吡虫啉在海南豇豆及土壤中的消解动态研究

建立了豇豆、土壤中吡虫啉测定高效液相色谱法,并研究吡虫啉在海南豇豆和其种植土壤中的消解动态以及在豇豆中的最终残留。结果表明:方法回收率为78%~89%,在0.05~5μg/mL线性关系良好,相对标准偏差(RSD)7%,最低定量限0.01μg/mL,方法满足检测工作要求。吡虫啉在豇豆和土壤中的半衰期分别为2.9、5.1 d。以1.5倍推荐剂量一次喷施农药2.5 d后吡虫啉残留量小于0.5μg/g。吡虫啉在土壤中半衰期较短,属于易降解农药;分别以1.5、2倍推荐剂量3次施药,每次施药间隔2d,自然降解4、6d后残留量均低于0.5μg/g。     

滴灌量对冬小麦根系时空分布及水分利用效率的影响

为了解滴灌冬小麦根系生长及水分利用对滴灌量的响应,以新冬18号为材料,利用双管分根法比较分析了拔节期后4.24、6.12、8.01和9.89 kg·管^-14种水分处理（每个处理灌水4次）下滴灌小麦根干重和根长的分布、0~100 cm土层含水量及产量和水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,加大滴灌量使0~100 cm土层湿润深度增加,尤其是提高了0~40 cm土层的含水量下限,并增加该土层的小麦初、次生根干重及根干重密度、根长及根长密度,延缓花后初、次生根干重密度的衰减。增加滴灌量显著提高小麦产量和水分利用效率。说明增加滴灌量可促进滴灌冬小麦拔节期至孕穗期根系生长,并延缓生育后期根系的衰亡,有利于产量和水分利用效率的提高。     

6种花粉对卵圆真绥螨实验种群参数的影响

在(25±1)℃、相对湿度(RH)70%±5%、光周期L∶D=13∶11条件下,用小叶龙船花花粉、豇豆花粉、扶桑花粉、台湾相思花粉、棉花花粉、玉米花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨。结果表明,6种花粉饲喂均能使卵圆真绥螨完成生长发育及繁殖,其中豇豆花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨时发育历期最短,为(5.07±0.06) d;存活率最高,为93.75%±3.05%;净增殖率最大,为16.78±1.22;单雌总产卵量第二,为(32.33±2.17)粒。综上所述,豇豆花粉较适宜卵圆真绥螨生长发育和繁殖。     

不同施用方式下甲哌鎓与矮壮素对棉花生长调控效果研究

为探索植物生长调节剂甲哌鎓、矮壮素在棉花控旺防徒长、增产等方面的调控效果，于2017年采用高喷雾量和常规量喷雾两种施药方式，分别于棉花初花期、盛花期和花铃期进行2～3次喷施，研究了98%甲哌鎓SP和50%矮壮素AS对棉花生长调控的影响。结果表明，98%甲哌鎓SP 73.5～117.6 g·hm^－2和50%矮壮素AS 37.5～60 g·hm^－2对棉花生长均有一定程度的调控作用，尤其对棉花株高、吐絮率、果枝数均有显著影响，且常规喷雾量处理对株高抑制效果优于高喷雾量处理。同时，二者均可显著提高棉花产量，改善棉纤维品质。相同施药方式下，甲哌鎓和矮壮素于棉花初花期、盛花期喷施2次对棉花生长调控效果更好。     

豇豆上三叶草斑潜蝇与美洲斑潜蝇种群分布调查研究

三叶草斑潜蝇(Liriomyza trifolii Burgess)和美洲斑潜蝇(Liriomyza sativae Blanchard)是海南地区发生和危害比较严重的2种蔬菜潜叶蝇,通过对两种斑潜蝇在豇豆上的种群分布调查研究表明：三叶草斑潜蝇在豇豆上的种群数量达到了97%以上,已上升为豇豆上斑潜蝇的优势种;三叶草斑潜蝇主要集中在80 cm以上的空间,种群百分比达到了71.30%,美洲斑潜蝇主要集中在40～120 cm的空间,种群百分比为61.29%。种间竞争使得两种斑潜蝇在豇豆上空间生态位分布产生差异。     

普通大蓟马产卵选择性初探

采用叶盘法对普通大蓟马的产卵选择性进行研究。二元选择性实验结果表明,该虫产卵时对豇豆嫩叶正面和反面的选择性没有差异,但喜欢在菜豆和花生嫩叶的正面产卵。以豇豆嫩叶反面、菜豆嫩叶正面和花生嫩叶正面供普通大蓟马产卵时,产卵选择性顺序为豇豆>菜豆=花生,近85%的卵产在豇豆嫩叶上。寄主植物叶表茸毛密度对普通大蓟马的产卵选择性有一定的影响。     

豇豆不同类型间种子耐贮性差异

本文研究了不同类型豇豆种子经高温高湿（４０℃,１００％ＲＨ）老化处理后的发芽势,发芽率,发芽指数,活力指数和电导率的变化情况,结果表明,短荚豇豆亚种发芽各项指标下降率平均数以及相对电导率上升率平均数均比长荚豇豆亚种的低,因此,短荚豇豆亚种耐贮性比长荚豇豆亚种好。     

松嫩平原西部膜下滴灌种植方式下氮肥追施对玉米产量和氮素积累的影响

采用膜下滴灌种植方式,研究黑龙江大庆地区玉米基于叶龄指数管理的氮肥施肥次数及施氮量对玉米干物质积累、氮素利用率以及产量形成的影响。结果表明,在3次追肥(T3,叶龄指数30%、60%、100%等比例3次追肥)条件下、追氮量为120 kg/hm~2处理时,玉米子粒产量最高,为12 405.29 kg/hm~2,显著高于T3条件下其他追氮量处理,显著高于覆膜传统追肥处理和覆膜不施肥处理。在追氮量为120 kg/hm~2处理下,T3显著高于T2(叶龄指数30%和60%等比例2次追肥)和T5(叶龄指数30%、45%、60%、100%、抽雄吐丝后15 d等比例5次追肥)追肥处理(P0.05)。成熟期氮素吸收量表现为T3处理、追氮量150 kg/hm~2时最大,达241.82 kg/hm~2,比T2和T5追肥处理提高3.8%和1.6%,比T3处理下各追氮量处理提高0.6%~37%。     

不同温度下豇豆花粉对卵圆真绥螨发育及繁殖的影响

为探讨不同温度下豇豆花粉对卵圆真绥螨[Euseius ovalis(Evans)]发育及繁殖的影响,在温度条件为25、30、35 ℃下,用豇豆花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨,观察雌成螨繁殖,记录卵至成螨的发育历期,分析各螨态存活率及各生命参数。结果表明,用豇豆花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨在3种温度下均可正常发育和繁殖,单雌总产卵量分别为(32.33±2.17)、(19.29±2.85)、(10.40±1.92)粒。卵-成螨30 ℃时发育历期最短,为(3.71±0.12) d。卵-成螨在25、30 ℃下存在较高的存活率,分别为93.75%±4.35%、90.63%±5.24%,35 ℃时存活率最低,为68.75%±8.30%。说明豇豆花粉可作为卵圆真绥螨的交替食物。35 ℃时,卵圆真绥螨的净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率均为最低,分别为1.45±0.13、0.04±0.03和1.04±0.02,与25、30 ℃时存在显著差异,说明高温对卵圆真绥螨存在抑制作用。30 ℃种群加倍时间最短,为(3.73±0.56)d。     

豇豆荚螟雌雄蛾求偶交配行为及其影响因子研究

通过红外监控系统和野外观察实验研究豇豆荚螟雌雄蛾求偶交配规律及其影响因子.结果表明,豇豆荚螟交配时雌、雄蛾尾部交合在一起呈"一"字形,交配时间一般为75 min.雌雄蛾羽化24 h后性成熟,黄昏入夜时分开始活动,求偶交配大部分发生在夜间21:00～03:00时段内.雌雄蛾求偶高峰期出现在凌晨01:00～02:00时段内,次高峰期出现在22:00～23:00时段内;而交配高峰期出现在凌晨02:00～03:00时段内,次高峰期出现在23:00～00:00时段内.雌雄蛾求偶交配高峰的蛾龄期为4日龄.雌雄蛾求偶交配的最佳性比为1:1.其最适宜求偶交配温度为22℃,补充10%的蜂蜜水能明显促进雌雄蛾的求偶交配,豇豆花挥发物对雌雄蛾的求偶交配行为具有显著的促进作用.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.