Studies on the effect of curry leaves supplementation (Murraya koenigi) on lipid profile,glycated proteins and amino acids in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients

Curry leaves powder supplementation (12 g providing 2.5 g fibre) was carried out for a period of 1 month in 30 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. The parameters monitored at 1, 15 and 30 days were fasting and 2 h post-prandial blood sugar levels, serum total cholesterol and its lipoprotein fractions, triglycerides, total amino acids, uronic acid, glycosylated serum proteins and glysocylated low density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction. The results indicated a transient reduction in fasting and post-prandial blood sugar levels at 15-day period with no appreciable changes in serum glycosylated protein levels, glycosylated low density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction, serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol levels, uronic acid and total amino acids were observed during the supplementation period, i.e. either at 15 days or 30 days.     

Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissues lipids in diabetic rats

Tulasi leaf powder was fed at the 1% level in normal and diabetic rats for a period of one month to explore the effect on fasting blood sugar, uronic acid, total amino acids, and the lipid profile in serum and tissue lipids. The results indicated a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar, uronic acid, total amino acids, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids and total lipids. In liver, total cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipids were significantly lowered. Total lipids were significantly reduced in kidney. In heart, a significant fall in total cholesterol and phospholipids was observed. All these observations indicate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Tulasi in diabetic rats.     

Effects of sulphur,nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium, and water stress on dietary fibre fractions,starch, amino acids and on the biological value of potato protein

In pot experiments with greatly differing rates of N, P, K, and S, and 3 levels of water, dry matter (DM) yields of tubers varied from 28 to 454 g/pot. Especially P-, K- and S-deficiency reduced the starch content of boiled potatoes, from P from 74 to 59% in DM. S-deficiency increased soluble, insoluble and total digestible fibre (TDF) from about 9 to 12.4% TDF in DM of boiled potatoes. Lignin content of fresh potato DM was increased from 0.7 to 2.0 and from 0.8 to 3.7% by P- and K-deficiency. P-deficiency considerably increased arabinose, galactose, and uronic acid, and decreased glucose content. N-application and P-, K- and S-deficiency increased total- and NO₃-N concentrations which varied from 1.32 to 3.67% and from 17 to 400 ppm in DM. Water stress slightly decreased total-N content. Increasing N in DM, due to high N-rates or P- or K-deficiency, decreased concentrations in crude protein (CP) of all essential amino acids, whereas aspartic acid (asparagine) increased. S-deficiency caused particularly strong decreases in concentrations of essential amino acids from 1.28 to 0.49, 1.62 to 1.10, 5.24 to 3.68, and 5.59 to 2.57 g/16 g N of cystine, methionine, lysine and leucine, respectively. Glutamic acid (glutamine) content was increased from 15.7 to 27.6 g/16 g N by S-deficiency. Expressed as g amino acid/kg DM, all amino acid concentrations increased with increasing % N in DM. In N-balance trials with rats, increasing crude protein concentrations in DM of boiled potatoes increased the true digestibility (TD) of the protein from 72 to 90 but decreased the biological value (BV) from 89 to 65. S-deficiency caused a further reduction of the BV to 45. Excluding S-deficiency treatments, linear regression equations between CP concentrations and BV and TD gave correlation coefficients r of –0.94*** and 0.82***, respectively. There was close agreement between changes of BV and concentrations of first limiting amino acids (chemical score), with r=0.96***.     

苦丁茶冬青粗多糖的分离表征及其抗氧化活性研究

水提醇沉法分离制备苦丁茶冬青粗多糖样品,对其进行初步分离表征（包括总糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质、氨基酸含量和红外光谱分析）和体外抗氧化活性（清除DPPH·自由基、·OH自由基清除能力和还原能力）研究。结果表明,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖中总糖含量为30.67％、糖醛酸含量为12.72％、蛋白质含量为9.35％;含有16种氨基酸成分,总含量为7.72％,其中含有7种人体必需氨基酸,占氨基酸总量的40.41％;红外光谱显示该粗多糖样品中含有α-吡喃糖环结构;此外,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且其抗氧化活性与多糖浓度之间存在良好的量效关系。     

茶叶腌制过程中亚硝酸盐和游离氨基酸含量的动态变化分析

本实验以绿毛茶为原料进行腌制,分别对其安全性指标--亚硝酸盐含量,营养风味指标--游离氨基酸含量进行动态研究,结果发现:在3个月的腌制期间,亚硝酸盐与游离氨基酸的动态含量变化呈现相反的变化趋势;亚硝酸盐含量变化呈两度下降两度上升的总体下降趋势;游离氨基酸的含量呈三度上升三度下降的总体上升趋势.茶叶腌制后,并没有呈现一般果蔬类制品在腌制前期,亚硝酸盐含量快速上升的现象,却呈现亚硝酸盐含量总体下降的变化趋势,且远低于蔬菜<4 mg/g,酱腌菜<20 mg/g的国家安全控制标准.而游离氨基酸含量与果蔬腌制品一样呈现总体上扬的变化趋势.     

专用配方氨基酸叶面肥对乌龙茶树生理特性及品质的影响

以“铁观音”和“本山”乌龙茶品种为研究对象,开展专用配方氨基酸叶面肥对乌龙茶树的萌芽和产量、叶片形态特征、生理特性及品质成分的影响。结果显示：“铁观音”和“本山”茶树喷施专用配方氨基酸叶面肥,萌芽期可提早5~6 d,叶面积、叶片厚度和气孔密度均显著提高,鲜叶产量提高22.87%~35.68%,总叶绿素含量、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量均明显高于对照,茶的氨基酸含量显著高于对照,且1.5 g/L专用配方氨基酸叶面肥处理达到最大值。表明专用配方氨基酸叶面肥可促进“铁观音”和“本山”乌龙茶树的生长,提高叶片光合产物和品质成分含量。     

Cell wall composition and degradability of stem tissue from lucerne divergently selected for lignin and in vitro dry-matter disappearance

Lucerne populations that had previously been divergently selected for acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations of whole herbage were additionally divergently selected for in vitro dry-matter disappearance (IVDMD) of basal stems. Parental plants of the four selected populations were intercrossed and the half-sib progeny evaluated in a replicated field trial in 1988 over two harvests. Cell wall composition of basal stems was determined for detergent fibre components and neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin and esterified and etherified phenolic acids of the total fibre fraction. Lignin polymer composition was measured by nitrobenzene oxidation. Degradability of cell wall polysaccharide components was determined by a 48-h in vitro ruminal fermentation. Cell wall composition was changed by both selection criteria. Klason lignin proportion of the total fibre did not differ as a result of selection, whereas the ADL concentration of neutral detergent fibre was different among selection groups. The cell wall polysaccharides of lucerne basal stems shifted towards more cellulose (glucose residues) and less hemicellulose (xylose residues) with selection for either low ADL or high IVDMD. While degradability of the cell wall polysaccharides was correlated with various measures of lignin composition and concentration, the results were variable and inconclusive. Surprisingly, Kiason lignin and ADL were positively correlated with cell wall polysaccharide degradability, and esterified ferulic acid was negatively correlated with degradation of the cell wall. Selection for herbage ADL and basal stem IVDMD of lucerne did alter cell wall degradation, but the associated changes in cell wall lignification were not consistently correlated with cell wall degradability.     

茗科1号和金牡丹工夫红茶游离氨基酸组成特征分析

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定分析了茗科1号和金牡丹工夫红茶游离氨基酸组分,结果表明：茗科1号工夫红茶游离氨基酸总量为38.43 mg/g,金牡丹工夫红茶为37.20 mg/g。含量较高的氨基酸组分为茶氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸,其中茗科1号工夫红茶茶氨酸比例为（73.02±3.63）%,金牡丹工夫红茶茶氨酸比例为（66.82±7.94）%。茗科1号和金牡丹工夫红茶的氨基酸组分含量总体差异较小,与铁观音工夫红茶均有较大差异。通过主成分分析结果表明,丙氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸和赖氨酸可以作为金牡丹工夫红茶区分茗科1号、铁观音工夫红茶的氨基酸特征组分;半胱氨酸、天冬氨酸及酪氨酸可以作为茗科1号工夫红茶区分金牡丹、铁观音工夫红茶的氨基酸特征组分。     

武夷岩茶氨基酸组分及含量分析

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定分析大红袍、水仙、肉桂、雀舌、金毛猴和矮脚乌龙等6个品种武夷岩茶的游离氨基酸组分,结果表明:6个品种武夷岩茶均含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸含量品种间差异显著,武夷岩茶的游离氨基酸总量为75.82~107.12 mg/g;其中含量较高的为谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和亮氨酸。武夷岩茶的氨基酸中含有各种人体必需氨基酸,且比例均衡;必需氨基酸总量占30.47%~40.46%,药用氨基酸含量丰富,占氨基酸总量的61.29%~63.90%;呈鲜味的氨基酸含量也占氨基酸总量的23.80%~28.63%,因此,武夷岩茶具有较高的营养价值和保健功能。     

Carbohydrate analysis of plant materials with uronic acid-containing polysaccharides–A comparison between different hydrolysis and subsequent chromatographic analytical techniques

Acid hydrolysis, acid methanolysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis were compared for depolymerization of five different plant materials containing uronic acids. The analyzed plant materials were oat spelt, wheat straw, spruce thermomechanical pulp, aspen stemwood, and totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleached hardwood kraft pulp. Furthermore, GC (using both HP-1 and HP-5 capillary columns and FID and MSD detectors), HPAEC-PAD, and HPAEC-Borate techniques were compared for subsequent analysis of the released monosaccharides. It was shown that acid methanolysis combined with GC analysis is a convenient method for obtaining the sugar unit composition and amount of non-crystalline polysaccharides in different plant materials. The methanolysis method was generally superior to the hydrolysis method for xylan- and uronic acid-containing samples. However, acid and enzymatic hydrolysis showed the highest recoveries for bleached chemical pulp samples. Acid hydrolysis is also required for crystalline polysaccharides, but the strong acid conditions evidently lead to degradation of labile sugars. The plant methanolysates were not suitable as such for analysis on an HPAEC-PAD system. For analysis of the total amount of sugar units, hence including cellulose, other non-crystalline hemicelluloses, and pectins, a combination of the methanolysis and hydrolysis methods is recommended.     

Fertilizer effects on yield,mineral and amino acid composition,dietary fibre content and nutritive value of leeks

In pot experiments with greatly differing rates of N, P, S, K and Ca, dry matter (DM) yields of leek stems varied from 25 to 164 g/pot. Total-N and NO₃-N concentrations varied from 1.18 to 3.56% and from 10 to 1515 ppm in DM, respectively. Both N applications and P and K deficiency greatly increased total-N and NO₃-N content. S applications increased total-S content from 0.047 to 0.359% in DM, of which between approximately 100 to 25% were found in methionine+cystine. Total-N/total-S ratios decreased from 57 to 6 with the highest S level. P and K applications increased their respective content in DM two- and threefold. Severe Ca deficiency reduced Ca content from 0.495 to 0.045%. Iron, zinc, manganese and copper contents varied from 33–69, 14–26, 11–34 and 3.1–5.7 ppm in DM, respectively. Increasing N contents, whether due to N applications or P or K deficiency, decreased the content of all essential and some other amino acids in crude protein. Both S and severe P deficiency had a pronounced negative effect on amino acid composition and chemical score. Only glutamic acid (glutamine) and arginine were increased by increasing N contents. However, expressed as g/kg DM the concentrations of all amino acids were positively correlated with protein content. S and P deficiency reduced total dietary fibre (TDF) content of DM from 28.3 to 18.6% and 17.4%, respectively, of which between 53 and 60% were insoluble dietary fibre (IDF). Digestible energy (DE) was positively correlated with protein content (r=0.90**). In N-balance trials with rats, increasing protein concentrations (50% of total protein given as casein and supplemented with 1% methionine) raised the true digestibility (TD) of the protein from 44 to 72%. The biological value (BV) of protein was generally high, with a mean of 91.7 N deficiency tended to increase and S deficiency tended to decrease the BV.     

不同酶法提取工艺对茶多糖组成的影响

采用果胶酶、胰蛋白酶以及复合酶等3种提取法和不加酶水浸提法为对照,提取崂山粗老绿茶中的茶多糖(TPS)。结果表明,复合酶提取法的提取率最高,达到5.17±0.17%。对4种工艺获得的TPS用SepharoseFF阴离子交换柱进行分离纯化,收集主要的含糖组分,分别测定其多糖含量、单糖组成、氨基酸组成。结果表明4种工艺对提取的TPS的单糖组成种类影响不大,但对各单糖组分之间的比例稍有影响。4种工艺获得的TPS的总糖含量由高到低依次为果胶酶法、复合酶法、胰蛋白酶法以及不加酶水浸提法,其中果胶酶法获得的TPS总糖含量高达95.26±4.09%,但其糖醛酸含量比其他3种工艺显著降低。4种工艺对提取的TPS的氨基酸组成种类影响亦不大,但对各氨基酸的含量有较大的影响。果胶酶法、胰蛋白酶法提取的TPS的各氨基酸含量与不加酶水浸提法的相比有较大的减少。     

大豆主要抗原蛋白对鲤鱼肌肉营养成分的影响

以初始体质量(31.34±0.29)g的健康鲤鱼鱼种为试验对象,以鱼粉为对照组,β-伴大豆球蛋白的添加量为40 g.kg-1,大豆球蛋白的添加量为60 g.kg-1,各配制成3种等蛋白(360 g.kg-1)等能(15.2 MJ.kg-1)的半精制饲料,在室内单循环控温养殖系统中进行6周饲养试验,探讨大豆主要抗原蛋白(β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白)对鲤鱼肌肉主要营养成分的影响。结果表明:大豆主要抗原蛋白使鲤鱼肌肉中粗蛋白含量、必需氨基酸总量下降,但与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);鲤鱼肌肉中粗脂肪、粗灰分、氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,大豆主要抗原蛋白对鲤鱼肌肉营养成分尚未造成显著影响。     

The influence of milling on the nutritive value of flour from cereal grains. 6. Sorghum

Low-tannin sorghum was milled into flour with extraction rates between 100 and 64%. The nutritive value of the flours was studied by chemical analyses and in balance experiments with growing rats. The effects of amino acid supplementation was also examined. In general, the content of essential nutrients decreased when the extraction rate was lowered, but the content of fibre, tannins and phytate was also significantly reduced by milling. The digestibility of energy as well as protein was high, but the protein quality was poor, especially in flours of low extraction. Amino acid supplementation improved protein utilization and weight gain considerably. Femur zinc concentration was significantly depressed in the rats fed the amino acid supplemented diets, and sorghum seems to be a poor source of available zinc, in particular when it is highly refined. The poor zinc availability may be attributed to the high content of phytate.     

In vitro ruminal fermentation parameters and methane production of Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha) in a silvopastoral system associated with levels of protein supplementation

The addition of protein supplementation in a silvopastoral system can contribute to improved forage intake and digestibility. Our objective was to evaluate in vitro ruminal parameters, digestibility and gas production of Marandu palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] in a silvopastoral system and compare this to parameters obtained from diets with protein supplementation. Forage was sampled during the growing season (November to April) in 2016/17 and 2017/18. In vitro incubation treatments consisted of four levels of protein supplement (20% of crude protein; CP) in the diet (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg of body weight). The neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and indigestible neutral detergent fibre concentrations were highest in the first year. In the second year, CP concentration was 21% greater than in the first year. There was a linear increase for digestion rate, a quadratic effect for lag time and a linear decrease for average digestion time as supplementation levels were increased. The least lag time and digestion time occurred in the second year. There was no supplementation effect on ruminal pH, acetate and butyrate concentrations. Second-year in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was greater than in the first year. Increases in supplementation levels linearly enhanced IVDMD and reduced methane (CH₄) production. The inclusion of a protein supplement contributed to reduced CH₄ and increased volatile fatty acids production; therefore, we recommended the supplement inclusion of >0.28 g/kg of BW for animals grazing in well-managed palisadegrass pastures.     

The effect of an acid salt-type additive on the fermentation of grass silages made in bunker silos on commercial dairy farms in Wales

The fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of 57 first-cut and 30 second-cut samples of grass silages, made in bunker silos on commercial dairy farms in Wales in 1990, and treated with a nominal 61 t⁻¹ of an acid salt-type additive at ensilage, is described. Typical chemical composition of grass cut for ensilage was 156 g kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM) and 28 g kg⁻¹ water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), with 181 g (kg DM) ⁻¹ crude protein (CP) and 232 g (kg DM) ⁻¹ modified acid detergent fibre (MADF). The effect of additive use was to produce silages with DM 230 g kg⁻¹ pH 3·93, ammonia N 70 g kg⁻¹ total N, with residual WSC 35 g (kg DM) ⁻¹, lactic acid 83 g (kg DM) ⁻¹, total acids 118 g (kg DM) ⁻¹ and butyric acid 0·7 g (kg DM) ⁻¹. No significant differences were found between first- and second-cut silages. Silage fermentation was restricted (i.e. lactic acid less than 60 g kg DM⁻¹) in only 20% of the samples.
It is suggested that on commercial farms the application rate achieved may be insufficient to produce a restricted fermentation.     

The contribution of different groups of foodstuffs to the intake of dietary fibre

The intake of Dietary Fibre (which is defined as the sum of lignin and the polysaccharides not hydrolysed by the endogenous secretions of the human digestive tract) is derived from the plant cell walls in the diet and other non-structural polysaccharides either present naturally in foods, or derived from polysaccharide food additives such as gums or algal polysaccharides. The composition of this complex mixture, its chemical and physical properties, and therefore, the physiological effects associated with its ingestion, will vary according to the foods making up in the diet. While techniques for the measurement and characterisation of dietary fibre still call for a considerable amount of methodological development it is possible to obtain reliable estimates for the major components and the overall composition of these components. These show that in fruits and vegetables the total dietary fibre content (on a fresh weight basis) lies between 2 and 5 g/100 g with peas and beans being an exception in having higher contents. The dietary fibre in cereals varies with the cereal and the reate of extraction used; for example, wholemeal wheat flours contain between 12 and 15 g/100 g whereas white wheat flour (72% extraction) contains between 3 and 4 g/100 g. Wheat bran and related products have much higher contents. The proportion of the dietary fibre present as cellulose does not show great variablility but lignin is extremely variable. Fruits and vegetables contain very small amounts of lignin unless they have lignified seeds or special lignified tissues. The non-cellulosic polysaccharides of fruits and vegetables are characteristically rich in uronic acids (from pectic substances) and arabino-galactans. In cereals β-glucans and arabino-xylans predominate and wheat bran and wholemeal wheat and rye flours are particularly rich in arabino-xylans. The amounds and composition of the dietary fibre in foods commonly forming the diet eaten in the United Kingdom will be reviewed and their contribution to the diet as a whole will be discussed. Changes in the pattern of food consumption in the United Kingdom in the past century will be discussed in relation to the effects that these have had on the consumption of dietary fibre.     

Isolation and chemical evaluation of protein from water hyacinth

Leaf protein isolate from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) was prepared and the chemical composition was studied. It contained 49.6% protein, 16.0% total lipids, 26.9% total carbohydrates, 1.7% fibre and 5.8% ash. Calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese and potassium were determined. Nutritional properties of the isolate are discussed in relation to its amino acid composition and to its in vitro digestibility by proteolytic enzymes. Comparison with the FAO/WHO reference pattern showed that all of the essential amino acids were present at high levels in the leaf protein isolate. The limiting amino acid in the isolate was methionine (i.e., methionine + cystine). In vitro digestibility was highest with digestion by pepsin followed by pancreatin and lowest with digestion by pepsin alone. Digestion with pancreatin alone gave intermediate values.     

番木瓜,橄榄蜂花粉营养成分的分析与评价

经测定,番木瓜、橄榄蜂花粉的蛋白质含量分别为２１．８３１％和１９．１９４％;总糖含量分别为２２．６６％及２２．０８％冰解氨基酸的总含量分别为２１．７０７％和２３．３０７％,游离氨基酸的总含量分别是３９４．２５７ｍｇ／１００ｇ和５６２．９４１ｍｇ／１００ｇ,两者均具８种人体必需氨基酸,总含量分别为９．１１８％和８．８５１％,比值与ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ（１９７３）提出的理想蛋白质中人体必需氨基酸的比率模式接近,氨基酸分分别为７７．７和９２．６,番木瓜的限制性氨基酸为亮氨酸和缬氨酸,橄榄的限制性氨基酸为完氨酸。不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总含量的６８．７９％和６７．７９％,多烯不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值分别为１．６９及１．４３。番木瓜、橄榄蜂花粉含１０种维生素,其中维生素Ｃ含量最高,分别达到５０．３２ｍｇ／１００ｇ和３５．４１ｍｇ／１００ｇ;番木瓜、橄榄蜂花粉除磷、钙、锌的含量普遍较高外,多数矿质元素的含量与其他果树蜂花粉相近。     

白背飞虱在抗感稻株上分泌蜜露的氨基酸成分分析

白背飞虱吸食水稻植株的韧皮部,影响其正常生长。近年来,由此而引起的水稻产量损失愈加明显。推广种植抗虫品种有效地阻止了飞虱在其上取食与建立种群,在防治此虫中发挥了十分重要的作用。水稻抗虫品种对白背飞虱产生的不良影响是多方面的。为了探索稻株韧皮部内营养成分对飞虱的影响,我们采用间接的方法分析了飞虱取食抗感稻株后分泌的蜜露中氨基酸的成分与含量。1 材料与方法1.1 蜜露的收集测定蜜露中游离氯基酸总量时选用的抗白背飞虱