抗青枯病花生新品种粤油200的选育研究

:粤油 2 0 0是广东省农科院作物研究所用 (粤油 1 87×粤油 92 ) F1 为母本 ,(粤油 3 2 0 -2 6×粤油 92 ) F1 为父本通过复合杂交选育而成。 1 988～ 1 990年全国南方片花生品种区域试验 (抗病组 )平均产量 3 0 84 .1 5kg/ hm2 ,比 CK1 粤油 92增产 1 7.3 2 %,比 CK2 粤油 1 1 6增产 4 7.2 6%。在人工接种试验中 ,青枯病发病率为6.6%。     

油用型花生新品种汕油21的选育研究

汕油21是采用汕油71作母本、汕油89-2作父本进行有性杂交选育而成的油用型花生新品种,具有株型矮壮紧凑、高产稳产、高油分、果型美观均一、高抗锈病和叶斑病、适应性较广等特点,含油率54.72%.在广东省区试中荚果产量3 734.40kg/hm2,比对照种粤油256增产21.07%,增产达极显著水平.2003年通过广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定,2004年通过全国农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

花生新品种粤油202—35

粤油202—35是广东省农科院作物研究所以粤油39作母本，粤油116作父本，于1986年春植进行有性杂交，1987～1988年4次单株选择，1988年秋植品系鉴定，1989～1991年品比试验，1992～1994年参加全国南方片花生新品种区域性试验，1997年通过广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定并命名。1产量表现粤油202—35在1989～1991年品比试验中，年均荚果产量3807kg／hm2，分别比对照种汕油523和粤油116增产5．8％和23％。1992～1994年参加全国南方片花生新品种区域试验，三年35点次平均产量为3372kg／hm2，比粤油116（CKI）增产576kg／hm2，增产率20．5％，…     

抗锈高产花生品种汕油27在育种中的应用

花生品种汕油27具有突出的丰产性与抗锈性、优良的生态株型与广泛的适应性，是珍珠豆型花生抗锈高产育种上可成功利用的中心亲本。我国南方利用汕油27作亲本材料已育成了30多个花生品种，其中通过国家和省级审定品种19个。这些衍生品种主要应用于南方春秋两熟花生区，推广面积较大的品种有汕油523、汕油71、粤油223、粤油79和湛油30等。     

花生品种汕油27的选育及其生产应用

汕油２７ 是以粤选５８ 为母本、粤油３００－ １４ 为父本进行有性杂交,采用系谱法进行选择而育成的抗锈高产花生新品种。该品种在广东省区试和全国南方片区试中平均６６７ｍ ２ 产量各为２３５４８ｋｇ和２３９０５ ｋｇ,分别比对照种粤油１１６ 增产１２３１％ 和８４３％ ,增产达极显著和显著标准;抗逆性强,抗锈性尤为突出,为锈病２０级,比对照种粤油１１６ 提高１５ 个抗级;出仁率高达７２４％ ,含油率５１６％ 。该品种于１９９７ 年通过全国农作物品种审定委员会审定,适宜于我国南方具有中等肥力以上的粘壤土或沙壤土等不同类型的水旱轮作区推广种植,目前累计推广面积已达２００ 万公顷。     

花生品种粤油14亲缘关系鉴定分析

花生品种粤油14是广东省农业科学院作物研究所以粤油116、印度花皮、汕油27、汕油71和湛油12等优良品种资源为亲本经复合杂交选育而成的高产多抗花生新品种。本文对花生品种粤油14及亲本共7份资源进行了系谱分析和SSR标记聚类分析。两种方法分析结果基本一致,粤油14与湛油12、汕油27、汕油71的亲缘关系最近,其次是粤油116、粤油367,亲缘关系最远的是印度花皮。     

高产、特色花生新品种“湛红2号”的选育及应用

湛红2号是湛江市农科院以（湛油30×翁源竹丝）F5为母本、CS41为父本进行有性杂交选育而成的珍珠豆型红衣花生新品种.该品种具有产量高、出仁率高、种衣鲜红、油酸含量和油亚比（O/L）值高、高抗锈病和叶斑病、抗倒、耐旱和耐涝性均较强,高感青枯病等特色.该品种2005-2006年参加全国（南方区）花生品比试验,干荚果产量分别为4130.55kg/hm2和3561.6kg/hm2,分别比对照种汕油523增产5.25％和3.47％;2007-2008年参加广东省花生品种区域试验,干荚果平均产量分别是4211.10kg/hm2、3923.85kg/hm2,比对照种汕油523增产9.14％和6.11％,两年增产均达极显著水平.该品种主茎高48.2～53.1cm,分枝长50.1～56.4cm,总分枝数7.2～8.7条,单株果数17.6～18.0个,百果重114.1～157.2g,出仁率67.3％～70.3％,油酸含量为54.4％、油亚比为2.15.该品种于2009年7月通过广东省品种审定,2009年8月通过全国（南方区）品种鉴定.湛红2号作为高品质多用途的特色花生新品种,具有广阔的市场前景,可在广东省及南方其他花生产区无青枯病田作春秋两季种植.     

花生新品种湛油62的选育研究

湛油62是湛江市农科所以(湛油30×CS41)F4作母本,梧油6号作父本进行有性杂交选育而成的花生新品种。该品种具有高产、优质、高抗锈病和耐涝等优点。在2000～2001年广东省花生品种区域试验中,平均产量3905.25kg/hm2,比第一对照种汕油523增产10.31%,增产达极显著水平;比第二对照种粤油256增产26.61%,增产达极显著水平。该品种于2003年3月通过广东省农作物品种委员会的审定,适宜于我国南方花生产区推广种植。     

花生高优新品种金花1012

金花1012是福建农业大学用自育的白皮1号为母本，汕油71为父本通过杂交选育而成。1998－1999年连续2年参加福建省区试平均每公顷产量3337．5kg，比对照粤油116增产12．1％。1999－2000年经各地示范，每公顷产量在2450－6750g，平均为4025kg。该品种人工接种青枯病菌发病率为17．6％，表现中抗；种皮白色，对榨油和食品加工有重要意义。于2000年初通过了福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

高产、优质、多抗花生新品种湛油30的选育

湛油30是以粤油223为母本,汕油523为父本进行杂交选育而成的花生新品种。具有高抗锈病,抗倒伏,产量高,品质优,出仁率高等优点。在各级区域试验中,其平均荚果产量为3114.6～4058.6kg/hm2,比对照种汕油523增产3.75%～12.2%。该品种于1999年和2002年分别通过了广东和全国农作物品种审定委员会的审定,适宜我国南方花生产区推广种植。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.