SNP和SSR标记在小麦Heyne×Lakin重组自交系群体中的偏分离分析

为探究小麦偏分离规律及给小麦农艺性状的QTL定位研究提供相关信息,对普通小麦Heyne×Lakin的145个重组自交系的2 241个标记基因型(包括2 071个SNP标记和170个SSR标记)进行连锁作图及偏分离分析,检测SNP和SSR标记偏分离的热点区域(SDR)。结果表明,共有2 197个标记(占总标记数的98.0%)定位在覆盖小麦21条染色体的42个连锁群中,连锁遗传图谱的总长度为2 265.9cM,标记间的平均遗传距离为1.03cM。在连锁遗传图谱中,共有230个标记位点表现偏分离,占总标记数的10.5%。其中164个标记偏向父本Lakin,占偏分离标记数的71.3%;66个标记偏向母本Heyne,占偏分离标记数的28.7%。检测到11个SDRs,分别位于2A、2B、2D、3B、5D、6B和7A染色体上,其中有5个SDRs偏向母本Heyne,6个SDRs偏向父本Lakin,推测这些偏分离热点区域的形成可能与配子体选择有关。     

利用SNP标记和宁7840×Clark重组自交系(RIL)群体检测小麦染色体偏分离区域

为给小麦偏分离规律研究及小麦农艺性状的QTL定位研究提供相关信息,以普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)宁7840和Clark杂交得到的F12重组自交系(RIL)为试验材料,利用筛选出的2 404个单核苷酸多态性SNP标记和291个SSR标记对该群体进行遗传分析。结果表明,共有494个标记位点表现偏分离,占总标记数的18.3%,其中有429个标记偏向父本Clark,占偏分离标记数的86.8%,65个标记偏向母本宁7840,占偏分离标记数的13.2%。大多数偏分离标记在连锁图谱上成簇分布,形成偏分离区域(Segregation distortion region,SDR),共检测到33个SDR,分别位于1A、1B、2A、2B、3A、4B、5A、6A、6B、7A、7B和7D染色体上,其中有6个SDR偏向母本宁7840,27个SDR偏向父本Clark。杂合致死基因Ne2、导致偏分离的QSd.ksu-7D、核质互作增强子基因scs所在染色体区间分别与SDR-2B.1、SDR-7D.1、SDR-1A.2存在部分重合,这3个SDR中可能存在上述基因或其同源基因,在合子体选择和配子体选择共同作用下造成偏分离,形成SDR。     

水稻SSR及Indel分子标记在籼粳交F_2群体的偏分离分析

偏分离是指遗传标记的观察频率偏离预期的孟德尔式分离频率的现象,其可以增加群体中杂合等位基因或者异型染色体的频率,是一种重要的进化动力。本研究以粳稻材料日本晴及籼稻材料千粒稻为亲本获得80株F2群体,构建了一张含92对SSR标记和44对Indel标记的遗传图谱。结果发现,F2群体中,116个标记表现为偏分离现象(85.29%),其中79个极度偏分离(68.10%)。偏分离标记中由合子偏分离引起的有20个,配子偏分离引起的93个,RM3484,RM3702,os7-38.4既不是由合子选择引起也不是由配子选择引起。Indel标记偏分离率(97.72%)明显高于SSR标记偏分离率(79.34%),且所有偏分离标记皆偏向于千粒稻。结合本研究结果,对偏分离现象产生的原因进行了分析。     

小麦品系91260抗白粉基因的分子标记定位

白粉病是小麦的重要病害之一,可造成小麦严重减产。小麦品系91260具有优良的成株期白粉病抗性并对白粉菌生理小种E09免疫。为给抗白粉病小麦育种提供参考,本研究对抗病品系91260和感病品种豫麦49的杂交F₂代群体进行遗传分析。结果发现,F₂代群体中抗感植株的分离比为9∶7,表明91260含有两对显性互补的抗白粉基因,暂时命名为Ml91260-1和Ml91260-2。SSR分子标记分析表明,Ml91260-1位于2AL染色体上,侧翼分子标记为Xcfa2263和Xwmc170,遗传距离分别是8.3 cM和4.1 cM;Ml91260-2位于2BL染色体上,侧翼分子标记为Xgpw4103和Xwmc332,遗传距离分别是4.1 cM和6.7 cM。其中,Ml91260-2是2BL上新的抗白粉病基因。     

小麦品种黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因的分子标记检测

为了改良小麦加工品质、提高小麦育种效率,利用位于7AL和7BL染色体上与黄色素含量相关的八氢番茄红素合酶（Phytoene synthase,PSY）基因PsyA1的标记YP7A、YP7A2,基因PsyB1的标记YP7B1、YP7B2、YP7B3、YP7B4,以及位于2AL染色体上的多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活性基因PpoA1 的标记PPO18,对221份冬小麦品种（系）进行黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因的等位变异检测。结果表明: (1) 在所检测的小麦品种（系）中,含低黄色素含量等位基因PsyA1b的材料78份,频率为35.3%;含低黄色素含量等位基因PsyB1b 的材料117份,频率为52.9%;含高黄色素含量等位基因PsyB1c的材料31份,频率为14.0%;含PsyB1d等位基因的材料4份,频率为1.8%;未发现携带PsyB1e的材料。（2）含低PPO活性等位基因PpoA1b的材料119份,频率为53.8%。(3) 在221份材料中,黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性基因型皆符合中国面条和馒头加工品质要求的品种仅25份,聚合多个优良基因的小麦品质改良工作急需加强。本实验使用的标记均为基因特异性功能标记,重复性好,准确率高,可有效地应用于小麦品质改良的分子标记辅助选择。     

小麦抗梭条花叶病的分子标记及QTL定位

为了探寻小麦抗梭条花叶病的遗传机制,以外引种质ARz与大面积推广品种扬麦158杂交获得的包含137个株系(F9)的重组自交系群体(RIL)为材料,连续三年利用人工病圃对其进行抗梭条花叶病鉴定,发现株系间抗性存在显著差异;利用SSR标记技术对该群体进行多态性分析,获得97个位点的多态性资料,用JionMap3.0对多态性位点进行遗传作图,共拟合获得了由66个SSR标记位点组成的17个连锁群,涉及2A、2D、3A、3B、3D、5A、7B、7D等8条染色体;使用MapQTL5.0对与群体抗性显著相关的连锁群进行区间作图,结果在2D染色体长臂上检测到1个与小麦梭条花叶病抗性相关的QTL,位于标记Xgwm539~Xgwm608之间,LOD值5.8,LOD值峰距标记Xgwm608 1.7 cM,加性效应值为-0.458,可解释24.7%的表型变异.该抗性基因来源于亲本ARz.这此结果表明,在小麦2D染色体上存在与小麦梭条花叶病抗性相关的位点,标记Xgwm608可以用于抗病性分子标记辅助选择.     

小麦BNS雄性不育基因连锁群分析和主效QTLs初步定位

为初步定位小麦温敏雄性不育系BNS中与不育相关的QTL及其所属连锁群,用BNS及其完全保持系郑麦366的F₂为作图群体,建立自交结实率和花粉可育率两个表型BSA池,选用均匀分布在小麦染色体上的710个SSR分子标记,在BSA池中筛选连锁标记,并进行QTL定位,同时用连锁标记引物在BNS DNA中重扩增,扩增产物序列在小麦基因组中进行比对,验证标记所属染色体并分子定位。结果表明,在2对BSA池中共筛选到12个连锁标记,涉及8个连锁群。单标记分析发现,5个连锁标记（Xwmc396、Xwmc517、Xbarc55、Xwmc332和Xwmc752）与不育QTL紧密连锁。用区间分析法分析发现,有2个主效不育QTL,分别为2B染色体上的 qBS1 （紧密连锁Xwmc332和Xbarc55）和7B染色体上的 qBS2 （紧密连锁Xwmc396和Xwmc517）。两个主效QTL的LOD值均大于5,贡献率均大于13%,且显性效应均大于加性效应。     

野生大豆×栽培大豆RIL群体高密度遗传图谱构建及SNP偏分离分析

通过研究野生大豆与栽培种大豆群体构建过程中产生的偏分离现象，发掘偏分离区间(Segregation Distortion Region, SDR)和候选基因，有助于探究偏分离在大豆中的产生机制。应用地方品种“一千粒”和野生品种“长岭野生豆”配置杂交组合，获得F₆代重组自交系(Recombinant Inbred Lines, RIL)株系200株，利用SLAF-seq进行测序分析，构建高密度遗传图谱，获得该群体可靠的4 564个SNP标记。偏分离分析发现，648个标记发生偏分离(P<0.05),占总标记的14.20%。获得22个SDR,分布在9个不同的染色体上。在SDR区间内共发现8个重度偏分离热点区域(Extreme Segregation Distortion, ESDR),分布在5个不同的染色体上，其中3个ESDR偏向父本野生型，5个ESDR偏向母本栽培型。利用基因功能注释及全基因组重测序数据，结合ESDR区域，影响胚胎发育(Glyma.01G051400)及雌配子体发育(Glyma.16G072700)的基因分别被认为是ESDR1-1和ESDR16-...     

用籼/籼交重组自交系群体构建的分子遗传图谱及其与籼/粳交群体的分子图谱的比较

为了最终实现对籼稻数量性状基因位点 (QTLs)精确定位 ,用一个包含 1 31个系的籼 /籼交重组自交系群体 (F6∶7)构建了分子遗传连锁图谱。该图谱含由 1 1 3个水稻探针、2 8个小麦探针揭示的 1 6 0个RFLP标记和由 5个PstⅠ /MseⅠ引物组合揭示的 78个AFLP标记。群体的杂合性比率接近期望值 ,表明该群体具有正常的遗传结构。在 6个染色体区域观察到标记的偏分离 ,表明即使在亚种内群体中也可能发生标记的偏分离。本图谱的总长度为 1 4 35 8cM ,相邻标记间的平均距离为 6 38cM。由于采用了一套日本水稻基因组计划 (RGP)的RFLP标记 ,使本图谱能与RGP图谱进行比较。结果表明 ,两个图谱上的共同标记所覆盖图谱总长度几乎相同 ;在水稻 1 2条染色体中的 9条表现完全的连锁保守性。此外 ,水稻的第 1号染色体与小麦的第 3组染色体具有很强共线性。但是 ,两个图谱间也存在明显的差异 ,在 1S、1L、4L和 8L 4个染色体臂上发现 4个小倒位 ;除第 5号和第 6号染色体外的其他染色体上共检测到 1 9个新的位点。籼稻亲本间在染色体臂 2S、7S、1 0L和 1 1S 4个区域的RFLP多态性很低或没有 ,从而导致籼稻图谱在这些区域呈现空白。在这个籼稻图谱中 ,未检测到第 1 1号和 1 2号染色体间的重复性。还就稻属在基因组进化中的染     

小麦地方品种黄方柱中赤霉病主效抗性位点 Fhb1的精细定位

位于小麦3BS染色体上的赤霉病抗性主效基因Fhb1的效应较大而且比较稳定,是培育抗赤霉病品种最常用和最可靠的位点。我国小麦地方品种黄方柱（HFZ）高抗赤霉病且在3BS染色体上携带Fhb1基因。本研究对HFZ/Wheaton重组自交系（RIL）群体的Fhb1位点进行分子标记检测,筛选到两个杂合子株系,并对这两个杂合子株系连续自交3代,衍生出2个次级分离群体（L30和L112）,将这两个次级分离群体在扬州大学农学院试验田种植,并在扬花期进行单花滴注接种鉴定赤霉病,调查这两个群体中各株系的病小穗数、病小穗率、病粒数和病粒率。结果表明,L30和L112两个群体的病小穗数和病小穗率均显著正相关,病粒数和病粒率均显著正相关。同时依据小麦3B染色体参考序列开发了7个新的多态性标记,分别是 X1550、X2214、X2300、X2357、X2455、X2460和X2467。用这些多态性分子标记进行基因型检测,在目标位点发现5个交换株系,根据基因型和病小穗率,进一步将Fhb1定位在分子标记 X2214与 X2357之间,在ctg0954b上这两个分子标记之间的物理距离约为143 kb,NCBI预测该区间有3个候选基因,但是FGENESH在相同区段预测了29个基因,说明目标区段所具有的基因数目很可能多于3个,但少于29个。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.     

大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收分配动态及相互关系的初步研究

大豆植株中其叶片的钼、氮、磷含量均高于茎杆、叶柄、繁殖器官高于营养器官。钾在整个生育期中都保持较高的水平,只是叶片中的含量低于其它器官。种子中的钼、氮、磷、钾含量都较高。大豆吸收钼及氮、磷、钾的数量因品种及各生育阶段而有差异,吸收量以结荚至鼓粒期为最多,鼓粒期以后,安农75—59的植株中氮、磷、钾吸收量明显下降,唯有钼还在继续吸收,而安激一号对钼及氮、磷、钾仍在吸收。大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收呈极显著的直线相关,尤其是钼与氮相关最明显。安农75—59亩产189.5kg,需要N素16.05kg,P_2O_54.25kg,K_2O8.43kg,微量元素Mo357.32mg。安激一号亩产214.5kg.需要N素18.00kg、P_2O_55.01kg、K_2O8.85kg、微量元素Mo449.57mg。安激一号的种子除糖、脂肪含量较低外,而氮、磷、钾、钼、维生素C的含量均高于安农75 59。     

Carbohydrase systems of Saccharophagus degradans degrading marine complex polysaccharides

Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 is a γ-subgroup proteobacterium capable of using many of the complex polysaccharides found in the marine environment for growth. To utilize these complex polysaccharides, this bacterium produces a plethora of carbohydrases dedicated to the processing of a carbohydrate class. Aiding in the identification of the contributing genes and enzymes is the known genome sequence for this bacterium. This review catalogs the genes and enzymes of the S. degradans genome that are likely to function in the systems for the utilization of agar, alginate, α- and β-glucans, chitin, mannans, pectins, and xylans and discusses the cell biology and genetics of each system as it functions to transfer carbon back to the bacterium.     

Blackgram fiber (Phaseolus mungo): Mechanism of hypoglycemic action

The effect of the administration of blackgram fiber (Phaseolusmungo) on the metabolism of carbohydrates was studied in rats fed 30%NDF (neutral detergent fiber) diet. The experimental group showed a significant increase in liverglycogen level and a significant decrease in blood glucose. Significantincreases in the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitratedehydrogenase were observed in the experimental group. The activities ofphosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly lower inrats fed the fiber diet. The study showed that blackgram fiber exhibitssignificant hypoglycemic action in experimental animals.     

基于颜色和形状的茶叶计算机识别研究

综合利用计算机视觉、图像处理技术,增加茶叶的形状参数,改进神经网络算法,实现了茶叶品质识别的自动化。研究中通过数码相机等直接得到茶叶图像,经过对图像格式进行转换和预处理,然后基于HSI模型提取的茶叶颜色特征参数和二值化后图像提取的茶叶形状特征参数,通过遗传神经网络,最后完成对茶叶的自动识别。实验结果表明此方法能取得更好的识别效果,计算机的检测结果与人工检测结果高度吻合。     

Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials

Multi-location data collected over 30 years in Finland on major cereal crops (spring barley, oat and wheat, and winter wheat and rye) provide an opportunity to characterise variation, interrelation and relative importance of the grain yield determining components, grain number per square meter (GNO) and single grain weight (SGW). In addition to evaluating differences among cereal crops in yield determination, changes among different age groups (AG) were compared. Field experiments were carried out in 1970–2001 at 25 locations in Finland. Grain yield was recorded (at 15% moisture) and SGW (mg) and GNO (number m⁻²) determined. Frequencies of different GNO and SGW combinations were analysed for all crops and component means in different yield groups as well as among four AGs. In most cases GNO dominated SGW, representing the major yield component determining grain yield. GNO was highly responsive to favourable growth conditions. The change in GNO was especially high when recurrent, relatively low yield groups were compared, while at higher yields the role of SGW became increasingly important, but did not exceed that of GNO. The degree of GNO domination varied according to crop. Increased grain yield in spring oat and winter rye was associated with higher numbers of set grain, while spring barley and winter wheat responded to yield favouring conditions also through higher SGW. Despite GNO dominated SGW due to its responsiveness to growing conditions, its role in yield improvement was not obvious when the entries (n ≥ 30) were classified into four AGs. Improvements in grain yield derived from AG were associated with crop-specific GNO and/or SGW changes.     

The Challenge of Ecophysiological Biodiversity for Biotechnological Applications of Marine Microalgae

In this review, we aim to explore the potential of microalgal biodiversity and ecology for biotechnological use. A deeper exploration of the biodiversity richness and ecophysiological properties of microalgae is crucial for enhancing their use for applicative purposes. After describing the actual biotechnological use of microalgae, we consider the multiple faces of taxonomical, morphological, functional and ecophysiological biodiversity of these organisms, and investigate how these properties could better serve the biotechnological field. Lastly, we propose new approaches to enhancing microalgal growth, photosynthesis, and synthesis of valuable products used in biotechnological fields, mainly focusing on culture conditions, especially light manipulations and genetic modifications.