利用SSR标记分析40个糯玉米自交系遗传多样性

利用SSR 标记研究了40个糯玉米自交系的遗传多样性。用32 对扩增带型稳定的SSR引物从供试材料中检测出152个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2～9个,平均4.75 个。SSR引物的PIC介于0.303～0.862,平均多态性信息量为0.632。利用UPGMA 聚类分系法将供试自交系划分为5 类,该划分结果与根据地理来源、种质系谱的分类结果基本一致。SSR分子标记辅助的自交系改良是糯玉米品种改良的重要途径。     

基于SLAF-seq技术分析甜、糯玉米种质遗传多样性

利用简化基因组测序技术SLAF-seq,对国内外引进选育的81份鲜食甜、糯玉米自交系进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,共获得803 058个SLAF标签,其中,多态性SLAF标签373 764个。通过序列分析,获得169 128个有效单核苷酸(SNP)多态标记,利用这些SNP标记分析和构建了81份鲜食甜、糯玉米资源的群体结构和系统发生树,并将其分为2个群。结果表明,简化基因组测序技术SLAF-seq能高效、低廉地开发出大量SNP标记,是作物种质资源群体遗传分析的有效工具。研究结果为甜玉米不同基因的聚合、温-热种质杂交育种、鲜食甜、糯玉米亚种间杂交育种提供依据,有利于鲜食甜、糯玉米自交系的高效利用、品种选育及杂种优势群的建立。     

玉米抗锈病自交系种质的发掘与评价

选用遗传育种上较为常用的184份玉米自交系(包括121份普通玉米和63份糯玉米),在两个环境下对锈病抗性进行鉴定,共筛选出K22、齐319、T2等18份高抗系和农大1145、中128、R-8等18份抗病系,普通玉米自交系中高抗和抗病的占26%,糯玉米自交系中只占6%。基于SNP标记基因频率的系统聚类将184份自交系划分为9个类群,从血缘类群上来看,普通玉米自交系中P类群最抗,塘四平头类群锈病抗性最差;糯玉米自交系中热带类群抗性稍好,所有类群间病情指数差异均达到极显著水平。     

利用SNP标记划分甜玉米自交系的杂种优势类群

利用1 031个SNP标记对39份甜玉米自交系进行基因型分析,结果表明,1 031个SNP标记在供试材料中的平均多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.290,最小等位基因频率(MAF)平均值为0.275。39份自交系间遗传距离变化范围为0.032~0.678,平均值为0.430。通过Neighbor-joining(NJ)聚类分析,将供试材料划分为5个类群,分别为华珍母本群、京甜糯2群、彩甜糯群、温带种质群和华珍父本群。5个类群间遗传距离变化范围较小,在0.394~0.445之间。华珍父本群与温带种质群之间的遗传距离为0.394,彩甜糯群与华珍父本群、温带种质群之间的遗传距离为0.445。     

利用SSR标记研究85个玉米自交系的遗传多样性

利用均匀分布在玉米基因组上的70对SSR引物研究了73个国内外早熟类群玉米自交系、6份CIMMYT标准测验种和6份国内标准测验种的遗传多样性。研究结果表明，70对引物在供试材料中共检测出286个等位基因变异，每对引物检测出2～8个等位基因，平均4.1个。每个位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化为0.18～0.81，平均为0.58。85个自交系之间的遗传相似系数变化范围在0.43～0.93之间，平均为0.66。UPGMA聚类分析表明，85份供试自交系划分为6个亚群合并后为A、B两大类群，主坐标分析结果与聚类分析结果相似，均与自交系系谱来源关系基本一致。外来种质和未知自交系被划分到相应的杂种优势类群。     

利用核心SNP标记划分辽宁省常用玉米自交系杂种优势群的研究

利用3个密度的SNP标记对44份玉米自交系进行杂种优势群划分,包括8份对照自交系和36份辽宁省常用育种自交系。利用56k玉米芯片共筛选得到了46 899个高质量的SNP标记,作为高密度SNP标记划分杂种优势群,然后筛选1 008、101个SNP标记分别作为中密度和低密度SNP标记用于分群。结果表明,部分自交系的遗传相似度达到90%以上,不宜作为不同自交系进行育种应用。3个密度下的SNP标记都有效地将待测玉米自交系划分为4个杂种优势群,分别为瑞德群、兰卡斯特群、旅大红骨与塘四平头混合群以及类PH4CV群。对比高密度SNP标记,利用中低密度SNP标记划分的杂种优势群内部分自交系间的遗传距离发生变化,不能精确解析杂种优势群群内自交系的亲缘关系。划分杂种优势群可以采用中低密度的SNP育种芯片;群内自交系亲缘关系的区分应该采用高密度SNP芯片。     

用SSR标记划分云南糯玉米地方品种资源遗传类群的研究

利用SSR标记对37个云南糯玉米地方品种遗传多样性和遗传关系进行研究,和5个国内主要自交系进行优势群的划分。结果表明:从国内外所用的63对核心引物中筛选出PIC值高、稳定的20对玉米核心SSR引物扩增出225个等位基因,平均多态信息量PIC值为0.87、标记索引系数MI值9.91、Shannon多样性指数I为0.54;37个云南糯玉米地方品种可划分为5大类群13个小类群;少数的云南糯玉米种质资源与常见的5大杂种优势群的遗传距离较近,而大多数资源则较远,可形成多个单独的类群,云南糯玉米地方种质资源具有广泛的遗传基础;来自不同地区或来自同一地区不同云南糯玉米资源与5大优势群之间的遗传相似度均有很大差异。     

玉米自交系生理成熟后子粒自然脱水速率分析

玉米生理成熟后子粒自然脱水速率是影响收获时子粒含水量的重要因素之一。以179份玉米自交系为试验材料,分别在生理成熟期和收获期测定子粒含水量,分析生理成熟后子粒脱水速率。通过聚类分析,179份玉米自交系按子粒脱水速率快慢可分为4类,属于子粒脱水速率快的自交系有13份,平均脱水速率为1.29%/d。利用2 824个SNP标记,将13份快速脱水的玉米自交系划分为5个杂种优势群,可为选育收获期子粒含水量低、适宜机收子粒的玉米品种提供参考。     

基于SSR标记的148份玉米自交系亲缘关系分析

利用40对核心SSR标记分析148份玉米自交系的遗传多样性与亲缘关系。结果表明,40对核心SSR标记在148份玉米自交系中共检测出136个等位变异,每个SSR标记得出的等位变异总数为2~6个,平均3.4个;有效等位基因数(Ne)变幅为1.232 3~5.005 0,平均2.393 9;基因多样性变幅为0.188 5~0.800 2,平均为0.525 2;引物的多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.178 1~0.770 5,平均0.461 7。利用UPGMA聚类法将148份玉米自交系划分为Reid、旅大红骨、PB、Lancaster、塘四平头、中间类群,共6个类群,其中,主要以Reid、旅大红骨、PB、Lancaster和塘四平头这5个类群为主,种群的划分与系谱基本吻合。     

黄淮海地区主要玉米自交系的SSR遗传多样性分析

利用70对SSR引物研究了我国黄淮海地区63份玉米自交系的遗传多样性。共检测出277个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2～7个,平均3.96个,每个位点的多态性信息量介于0.177～0.827,平均0.581。63份自交系之间的遗传相似系数变化范围在0.62～0.91。聚类分析表明,63份自交系被划分为4个群。在黄淮海地区利用的骨干种质为PA(Reid)、塘四平头(D)和PB(non-Reid),杂种优势模式主要为PA×塘四平头。群内平均遗传相似系数高于群间的平均遗传相似系数,生产上主要推广杂交种的亲本自交系大多来自不同杂种优势群。提供27对区分能力强的SSR引物,用于供试自交系的快速聚类,结果与系谱来源及70对引物的聚类结果基本一致。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.