吉亚四号亚麻新品种的选育

吉亚四号是以 Flandi为母本,以 89- 9为父本经杂交选育而成,具有高产、高纤、优质、抗倒伏、适应性广等特点.区域试验 平均每公顷原茎、长纤维和种子产量分别为 6290.33kg、 1308.01kg和 672.43kg,分别比对照品种双亚 5号增产 12.72%、 24.82%和 12.58%.生产试验平均每公顷原茎、长纤维和种子产量分别为 6309kg、 1288.54kg和 693.83kg,分别比对照品种双亚 5号增产 13.02%%、 24.05%和 16.68%.长麻率 20.4%,全麻率 29.11%,纤维强度 27.3kg.     

双亚10号亚麻新品种的选育

双亚10号是以(78-97×奥尔沙)×(85-1832×FR2)复合杂交育成的,具有高纤、优质、抗旱、抗倒伏和抗病优点.区域试验每公顷原茎、长纤维和种子产量分别为6068.7kg、975.1kg和741.9kg,分别比对照品种黑亚7号增产6.6%、24.5%和18.4%.生产试验每公顷原茎、长纤维和种子产量分别为5326.1kg、861.0kg和449.1kg,分别比对照品种黑亚11号增产8.5%、23.7%和10.9%.长麻率20.6%、全麻率29.9%,纤维强度26.7kg.     

双亚10号亚麻新品种的选育

双亚10号是以(78—97×奥尔沙)×(85—1832×FR2)复合杂交育成的,具有高纤、优质、抗旱、抗倒伏和抗病优点。区域试验每公顷原茎、长纤维和种子产量分别为6068.7kg、975.1kg和741.9kg,分别比对照品种黑亚7号增产6.6%、24.5%和18.4%。生产试验每公顷原茎、长纤维和种子产量分别为5326.1kg、861.0kg和449.1kg,分别比对照品种黑亚11号增产8.5%、23.7%和10.9%。长麻率20.6%、全麻率29.9%,纤维强度26.7kg。     

亚麻新品种“双亚七号”选育研究

“双亚七号”品种是采用复合杂交方法 [(6 40 9— 6 6 9× Natasja) F1 × 78— 99]×FR2 ,经混合个体选择育成的。该品种具有出麻率高 ,纤维品质好 ,种子产量高和多抗等优点。区域试验的原茎、纤维和种子每公顷分别为 5 831 .5 kg、6 6 4.3kg和 493.1 kg,分别比对照品种黑亚七号增产 1 0 %、2 3.1 %和 2 2 .5 %。生产试验的原茎、纤维和种子每公顷产量分别为 4785 .4kg、 789.8kg和 5 37.6 kg,分别比对照品种黑亚七号增产 8.7%、 2 7%和34.4% ,长麻率 1 9.5 %比对照高 4个百分点。纤维强度 2 48.9牛顿 ,纤维号 2 0 井 。     

纤维亚麻新品种双亚16号选育报告

双亚16号是以双亚七号为基础材料,利用γ射线辐照诱变结合组织培养技术并经田间单株决选育成。区域试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子平均公顷产量分别为4948.6kg、810.2kg、1220.4kg和659.2kg,比对照增产7.8%、15.5%、13.4%和14.3%。生产试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子平均hm2产量分别为5487.2kg、889.5kg、1426.9kg和577.3kg,分别比对照增产11.6%、18.9%、18.9%和8.6%。该品种是国内第一个应用组织培养结合物理诱变技术和常规育种技术选育出来的纤维用亚麻新品种,长麻率19.5%、全麻率31.2%、分别比对照高出1.7和2.6个百分点,纤维强度235.0N。作为高纤、抗逆性强纤维亚麻新品种于2012年3月通过黑龙江省农作物品种登记委员会登记推广。     

亚麻新品种双亚12号选育报告

双亚12号是杂交(双亚5号×Viking)育成的纤维亚麻新品种.该品种具有优质、高纤、抗逆性强等优点.区域试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为4947.5kg/hm2、811.0kg/hm2,1208.8kg/hm2和604.3kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产9.8%、14.5%、11.5%和9.3%.生产试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5567.8kg/hm2、874.2kg/hm2、1321.5kg/hm2和541.0kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产8.7%、16.4%、10.3%和8.8%.长麻率19.6%、全麻率29.8%,纤维强度257.3N.     

亚麻新品种“双亚八号”选育报告

“双亚八号”是以（K-6×FR2）F1×Viking杂交育成的早熟、优质、高纤维亚麻新品种。该品种1999-2001年参加全省区域试验与生产试验交叉试验。区域试验结果:原茎、纤维和种子分别为每hm25014.3kg、877.4kg和653.3kg,分别比对照品种Ariane（法国品种）增产10.5％、22.9％和11.3％。生产试验结果:原茎、纤维和种子hm2产量分别为5270.0kg、914.9kg和586.8kg,分别比对照增产6.9％、12.9％和10.10％。该品种长麻率21.1％,全麻率30％,纤维强度28.1kg。     

亚麻新品种"双亚七号"选育研究

"双亚七号"品种是采用复合杂交方法[(6409-669×Natasja)F1×78-99]×FR2,经混合个体选择育成的.该品种具有出麻率高,纤维品质好,种子产量高和多抗等优点.区域试验的原茎、纤维和种子每公顷分别为5831.5kg、664.3kg和493.1kg,分别比对照品种黑亚七号增产10%、23.1%和22.5%.生产试验的原茎、纤维和种子每公顷产量分别为4785.4kg、789.8kg和537.6kg,分别比对照品种黑亚七号增产8.7%、27%和34.4%,长麻率19.5%比对照高4个百分点.纤维强度248.9牛顿,纤维号20#.     

亚麻新品种双亚15号的选育

双亚15号是[87-424(双亚五号)×比引7号]杂交育成的纤维亚麻新品种.该品种具有优质、高纤抗逆性强等优点.区域试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5189.4kg/hm2、821.4kg/hm2、1233.0kg/hm2和652.7kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产11.8%、18.6%、15.0%和13.0%.生产试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5593.5kg/hm2、901.1kg/hm2、1376.5kg/hm2和634.9kg/hm2,分别比对照品种黑亚11号增产11.3%、18.3%、12.8%和9.5%.该品种长麻率19.2%、全麻率29.2%,纤维强度262N.     

亚麻新品种“双亚六号”的选育

双亚六号品种是采用复合杂交方法（７４１０－９５）Ｆ１×（黑亚三号×Ａｒｉａｎｅ）Ｆ１经混合个体选择育成的。该品种具有高产、稳产、高纤、多抗、熟期适中等优点，原茎、纤维和种子每公顷产量分别为６５８１．８４、９８５．６和６７８．８ｋｇ分别比对照品种黑亚七号增产１０．３％、３４．４％和２３．１％。长麻率１８．６％，比对照高３．１个百分点，纤维强度２８．６ｋｇ、可绕度５０．２ｍｍ、分裂度４５５ｍ·ｇ－１，属高纤优质品种。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.