污水资源化问题探讨

根据我国水资源缺乏水环境污染的实际情况，分析探讨了实施污水资源化的必要性，并提出了实现污水资源化、促进我国水资源可持续利用的途径。     

污水资源化及其农业利用（污灌）的对策

针对我国污水排放日益增加且含有大量污染物的问题，在简要回顾国内外污水资源化的同时，剖析了我国污水农业利用存在的问题，提出了加强污水农业利用的管理与技术措施，保证农业的可持续发展。     

小城镇水污染控制与污水利用对策

通过对小城镇水污染现状与特征的分析，提出了小城镇水污染防治与控制的手段和措施，指出了小城镇污水利用的途径与方向以及污水资源化对策。     

高校生活污水处理与中水回用适用技术研究

从高校水质、水量和出水水质标准等实际情况出发,考察分析高校生活污水产生、收集、处理及资源化回用全过程,就高校生活污水的中水处理方式提出了原位分散处理和集中处理两种系统,并对其组成、特点以及在不同条件下的适用性进行了分析。同时结合工程实践,介绍了几种适合高校生活污水集中处理回用适用技术,并对其工艺过程、技术特点、投资、运行费用以及处理效果进行了分析,结果表明:①MBR方法处理效率高,资源化利用率高达87.5%;②生物接触氧化处理技术COD去除率87.5%～92.5%,吨水投资3 000元,运行费用3.57元/t,运行管理简便;③采用适用技术处理高校生活区污水并中水回用,高校节水潜力巨大。     

畜牧场固液分离及水冲系统简介及设计要点

畜牧场固液分离及水冲系统是在结合国外先进设备和国内畜牧场国情基础上提出的。系统工艺流程简单,分离后的固体干燥、无臭味、运输方便,可为牛舍提供垫料或做有机肥,分离后的污水可作为粪沟或清粪通道冲洗水,实现粪污的资源化利用。该工艺还能降低污水中的COD,BOD,TS的含量,减少后期整个场区的污水处理量,为污水二次处理工程节省投资费用,体现了养殖污染防治"资源化"和"减量化"的原则。为更好地指导工程实践,以下对系统进行了概括性介绍,并论述了设计中需要注意的要点。     

我国污水资源农业安全高效利用的探讨

安全高效利用污水资源进行灌溉是保障水资源可持续利用、缓解农业用水紧缺的有效措施之一。简要回顾了国内外污水灌溉的历史和发展现状,总结了污水灌溉在理论研究、技术研究等方面取得的主要成果。从哲学的理念出发,给出了污水资源化定义,提出了未来在该领域的研究重点。     

国内外厨余垃圾无害化处理、资源化利用机械装备现状及建议

随着人民生活水平的提高，经济建设速度的不断加快，厨余垃圾的产生量也随之不断增加，厨余垃圾处理不当将导致环境污染和不良的社会影响。介绍了国内外厨余垃圾无害化处理、资源化利用情况、机械装备现状，分析了运行模式、配套政策、存在问题等情况，提出了厨余垃圾无害化处理资源化利用建议。为厨余垃圾分类、无害化处理、资源化利用提供解决思路。     

再生水分类处理及精细化配置技术研究

为推进污水资源化利用、提高再生水利用配置水平,研究针对目前再生水利用配置过程存在的问题,提出了包含再生水用户市场调查、再生水水质综合评估、确定分类处理技术、制定精细化配置方案等步骤的城市再生水分类处理及精细化配置技术框架体系,然后以江苏省宿迁市为例进行分析。根据宿迁市中心城区再生水用户利用需求、污水处理厂出水水质调查结果,按照工业用水、城市杂用、景观环境、灌溉用水的利用途径提出了符合宿迁市实际情况的再生水分类处理技术,制定了针对典型污水处理厂的精细化配置方案。研究成果可为宿迁市推动再生水利用配置试点工作提供支撑,对国内其他城市再生水利用配置具有一定的借鉴意义。     

农村径流生活污水控制模式探讨

为了解决社会主义新农村建设中生活污水污染问题,从农村生活污水及排放特点入手,提出实现生活污水有组织排放、形成生活径流污水,是避免村落环境受污染的前提,也是进行污水处理和实现污水资源化的基础;依据农村生活污水的特点,因地制宜地提出了沼气池处理、分区处理、统一处理、接入管网等污水源头控制模式和沿程生态利用等农村径流生活污水控制模式.最后,针对建设和运行费用,分别提出了"谁污染、谁治理"和"谁受益、谁付费"的资金来源对策.     

基于HACCP系统的城市污水资源化利用研究

危害分析关键控制点(HACCP)是一个识别危害并建立控制系统的工具和预防危害的系统方法,在介绍HACCP体系的基本原理和在国内外污水资源化领域应用的基础上,提出污水资源化过程中的关键控制点、监控系统、关键限值和纠偏行动等,以加强污水资源化过程的质量控制和风险管理,确保人体健康和生态安全。     

水资源水质水量优化配置分析

本研究旨在实现水资源水质水量的优化配置,通过对水资源水质水量优化配置的生态经济学理论进行分析,指出水资源水质水量优化配置的概念,在内涵分析基础上确定了水资源水质水量优化配置的具体阈值原理和模型体系框架.同时对青海水资源水质水量的优化配置进行分析,指出不同区域的水资源水质水量需要进行针对性的优化配置.     

水源更换对自来水厂进水泵房给水泵的影响

以杭州市清泰水厂进水泵房给水泵为对象,通过对千岛湖作为第二供应水源后水质变化进行理论分析和试验研究,以及水源变化后水泵实际流量扬程等性能进行分析研究,提出在千岛湖、钱塘江等多水源下给水泵的选型设计。通过给水泵叶轮切削的方式,使给水泵新的工况点处于高效区域内,确保给水泵安全顺利生产运行,提高进水泵房给水泵的效率,满足日供水量的要求。     

浅析传统水利向环境水利及生态水利的转变

农田水利建设一直是我国农业发展的重中之重,最初的农田一般仅依靠自然河水和雨水进行灌溉,而后由兴修的水利工程进行灌溉,农水建设发展到今天开始重视环境水生态.传统农田水利向环境水生态转变是一种必然的发展趋势.这种形式的转变能够最大限度地满足农业经济发展中的用水需求,而且不会对生态环境带来危害.本文主要分析农田水利发展对环境的影响,并概述了传统农业水利向环境水生态转变的过程.     

A simulation of water allocation policies in times of water shortage

The use of a simulation package to study the consequences of various water allocation policies during time of water shortage is described. The study shows that simulation can be a valuable aid to irrigation scheme managers in their decision making.     

Effect of soil water osmotic potential on growth and water relationships in barley during soil water depletion

Summary Barley plants (Hordeum distichum, L., cv. Zita) grown in a sandy soil in pots were adjusted during a pretreatment period of 5 days to three levels of soil water osmotic potential by percolating 61 of a nutrient solution with additional 0, 22.3 and 44.6 mM KCl. A drying cycle was then started and the plants were harvested when the soil water matric potential had decreased to –1.4 MPa, respectively 6, 7 and 8 days later.No significant differences in dry matter yields, transpiration coefficients and wilting percentages were found between treatments.During the drying cycle leaf water potential ( _l ) decreased concomitantly with decrease in soil water potential ( _s ) with almost constant and similar differences ( _l – _s ) for all treatments despite differences in levels of potentials. The concomitant decrease in leaf osmotic potential () was due partly to dehydration (58%) and partly to increase in leaf solute content (42%) independent of treatment. The part of total osmotic solutes due to K decreased relatively during the drying cycle.Close relationships were found between and _l as functions of relative water content (RWC). Identical curves for the two levels of salt treatment agree with similar concentrations of K, Cl, and ash found for salt treated plants indicating that maximum uptake of macro nutrients may have been reached.During the main part of the drying cycle the turgor potential as function of RWC was higher and decreased less steeply with decreasing RWC in the salt treated than in the non-salt treated plants.In the beginning of the drying cycle additions of KCI lowered the transpiration rates of the salt treated plants resulting in a slower desiccation of the soil and hence an increased growth period. A delay in uptake from a limited soil water supply may be advantageous during intermittent periods of drought.     

水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式探讨

在水资源管理中,水量水质联合调控主要是为了协调生态环境.利用运筹学、系统方法论、宏观经济学为计算基础,通过控制流域污染物来达到水质控制的目标.基于此,本文对水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式进行探讨.     

Establishing tradable water rights: implementation of the Mexican water law

Mexico passed a new water law in 1992 that shifted from state-managed water policy to a regulated market-oriented policy with tradable water rights. Water trading will initially be closely supervised by government agencies, but the law includes a number of provisions that will allow liberalization of water markets as water users become more involved in operation and management of water and gain experience in water trading. Incentives for the Mexican water policy reforms include the growing economic value of increasingly scarce water; the rising budgetary costs from highly subsidized capital development and operations and maintenance for irrigation and water supply systems; and general liberalization of the Mexican economy, which has raised the cost of maintaining relatively inflexible water allocation systems that cannot respond to changing incentives.     

Sugarcane water use from shallow water tables: implications for improving irrigation water use efficiency

The resource potential of shallow water tables for cropping systems has been investigated using the Australian sugar industry as a case study. Literature concerning shallow water table contributions to sugarcane crops has been summarised, and an assessment of required irrigation for water tables to depths of 2 m investigated using the SWIMv2.1 soil water balance model for three different soils. The study was undertaken because water availability is a major limitation for sugarcane and other crop production systems in Australia and knowledge on how best to incorporate upflow from water tables in irrigation scheduling is limited. Our results showed that for the three soils studied (representing a range of permeabilities as defined by near-saturated hydraulic conductivities), no irrigation would be required for static water tables within 1 m of the soil surface. Irrigation requirements when static water tables exceeded 1 m depth were dependent on the soil type and rooting characteristics (root depth and density). Our results also show that the near-saturated hydraulic conductivities are a better indicator of the ability of water tables below 1 m to supply sufficient upflow as opposed to soil textural classifications. We conclude that there is potential for reductions in irrigation and hence improvements in irrigation water use efficiency in areas where shallow water tables are a low salinity risk: either fresh, or the local hydrology results in net recharge.     

水利工程项目的水闸设计探讨

在水利工程项目建设中,水闸工程项目占据着极其重要的作用.换言之,水闸工程质量的好坏,在很大程度上将直接关乎到整个水利工程项目的整体效果,包括使用寿命、功能发挥等.在工程建设过程中,水闸这一环节一旦出现了问题,对于整个工程及其下游地区,都会造成安全隐患,极大危害着当地居民的财产与生命安全.本文重点针对水利工程项目中的水闸设计环节,选取了春风河水利工程项目实例探讨,着重以该工程的水闸设计为研究对象,加以论述.     

叶城县农村水价改革中阶梯式水价的应用

本文对叶城县农村供水基本情况作了介绍,对实施阶梯性水价的必要性进行了分析,提出了农村水价的改革思路和改革方案,并对阶梯式水价改革方案的实施进行了探讨.