老化玉米种子在外源NO供体硝普钠作用下的萌发和生理反应

以玉米品种先玉335和良玉99经高温高湿老化的种子为试材,通过外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)的不同浓度溶液浸种处理并进行发芽试验,研究老化玉米种子的发芽、活力特性及萌发后幼苗的生理反应。结果表明,老化玉米种子在一定的SNP浓度时,两个品种均表现为生活力、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数显著高于对照(P0.05),其中当SNP浓度为1.50和1.25 mmol/L时以上各指标达最高;当SNP浓度为1.25 mmol/L时,老化玉米种子萌发后幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT等活性酶含量最高(P0.05),其次是1.00 mmol/L处理。经SNP处理的老化种子提高了幼苗内的游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量,但对MDA含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。综合而言,SNP浓度为1.25 mmol/L时,老化玉米种子的萌发能力、活力及幼苗生理特性改善和提高效果最显著。     

丰益菌剂处理对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用丰益菌剂对郑单958玉米种子分别进行拌种和浸种处理,拌种时按菌剂：种子分别为1：15、1：20、1：25的比例进行拌种,浸种时将丰益菌稀释50、100、200倍分别浸泡种子24h,然后进行萌发试验,测定萌发5d后的发芽率、根数、苗长、根长、幼苗鲜重和干重及叶片中SOD和POD的含量。研究结果表明,1：15拌种处理效果较好,拌种处理以后适宜的田间相对土壤湿度为65%。     

外源NO对低温胁迫下‘胭脂茄’种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以闽西地方茄子品种‘胭脂茄’种子和幼苗为试材,用不同浓度SNP（0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、1.0、1.5 mmol/L）浸种6 h,分别在28℃和4℃暗培养处理3 d后转入培养箱进行常规培养萌发,统计各处理的发芽指标;对胭脂茄幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度SNP（0、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.5 mmol/L）预处理3 d后,于10℃/5℃下进行低温胁迫,通过测定幼苗的株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重及叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量以及丙二醛（MDA）含量,研究低温胁迫下外源一氧化氮（NO）预处理后对种子萌发、幼苗生长及相关生理生化特征的影响。结果表明,外源NO供体SNP预处理后,胭脂茄种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数的变化趋势均随着SNP浓度的升高呈先增加后减少变化,SNP浓度为0.2 mmol/L时,种子萌发各指标达到最大,SNP浓度超过0.5 mmol/L时各指标降低;施加低浓度（0.1~1.0 mmol/L）SNP预处理能够增加胭脂茄幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重和干重,可以增加幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量、提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,降低幼苗叶片中MDA累积,SNP浓度为0.5 mmol/L时CAT活性最高,其余各项指标以SNP浓度为0.8 mmol/L时达到最佳,高浓度SNP对各项指标产生抑制作用。研究结果表明低温胁迫下低浓度SNP预处理后可有效保护胭脂茄种子萌发和幼苗生长,浓度过高反而造成伤害。本研究结果为合理使用外源NO促进胭脂茄种子萌发和幼苗生长提供理论依据,为闽西地区有效防御茄子低温冷害提供应用价值。     

苦参根水浸液对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度的苦参根水浸液浸种玉米种子,研究苦参根提取物对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,浸种处理后玉米种子的萌发及胚根和胚芽生长明显受到抑制,且随处理浓度提高抑制作用增强,但随培养时间的延长,对种子萌发的抑制减弱,适宜的浓度反而会促进植株的生长。25g／L、50g／L的苦参根水浸液能促进根系生长、植株高度增加、茎增粗以及植株生物学量的增加。     

SNP对油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)在10、50、100、200、500、1 000、2 000 μmol/L等7个浓度下对油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：100 μmol/L的SNP可有效促进供试油菜种子的萌发,提高油菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,促进油菜幼苗地上部分的生长,而高浓度的SNP对油菜种子萌发有抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显。SNP对油菜幼苗根的生长亦有抑制作用。总体来看,在100 μmol/L处理的综合效果最好。     

小麦专用复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂抗旱机理的初步研究

为探讨小麦复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂的抗旱机理及给其推广应用提供理论依据,以小麦品种临麦2号为材料,研究了干旱胁迫条件下小麦用复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂及普通包衣剂处理后小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合等生理指标的变化.结果表明,与普通包衣剂处理和对照相比,抗旱型包衣剂处理的小麦种子萌发率、发芽势降低,而抗旱型浸种剂处理的种子萌发率、发芽势升高,两种抗旱型种子处理剂处理下小麦幼苗根数和根长均显著增加.除气孔间隙CO2浓度外,抗旱型浸种剂和抗旱型包衣剂处理的幼苗地上部干重、叶片持水力和MDA含量低于对照和普通包衣剂处理,根干重、根冠比、叶绿素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性均明显高于后二者,其中抗旱型浸种剂处理效果较佳.说明在干旱胁迫下复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂处理可显著增加小麦幼苗根系生长、抗氧化、硝态氮利用和光合性能,浸种剂还可促进种子萌发,从而降低干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高小麦抗旱能力;抗旱型浸种剂表现优于包衣剂.     

青蒿素对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了解青蒿素对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,运用室内培养皿法,分析了不同浓度的青蒿素溶液浸种后小麦种子发芽率及幼苗高度、根长、整株鲜重、根和茎鲜重及干重、根系活力等指标的变化。结果表明,青蒿素对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长有抑制作用,且浓度越高,抑制作用越显著。与无菌水对照相比,青蒿素浸种处理显著降低了小麦的种子发芽率、苗高、根长、根鲜重和茎的鲜、干重,增加了根干重和根冠比。小麦的根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量随青蒿素浓度的增加而递减,可溶性糖含量则随之递增,叶绿素含量则呈先升高后降低的趋势,以20mg·L-1处理含量最高。此外,青蒿素浸种处理对小麦幼苗各项指标的影响与15mg·L-1多效唑相似。     

硒肥浸种对低温胁迫玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

以武2177玉米新品系为材料,种子经1∶25和1∶50两种稀释倍数的生物有机硒肥料浸泡48ｈ,在恒温光照培养箱10℃低温下冷浸7d后再25℃发芽7d,测定种子发芽及幼苗生长情况。结果表明,有机硒肥引发种子经低温胁迫后,显著提高了玉米种子发芽率及幼苗和根系生长。与清水对照处理相比,1∶50稀释倍数处理的种子平均发芽率、茎叶长度、主根长度提高了16.3%、50.0%、105.2%,根干重、根冠比提高121.7%、85.0%。有机肥硒肥显著提高了玉米根系和茎叶活力指数,使主根、茎叶生长呈现尖峰分布,增加了种子发芽整齐度。因此,1∶50稀释倍数的硒肥浸种48h增强了低温胁迫下玉米种子的抗逆性,具有显著的促根壮苗作用。     

硒浸种对大豆种子萌发的生理生化效应

为探索硒浸种对大豆种子萌发的生理生化效应,研究了不同浓度的硒溶液浸种后,大豆种子的萌发率和发芽指数的变化及大豆种子萌发期SOD,POD和PPO活性的变化.结果表明:适当浓度的硒浸种,可以提高大豆种子的萌发率、发芽指数、大豆种子萌发期SOD,POD和PPO活性.硒浸种处理大豆的最适宜浓度为0.05 mg.L-1.当硒浓度...     

H+和K+对薜荔种子发芽的影响

通过滤纸床发芽方法测定薜荔种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等指标,观察不同浸种时间、外源H 和K 以及用H 和K 协同处理对薜荔种子萌发的作用。结果表明:不同浸种时间对薜荔种子萌发影响不显著,外源H 和K 的处理对薜荔种子发芽促进作用明显。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.