花生主要农艺性状与产量之间的关系及产量预测的研究

本文利用相关和回归分析,研究了6个花生品种主要农艺性状与产量之间的关系,研究结果表明,不同类型花生品种的主要农艺性状与产量之间的相关差异很大,单株结果数,饱果数,单株果重与产量之间关系极为密切,其它性状与产量之间的关系因品种类型不同各有差异,农艺性状值的变化对产量影响很大,证明用性状与产量之间的相关性预测花生产量是可行的。     

花生品种生态适应性初步分析

以本所育成的10个花生新品系及对照种泉花10号为材料,分别在水田和旱地两种生态条件下种植,并对主茎高、单株干果重、百果重和小区产量等18个农艺性状进行了比较。结果表明,莆系花生在水田和旱地不同生态条件下种植:①除饱果率外,其余17个农艺性状水田与旱地存在显著或极显著差异,总体表现旱地好于水田;②除饱果数、饱果率和单株干果重外,其余15个性状参试品种间有显著或极显著差异;③对主茎高等11个主要性状相关分析结果,在水田有59.3%性状显著相关,在旱地有63.0%性状显著相关,其中两地均显著相关的性状占总数37.0%。通过花生在水田和旱地两种生态环境下农艺性状差异比较及其它们之间的相关性研究,对莆系花生品种生态适应性进行了初步分析,为花生遗传育种和新品种推广提供科学依据。     

芝麻产量性状与品质性状的典型相关分析

以15个芝麻品种(品系)为材料,根据生物学意义将15个性状归纳为4个性状组,对性状和性状组基因 型值进行相关分析和典型相关分析,并建立了由多个农艺性状间接改良品质性状的综合选择指数。结果表明:对 单株产量影响最大的因素是农艺性状(株高、果轴长、始蒴部位)和产量构成因子(蒴粒数、千粒重) ,而且农艺性状 与产量构成因子以正相关为主,因此可以同步改良农艺性状和产量构成因子以进一步提高产量潜力;含油量与主 要农艺性状、产量构成因子以及种子容重呈正相关,而与粒宽和蛋白质含量呈显著负相关,因此含油量和产量可以 协调发展,同步提高,而且可以通过籽粒性状间接辅助选择高产、高含油量的芝麻新品种。     

夏玉米主要农艺性状与产量之间的关系

本文利用相关和回归分析,研究了5个玉米品种主要农艺性状与产量之间的关系,结果表明,不同类型玉米品种的主要农艺性状与产量之间的相关差异较大。玉米单株穗长、穗行数、穗粒数、千粒重与产量之间的关系较为密切,其它性状与产量之间的关系因品种不同而异。农艺性状值的变化对产量影响很大。     

21个花生地方品种的数量性状分析和聚类分析

对贵州省21个花生地方品种和主要农艺性状的田间调查和室内考种数据的平均值进行性状比较、相关系数分析和聚类分析。结果表明，有效枝长、分枝数、单株荚果数、百果重、单株荚果产量变异系数较大，可用于杂交和选择育种，单株荚果产量与百果重、单株结果数呈极显著正相关，21个地方品种可分为3大类。     

全国第一届花生学术讨论会论文目录

遗传育种花生高产品种的稳产性探讨 。花生杂交育种几个问题的探讨花生辐射诱变遗传育种的研究概况花生高产育种途径的研究 .花生青枯病抗性的品种改良研究 ,山东省花生育种工作的回顾与展望花生主要农艺性状的遗传分析 ‘ ·花生主要叶部性状与产量性状的通径分析花生属四个野生种的核型及N带带型分析夏播特早熟花生品种80一l 5的选育及性状研究高产夏花生新品种一徐花4号”的选育花生新品种冀油4号选育报告花生属植物花粉形态的初步研究以花粉粒大小差异评价花生属植物的分类花生的花粉和胚囊的发育及结构花生胚的愈伤组织诱导及再生植株…     

大理州29个玉米品种(系)产量比较及主要农艺性状关联度分析

为了解大理州玉米品种主要农艺性状间的关系,进而指导育种实践,本文采用灰色关联度分析方法对大理州29个玉米品种(系)产量及主要农艺性状关联度进行了比较分析。结果表明:9-5、卓玉299、海玉92号的产量较其他玉米品种(系)相对要高;玉米品种(系)的产量与主要农艺性状关联度大小为:百粒质量出籽率行粒数穗粗穗行数穗长秃尖生育期株高穗位;在育种实践中,在着重选择与产量紧密度高的农艺性状的同时,也要协调好各农艺性状间的主次关系。     

贵州省黔西南州21个花生地方品种的数量性状分析和聚类分析

以贵州省黔西南州21个花生地方品种和主要农艺性状的田间调查和室内考种数据的平均值作性状比较、相关系数的分析和聚类分析.结果表明,有效枝长、分枝数、单株荚果数、百果重、单株荚果产量变异系数较大,可利用于杂交和选择育种单株荚果产量与百果重、单株结果数呈极显著正相关;21个地方品种可分为3大类.     

花后膜下滴灌对花生生长及产量的影响

以大花生花育22号和花育25号及小花生品种花育20号和花育27号为材料,研究花针期膜下滴灌处理对不同花生品种植株生长发育、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌处理对不同品种农艺性状的影响虽存在年际和品种间差异,但总体而言对花生农艺性状无显著影响。3年花针期膜下滴灌处理均显著增加花育25号和花育20号的单株结果数,增加其双仁果率,对其产量提高具有显著效应。除2013年花育22号外,3年试验结果均表明,花针期膜下滴灌对花生均具有增产效果,但对花生收获指数的影响无明显规律。     

高产花生品种籽仁氮素代谢关键酶活性、农艺性状与经济性状的关系

采用田间小区试验,通过8个花生品种（粤油7、粤油13、粤油79、粤油114、J-11、汕油523、崖县小粒和梅县红衣）的农艺性状及籽仁中氮素代谢相关酶——硝酸还原酶（NRase）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）的活性变化,对花生的高产机理进行分析。结果表明,花生产量与经济性状中的饱果数、籽仁产量显著相关,与农艺性状中的主茎高、分枝长呈显著的正相关,籽仁产量与籽仁中氮素代谢相关酶（谷氨酸脱氢酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶）活性相关;根瘤菌的数量和干重与花生地上部和地下部生物产量显著相关。     

水稻株高QTL及其与产量性状和抽穗期关系的研究进展

株高是一个与水稻品种丰产潜力密切相关的重要性状。主效半矮秆基因背景下的水稻株高变异,一般表现为受多基因控制的数量性状。最近的研究表明,已定位的株高QTL分布于水稻的所有12条染色体,其中4个QTL已克隆。克隆研究和QTL初定位结果表明,株高QTL往往存在对产量性状和（或）抽穗期的多效作用,可利用于提高水稻产量潜力。     

Parental Selection in Rice Cultivar Improvement

The evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars assists breeders in identifying useful trait relationships and in selecting parents as donors of specific traits. This study was conducted to compare long-grain rice cultivars using genotype × trait (GT) biplot analysis and determine potential donors of traits related to grain yield and quality. Seventeen cultivars in the 2005 and 2006 Uniform Regional Rice Nursery in Beaumont, Texas, USA were analyzed for 20 traits using GT biplot analysis. The GT biplots showed the diversity among cultivars with regards to yield-related traits. Cultivars recommended as donor parents were: Trenasse, Spring, Presidio, and Cocodrie for high grain yield and head rice rate; Trenasse and Presidio for semi-dwarfness; Banks for tall plant height; Wells for high flag leaf area, panicle weight, and number and mass of filled grains per panicle; Hidalgo for high tiller density; Francis for high number of spikelets per panicle; Spring and Trenasse for short flowering duration; Cheniere for more days to heading and maturity and Spring for less days; and Spring and Hidalgo for high grain weight. Breeders can use these cultivars with specific traits to increase grain yield and quality.     

广西审定花生品种系谱及农艺性状演变

为加快花生新品种选育效率，分析了广西1986-2016年审定的51个花生品种系谱及农艺性状的演变。 结果表明，广西审定花生品种共涉及75个直接亲本，其中，主要以广东的育成品种及广西的中间材料为主。杂交育 种是广西花生品种改良的主要手段，并以“育成品种×中间材料”和“育成品种×育成品种”两种组配模式为主。粤油 551、汕油523、粤油223等是广西审定花生品种的骨干亲本。近年以来，广西审定花生品种荚果产量增产显著，但品 质性状没有明显提高，株高、侧枝长、百果重、百仁重对增产贡献较大。因此，加强国内外花生优异种质的引进和利 用，重视品质和抗性改良，是广西花生育种需要完善的地方；在常规杂交育种的基础上，利用分子标记辅助育种等 现代生物技术手段，以实现花生育种更好更快的发展。     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice in South China

Improving rice yields is critical for global food security. China is a major rice-producing country having two rice cropping systems, i.e. single-season rice cropping system and a double-season system with both early- and late-season rice. There have been reports on the sink-source traits contributing to high grain yield for single- and early-season rice, but such information is limited for late-season rice. In this study, field experiments were conducted at the research farm of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China in the late rice-growing season. Grain yield and sink-source traits were compared among five cultivars (Guiliangyou 2, Teyou 838, Y-liangyou 087, Teyou 582, and Yuxiangyouzhan) in 2012 and then three cultivars (Guiliangyou 2, Teyou 838, and Y-liangyou 087) in 2013. Y-liangyou 087 produced 6–26% higher grain yield than did the other cultivars. This higher grain yield was driven by improvements in sink-source capacity. Sink capacity was 8–31% higher in Y-liangyou 087 than in the other cultivars. Well-balanced relations between spikelets m^?2 and grain weight was responsible for the higher sink capacity in Y-liangyou 087. The result was that Y-liangyou 087 produced 11–17% greater biomass (source capacity) than did the other cultivars. The greater source capacity in Y-liangyou 087 was mainly attributed to higher radiation use efficiency (RUE). Our study suggests that enhancing sink capacity through balanced relations between number of spikelets per unit land area and grain size, while improving source capacity through increasing RUE is a feasible way to achieve higher grain yield of late-season rice in South China.     

Variation in inflorescence characters and inflorescence development in ecotypes and cultivars of Lolium perenne L.

A sufficient database of seed yield components is the prerequisite to predict which component contributes most to the seed yield complex and to dissect the biology of the complex quantitative trait seed yield. Phenotypic variation of eleven vegetative and reproductive traits was characterized for 2481 individuals from fifty Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) ecotypes and cultivars. Considerable levels of among‐ and within‐population variation were found across several inflorescence characters. Principal component and canonical variate analysis separated ecotypes from cultivars, and cultivars generally had later dates of ear emergence, better spring and summer growth, longer rachis length and more spikelets per spike than ecotypes. Strong positive relationships were seen between inflorescence characters using both correlation and regression analyses. The strong relationship between rachis length and other inflorescence characters suggested that rachis length could be used as a performance predictor for several other characters of the spike. This phenotypic study has helped to determine basic patterns of morphological diversity and correlations between characters. It is discussed in which way further developmental genetic studies can be directed.     

不同产量水平的玉米自交系农艺性状分析

采用聚类分析、因子分析、通径分析的方法,对我国常用自交系的农艺性状与单株产量间的关系进行分析。研究影响我国玉米自交系单株产量的主要因子,了解不同产量水平下自交系农艺性状间的关系。结果表明,我国常用66份自交系划分为低产型和高产型两类。不同玉米自交系性状间存在很大差异,同一自交系不同性状间也存在差异,同时筛选出具有不同优良性状的自交系。按方差贡献率大小,对玉米自交系单株产量起重要作用的主因子依次为衰老、叶源量、生物学产量、穗生长势等。千粒重对低产自交系起主要决定作用,行粒数是高产自交系的主要决定因素,穗行数是其主要限制因素。改良自交系应注重主因子的效应,低产自交系主攻千粒重,高产自交系主攻行粒数。     

盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育和生理特性的影响

为了探究盐旱交叉胁迫对花生生长发育的影响,以抗旱不耐盐花生品种花育22和抗旱耐盐花生品种花育25为试验材料,通过防雨棚盆栽试验研究了干旱、盐、盐+干旱、干旱后复水+盐等4种胁迫对花生产量、农艺性状、生物量、叶绿素SPAD值、丙二醛含量、活性氧清除能力及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果显示：各胁迫处理均显著抑制了两个花生品种植株的生长和荚果产量,其中,盐胁迫对花育22生长的影响大于干旱胁迫;盐+旱胁迫下,两个花生品种受伤害程度最大,产量最低。与单一盐胁迫相比,干旱预处理提高了盐胁迫后期花生超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,增强了植株活性氧清除能力,降低了叶片丙二醛含量,从而缓解盐胁迫对膜系统的过氧化伤害,提高了叶绿素含量,促进了植株生长,增加了干物质积累,最终提高盐胁迫下花生产量。另外,与单一盐或干旱胁迫相比,盐+旱胁迫对花育22和花育25的伤害均加重,而干旱预处理有利于2个品种在盐胁迫下活性氧代谢和光合色素的提高,促进植株的生长,提高植株对盐胁迫的交叉适应能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对花生植株的抑制作用。      

红花种质资源形态性状遗传多样性分析

为促进红花品种改良及种质资源的高效利用,以筛选出的68份优异种质为材料,对19个形态性状进行调查分析,研究其遗传多样性。利用主成分分析和聚类分析,结果表明：国内外不同地理来源红花资源群体间的遗传多样性丰富,数量性状上存在较大变异。主成分分析以5个主成分因子反映了13个数量性状的全部信息。累计贡献率达85.08％,各主成分包含的信息具有一定的相关性,表明主成分分析结果与参试资源和性状指标的选择均有关系。将主要农艺性状归纳为产量构成因子,生长势因子和子粒因子。采用DPS 7.0软件,进行系统聚类分析,根据19个性状在红花种质资源间的不同表现,在遗传距离13.29处将68份供试材料聚为7大类群。聚类结果表明,不同地理来源的种质资源多样性较丰富,聚类分析中部分地理来源相同或遗传背景相似的资源能够聚在同一类群,但也有一些地理来源及遗传背景不一致的种质资源也聚在同一类群,少部分资源品种表现差异大,表明品种类群间的性状分化与地理分布既有一定的联系又不绝对相关,即不同地区的材料聚类呈现一定的地理分布规律。研究结果表明：供试的红花种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,其中多样性指数最高的是分枝总数为15.779 2,其次为单株有效果球数、单株产量和分枝长度,依次为15.673 9、10.617 5和10.415 5,多样性指数越高,表明遗传多样性越丰富。实践证明在杂交或其他方法育种中,选配亲本材料应依据主成分的排序,具体分析与全面评价每个亲本材料综合指标的优劣,依据红花育种目标,结合聚类分析,合理地选配组合。对于红花品种改良及资源的进一步开发利用具有重要意义。     

Stability Analysis of Agronomic Traits in Potato Cultivars of Different Origin

Potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) cultivars are expected to express a stable level for traits important for growers and consumers. To investigate how this expectation was met by a set of 21 cultivars bred in Hungary, Poland and Spain, 2-year field experiments were carried out in these countries for the evaluation of tuber yield, starch content and yield, and occurrence of secondary growth of tubers. Stability in an agronomic sense was evaluated by the analysis of genotype by environment interaction (GE) using the Scheffé-Caliński mixed model. Unstable trait expression was indicated by the statistically significant share of GE in the variability contributed by a specific cultivar. This instability could lead to either complete or partial unpredictability. Stable trait expression was observed for 6–11 cultivars, depending on the trait. A significant genetic factor, which indicates broad adaptation, was rarely found. Stable expression of tuber yield occurred together with stable or predictable expression of both starch content and yield. Unstable expressions of tuber and starch yield were also associated. The stability or instability of secondary growth was not associated with stability or instability of the other measured traits. Analysis of GE interaction was useful for identifying stable or unstable responses and revealed the presence of incomplete stability or partial unpredictability as intermediate types of reaction.     

花生亲本材料遗传评价研究

选用8个亲本按NCⅡ配制16个组合,研究了F1-F4:5代产量性状和F4种子品质性状的遗传变异情况,测定了F4:5384个株系、56个品系的产量。结果表明:①各性状的一般配合力变异大于特殊配合力变异,杂种均数的遗传分量中以加性效应为主,这与前人研究结果一致。②亲本产量配合力在杂种世代间表现不一致,早代测定以F3较为适宜。③亲本性状值与一般配合力效应呈正相关,表明亲本性状优劣对杂种后代表现有一定影响。④优良品系的分布很集中,主要分布在母本963-4-1和父本88-1202的序列组合中,显示出优良亲本在育种效果上的突出优势。⑤963-4-1和88-1202是很好的高产育种亲本,904-79和佐治亚的育种利用价值也较高。