持续发展，同时保持生态环境的良好。     

基于遥感ET的北京房山区水资源平衡分析

房山区位于海河流域,是我国北方地区水资源短缺和水环境恶化的典型区域之一.区域水资源平衡分析是进行水资源科学评价与合理配置的基础,对实现区域水资源可持续发展具有重要意义.基于遥感ET技术,探讨了一种能够考虑耗补关系的水资源平衡分析方法,进而对房山区2002-2004年的水平衡状况进行分析计算,为制定相应的节水政策构建了科学基础平台,也为流域水资源规划与管理提供重要参考.     

水资源水质水量优化配置分析

本研究旨在实现水资源水质水量的优化配置,通过对水资源水质水量优化配置的生态经济学理论进行分析,指出水资源水质水量优化配置的概念,在内涵分析基础上确定了水资源水质水量优化配置的具体阈值原理和模型体系框架.同时对青海水资源水质水量的优化配置进行分析,指出不同区域的水资源水质水量需要进行针对性的优化配置.     

水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式探讨

在水资源管理中,水量水质联合调控主要是为了协调生态环境.利用运筹学、系统方法论、宏观经济学为计算基础,通过控制流域污染物来达到水质控制的目标.基于此,本文对水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式进行探讨.     

浅析传统水利向环境水利及生态水利的转变

农田水利建设一直是我国农业发展的重中之重,最初的农田一般仅依靠自然河水和雨水进行灌溉,而后由兴修的水利工程进行灌溉,农水建设发展到今天开始重视环境水生态.传统农田水利向环境水生态转变是一种必然的发展趋势.这种形式的转变能够最大限度地满足农业经济发展中的用水需求,而且不会对生态环境带来危害.本文主要分析农田水利发展对环境的影响,并概述了传统农业水利向环境水生态转变的过程.     

Sugarcane water use from shallow water tables: implications for improving irrigation water use efficiency

The resource potential of shallow water tables for cropping systems has been investigated using the Australian sugar industry as a case study. Literature concerning shallow water table contributions to sugarcane crops has been summarised, and an assessment of required irrigation for water tables to depths of 2 m investigated using the SWIMv2.1 soil water balance model for three different soils. The study was undertaken because water availability is a major limitation for sugarcane and other crop production systems in Australia and knowledge on how best to incorporate upflow from water tables in irrigation scheduling is limited. Our results showed that for the three soils studied (representing a range of permeabilities as defined by near-saturated hydraulic conductivities), no irrigation would be required for static water tables within 1 m of the soil surface. Irrigation requirements when static water tables exceeded 1 m depth were dependent on the soil type and rooting characteristics (root depth and density). Our results also show that the near-saturated hydraulic conductivities are a better indicator of the ability of water tables below 1 m to supply sufficient upflow as opposed to soil textural classifications. We conclude that there is potential for reductions in irrigation and hence improvements in irrigation water use efficiency in areas where shallow water tables are a low salinity risk: either fresh, or the local hydrology results in net recharge.     

水利工程项目的水闸设计探讨

在水利工程项目建设中,水闸工程项目占据着极其重要的作用.换言之,水闸工程质量的好坏,在很大程度上将直接关乎到整个水利工程项目的整体效果,包括使用寿命、功能发挥等.在工程建设过程中,水闸这一环节一旦出现了问题,对于整个工程及其下游地区,都会造成安全隐患,极大危害着当地居民的财产与生命安全.本文重点针对水利工程项目中的水闸设计环节,选取了春风河水利工程项目实例探讨,着重以该工程的水闸设计为研究对象,加以论述.     

Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries

Given current demographic trends and future growth projections, as much as 60% of the global population may suffer water scarcity by the year 2025. The water-use efficiency techniques used with conventional resources have been improved. However, water-scarce countries will have to rely more on the use of non-conventional water resources to partly alleviate water scarcity. Non-conventional water resources are either generated as a product of specialized processes such as desalination or need suitable pre-use treatment and/or appropriate soil–water–crop management strategies when used for irrigation. In water-scarce environments, such water resources are accessed through the desalination of seawater and highly brackish groundwater, the harvesting of rainwater, and the use of marginal-quality water resources for irrigation. The marginal-quality waters used for irrigation consist of wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and groundwater containing different types of salts. In many developing countries, a major part of the wastewater generated by domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors is used for crop production in an untreated or partly treated form. The protection of public health and the environment are the main concerns associated with uncontrolled wastewater irrigation. The use of saline and/or sodic drainage water and groundwater for agriculture is expected to increase. This warrants modifications in the existing soil, irrigation, and crop management practices used, in order to cope with the increases in salinity and sodicity that will occur.     

水源更换对自来水厂进水泵房给水泵的影响

以杭州市清泰水厂进水泵房给水泵为对象,通过对千岛湖作为第二供应水源后水质变化进行理论分析和试验研究,以及水源变化后水泵实际流量扬程等性能进行分析研究,提出在千岛湖、钱塘江等多水源下给水泵的选型设计。通过给水泵叶轮切削的方式,使给水泵新的工况点处于高效区域内,确保给水泵安全顺利生产运行,提高进水泵房给水泵的效率,满足日供水量的要求。     

Effect of soil water osmotic potential on growth and water relationships in barley during soil water depletion

Summary Barley plants (Hordeum distichum, L., cv. Zita) grown in a sandy soil in pots were adjusted during a pretreatment period of 5 days to three levels of soil water osmotic potential by percolating 61 of a nutrient solution with additional 0, 22.3 and 44.6 mM KCl. A drying cycle was then started and the plants were harvested when the soil water matric potential had decreased to –1.4 MPa, respectively 6, 7 and 8 days later.No significant differences in dry matter yields, transpiration coefficients and wilting percentages were found between treatments.During the drying cycle leaf water potential ( _l ) decreased concomitantly with decrease in soil water potential ( _s ) with almost constant and similar differences ( _l – _s ) for all treatments despite differences in levels of potentials. The concomitant decrease in leaf osmotic potential () was due partly to dehydration (58%) and partly to increase in leaf solute content (42%) independent of treatment. The part of total osmotic solutes due to K decreased relatively during the drying cycle.Close relationships were found between and _l as functions of relative water content (RWC). Identical curves for the two levels of salt treatment agree with similar concentrations of K, Cl, and ash found for salt treated plants indicating that maximum uptake of macro nutrients may have been reached.During the main part of the drying cycle the turgor potential as function of RWC was higher and decreased less steeply with decreasing RWC in the salt treated than in the non-salt treated plants.In the beginning of the drying cycle additions of KCI lowered the transpiration rates of the salt treated plants resulting in a slower desiccation of the soil and hence an increased growth period. A delay in uptake from a limited soil water supply may be advantageous during intermittent periods of drought.     

Production and water use in lettuces under variable water supply

The effects of a variable water supply on the water use, growth and yield of two crisphead and one romaine (i.e., Cos) lettuce cultivar were examined in a field experiment using a line source sprinkler system that produced a range of water regimes that occur in growers fields. Four locations at increasing distances from the main line were monitored through the season (i.e., from thinning to harvest, 28–63 days after planting (DAP)). These locations at the end of the season corresponded to: (1) rewatering to field capacity (FC); (2) watering with a volume 13% below that required in the field capacity treatment (0.87*FC); (3) 30% below FC (0.70*FC); and (4) 55% below FC (0.45*FC). A linear production function for dry matter accumulation and fresh weight vs. crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) was determined for lettuce during this period, giving a water use efficiency for dry matter of 1.86 g m^–2 mm^–1 and for fresh weight of 48 g m^–2 mm^–1 . For lettuce irrigated to field capacity, ET_c between thinning and harvest was 146 mm; maximum crop coefficients of 0.81–1.02 were obtained at maturity (55–63 DAP). For the three irrigation treatments receiving the largest water application, ET_c was higher in the Cos culivar than in the two crisphead lettuce cultivars which had similar ET_c. Plant fresh weight was more sensitive than dry weight to reduction in water supply. In the FC treatment, root length density and soil water extraction were greatest in the top 0–45 cm, and decreased rapidly below 45 cm depth. Soil water extraction by roots increased at lower depths when irrigation was reduced. Instantaneous rates of leaf photosynthesis and leaf water potential showed no response to the irrigation treatments in this study, despite differences in biomass production. Evaporation was determined to be the major component of ET_c for 45 of the 63 days of the growing season. The large loss of water by evaporation during mid-season and the apparent insensitivity of lettuce to the volume of irrigation during this period may provide an opportunity for reducing irrigation applications.