麦类作物小孢子培养研究进展

植物小孢子培养研究对遗传学、分子生物学等具有重要意义。本文综述了麦类作物小孢子培养的基本步骤,包括供体植株的生长和收获、小孢子的预处理方法、小孢子的分离和纯化、影响胚胎发生的因素和胚状体的再生等,同时介绍了有关小孢子胚胎发生的细胞、分子生化机理的研究进展。为了促进小孢子由配子体发育向孢子体发育途径的转变,常采用物理、生理、化学等处理诱导雄核发育。离体小孢子培养以及有关细胞学和分子生化方面的研究将为明确雄核发育机理提供十分有用的信息。小孢子胚胎发生的细胞学研究已取得了显著进展,并分离鉴定出一些在小麦小孢子胚胎发生时表达的胚胎专一基因,但小孢子胚胎发生的机理尚未完全明确。     

植物游离小孢子培养

植物游离小孢子培养具有快速纯合基因型、促进植物胚胎发生和提高植株再生率的功能，同时在突变育种、分子标记辅助育种和基因工程研究中有着重要的意义。植物游离小孢子培养受外植体预处理、小孢子预处理、供体基因型、小孢子培养密度、培养基pH值和培养基成分等因素的影响。林木游离小孢子培养研究开展较少，其技术体系滞后，如在林木中大量开展游离小孢子培养工作有望改良当前林木育种落后的局面。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养技术及其单倍体应用研究进展

油菜小孢子培养已经成为油菜育种和生物技术的一项重要内容。由于影响小孢子成胚和成苗的因素较多,低诱导频率及成苗率严重限制了该技术在育种中的应用。为了全面了解小孢子胚状体发生能力及影响再生体系的各项因素,掌握该技术的研究动态和发展方向,总结了近20年来国内外影响小孢子培养的主要因素：供体植株基因型、供体植株生长条件及生理状态、小孢子发育时期、培养基组成、培养条件,及其在双单倍体育种、诱变育种、转基因育种等领域中的应用。     

γ射线和X射线对甘蓝型油菜小孢子胚状体再生的影响

采用60Co-γ射线辐照甘蓝型油菜初花期植株和X射线辐射甘蓝型油菜小孢子发育到单核晚期至二核早期的花蕾后,分离小孢子进行培养诱导胚状体和植株,探讨了适宜油菜小孢子诱变的剂量和诱变方法.结果表明,γ射线对油菜离体小孢子胚状体的发生和发育均有很大的抑制作用,15Gy和40Gy处理平均每花蕾小孢子的产胚量分别是0.574和0.268个,40Gy可作为小孢子诱变的参照剂量.X射线对4个基因型离体小孢子胚状体再生也有影响,40Gy处理平均每蕾小孢子产胚4.086个,80Gy处理为0.834个,120～200Gy处理下降到0.021～0.019个,120Gy以上的处理剂量严重阻碍了小孢子胚的发生.采用X射线80～120Gy较适宜油菜小孢子诱变.     

白芦笋游离小孢子培养初报

以白芦笋的4个基因型为试材,对游离小孢子培养及植株再生进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明,供体基因型对成功诱导愈伤组织发生起关键作用;花蕾长度为2.1～3.1mm时,大部分的小孢子处于单核晚期或双核期,最易培养出愈伤组织;游离小孢子培养于含有NAA2.0 mg/L、6-BA 1.0 mg/L液体培养基中,产生愈伤组织效果最好;游离小孢子来源的愈伤组织通过转瓶培养和植株再生诱导,能分化出无根绿芽。     

白菜游离小孢子培养高频胚诱导技术体系优化

为优化白菜游离小孢子培养高频胚诱导技术体系,以20个不同基因型白菜栽培品种为供试材料,对影响白菜游离小孢子胚诱导和植株再生因素进行研究。结果表明:有14个基因型产生了小孢子胚,不同基因型之间胚诱导率差异显著,表明基因型是影响小孢子胚发生的主要因素;通过对白菜游离小孢子培养高频胚诱导技术体系的优化,胚诱导率明显提高,最优组合为盛花期取蕾;花瓣长与花药长比为0.5~0.75;4℃低温预处理1 d;150 g/L蔗糖的NLN培养基33℃高温热激2 d,重新离心更换130 g/L蔗糖的NLN培养;激素最优组合为6-BA0.1 mg/L、NAA 0.5 mg/L;在培养基中添加活性炭有利于胚的形成,最佳浓度为0.5 g/L。     

美丽崖豆藤小孢子发育时期与花器形态的相关性

对美丽崖豆藤小孢子发育时期细胞学特征、小孢子不同发育时期花器官形态和花药颜色进行了观察;同时,对美丽崖豆藤小孢子不同发育时期的细胞学特征与花器官形态之间的相关性,以及花药外部形态指标与小孢子发育时期两者间的内在联系进行了研究.结果表明,美丽崖豆藤小孢子发育的四分体时期、单核期和双核期的特征差异明显.美丽崖豆藤小孢子发育时期与花蕾的外部形态特征、花药颜色密切相关,尤其与花蕾的大小关系密切.根据花器形态特征可以判断小孢子的发育时期,从而为美丽崖豆藤花药离体培养接种外植体的选择提供科学依据.     

不同基因型菜心游离小孢子培养和植株再生

以11个不同基因型的菜心栽培品种为试材,研究不同培养条件对菜心游离小孢子胚诱导和植株再生的影响。结果有7个基因型材料获得小孢子胚,从不同基因型诱导形成胚的频率存在显著差异,表明基因型是影响菜心小孢子胚发生的主要因素;第1天热激培养时用170 g/L高浓度蔗糖培养之后转换成含130 g/L蔗糖培养基能显著提高小孢子胚诱导率;0.05 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA能促进菜心小孢子诱导成胚;添加0.4 mg/L GA3可显著提高菜心小孢子胚芽诱导率和平均每胚出芽数。7个基因型材料均诱导出再生植株,植株诱导率为100%。     

陕农138小孢子不同发育时期蛋白质差异的比较分析

为了探索小麦花药发育过程中的蛋白质代谢机理,利用SDS-PAGE电泳对陕农138花药单核早期、单核中晚期和双核期小孢子的全蛋白电泳谱带进行了分析.结果表明,双核期同时出现2条明显的条带或表达丰度大的条带,其分子量分别为50.7、48.2 kD,而这两个条带分别在单核早期和单核中晚期单独出现,认为通过电泳所获得的这些差异蛋白很可能直接或间接参与小孢子发育过程中某些关键的代谢途径;单核中晚期是小麦花药培养中出愈率最高的时期,这些差异蛋白又很可能与小麦花药培养力的表达调控和代谢机理有关.     

禾谷类作物小孢子脱分化的生理生化机制

禾谷类作物小孢子脱分化是小孢子细胞外环境变化导致内环境改变,从而诱导代谢酶活性、代谢途径以及调控基因表达的变化,最终脱离原有分化状态发生发育途径改变的过程。经各种胁迫预处理后,离体小孢子内发生了饥饿作用、内源激素变化和抗氧化胁迫等一系列生理过程,使得正常发育的结构和信息被破坏或消除,细胞质发生重组,营养核去抑制化,最终实现脱分化。这一过程牵涉到复杂的生理与遗传调控,其中起关键作用的酶和基因主要有:蛋白质水解酶、乙烯和生长素作用相关酶类、氧化还原系统或抗胁迫系统相关酶类、花粉特异蛋白和细胞分裂周期相关蛋白,以及它们的调控基因。对它们进行一定的人为调控可有效地促进禾谷类作物小孢子脱分化和胚胎诱导。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.