饲用大豆小肽生产工艺的研究

采用酶解法制备饲用大豆小肽,对反应温度、底物浓度、反应时间、pH值、酶用量等生产工艺参数及饲用大豆小肽的脱色、分离等精制工艺流程进行了系统的研究.结果表明:最适生产工艺参数为温度45～48℃,pH8.0,底物浓度6%～8%,酶用量2%(W/V),反应时间4 h.此条件下水解度高达80%左右,低聚肽(分子量≤500D)含量达到80%以上,以2～4个氨基酸链为主.此生产工艺具有成本低,工序简单,小肽含量高,质量好等优点.     

芽孢菌固态发酵降解豆粕工艺研究

以工业副产物脱脂豆粕粉为原料,通过芽孢菌发酵将其水解得到大豆肽是对资源的有效利用.以水解度为指标,筛选到降解豆粕能力较强的芽孢菌4株,编号CHDl2、CHDl6、CHD21和CHD27;以大豆肽含量作为固态发酵产物的评价指标,从4株芽孢菌出发,得到适宜固态发酵降解豆粕的菌株组合(CHDl6 CHD27);通过两个(L934)正交试验对该组合的固态发酵工艺进行优化,结果为其产物的大豆肽含量达23.9%,比优化前所得产物的大豆肽含量(14.1%)提高69.5%,比未经发酵处理的培养基中大豆肽含量(4.14%)提高约4.8倍,大豆肽得率达60%.     

酶解法制备大豆小肽的工艺研究

以豆粕为发酵原料,利用复合酶酶解方法制备大豆小肽,筛选碱性、中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶进行复配酶解豆粕。结果表明:复合酶的最佳配比为碱性蛋白酶∶中性蛋白酶∶胰蛋白酶为3∶2∶1;酶解条件:p H8.5,反应温度50℃,反应时间4.5 h,水解度为94.55%,苦味值为3;小肽显示分子量分布范围:≤1 000 Da可达74.67%以上,其中≤500 Da占55.61%以上。综上试验结果可知,对比单酶、双酶及3种酶酶解豆粕的水解度和苦味值两项指标,3种酶组合使用更适合于制备水解度高、苦味低的大豆小肽。     

椰子球蛋白多肽-亚铁螯合物的制备工艺

为提高椰子加工副产物的利用, 对椰子球蛋白进行限制性水解制备多肽,并采用Sephadex G-25凝胶柱层析对多肽进行纯化,然后以椰子球蛋白多肽为原料与亚铁离子反应制备肽-亚铁离子螯合物。重点分析水解度、温度等因素对椰子球蛋白多肽亚铁离子络合能力的影响,并优化制备工艺。结果表明,用碱性蛋白酶结合风味蛋白酶制备的多肽的水解度最高（14.71%）,产物的亚铁离子螯合能力也最高（24.66%）;Sephadex G-25凝胶柱层析中分离出3个多肽组分,其中组分C的络合能力最高（28.67%）;椰子球蛋白多肽C螯合亚铁离子最佳条件是多肽浓度1 mg/mL、40 ℃、 pH 7.0、亚铁离子浓度0.5 mg/mL、时间0.5 h,此时螯合率为30.67%。荧光光谱、红外光谱等分析表明,椰子球蛋白多肽通过氨基、羧基和亚甲基与亚铁离子配位而形成螯合物。研究结果表明,用椰子球蛋白多肽为原料制备肽-亚铁螯合物切实可行,该螯合物可以应用于功能食品中来改善铁营养缺乏。     

铝胁迫下大豆根和叶中植物螯合肽和类金属硫蛋白的变化

采用不同铝浓度和不同处理时间,在溶液培养方式下分别研究了铝胁迫下大豆根和叶中植物螯合肽（PCs）和类金属硫蛋白（MTL）的诱导合成量。结果显示,2h和12h铝胁迫下, 诱导产生PCs量很少且与对照相比无明显变化,可能和诱导时间偏长有关或者表明铝胁迫下大豆组织并不能有效地产生PCs以螯合铝,来缓解铝毒害;而PCs产生的前体物质GSH,及MTL的诱导量和铝浓度之间存在一定相关性,其中GSH的含量变化在2h和12h铝处理下,随铝浓度变化分别呈现先下降后上升和先上升后下降的规律,MTL的含量随铝浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,但又有个别出现再上升的波浪变化,表明GSH和MTL对不同时间铝处理和不同浓度铝处理的响应都很敏感,所以二者的诱导量变化可作为植物铝胁迫下的参考指标。     

大豆低聚肽的研究进展

大豆低聚肽是大豆蛋白经过分离和纯化等处理后得到的小肽混合物。本文概述了大豆低聚肽的制备和分离纯化方法、大豆低聚肽的理化特性和功能特性及大豆低聚肽的应用。     

乳酸菌固态发酵制备花生蛋白肽及抗氧化活性研究

研究乳酸菌固态发酵制备花生蛋白肽,为进一步研究花生粕专用蛋白基料产品提供理论基础.本研究运用单因素和正交试验方法对固态发酵制备花生蛋白肽工艺条件进行优化,其最佳制备工艺条件为：营养盐溶液添加量25mL,乳酸菌液添加量5mL,25℃下发酵72h.此工艺下制备的花生蛋白肽的可溶性氮浓度达到70.92mg/mL,发酵液对1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除率为95.00％,羟自由基清除率为86.28％.花生蛋白肽的抗氧化活性结果显示,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率是74.19％,对铁离子和铜离子螯合率分别为17.71％和93.28％,对腊质过氧化的抑制率为36.03％,铁还原力和钼还原力吸光值分别为1.103和0.983.     

大豆肽的制备及其在养殖业中的应用

大豆肽是大豆蛋白经水解得到的低分子肽混合物,具有比大豆蛋白更优越的理化特性和生理功能,存很多领域引起广泛关注.综述大豆肽的制备方法及其在养殖业中的应用现状,为大豆肽应用于饲料添加剂提供参考.     

固态发酵大豆制备的抗氧化肽的活性分析

综合评价用固态发酵法制备的大豆抗氧化肽的抗氧化活性.通过T-AOC方法测定总抗氧化能力、通过水杨酸法测定·OH、通过邻苯三酚法测定O2ˉ、通过卵磷脂法测定脂质体过氧化、通过POV值法测定抗油脂自氧化.大豆抗氧化肽的总抗氧化能力为50.07 U、对羟基自由基的清除率达到85.68%、抑制邻苯三酚自氧化能力达到23.61 U/mL、抑制脂质体过氧化率为34.58%、对油脂过氧化抑制抑制率为30%.用固态发酵法制备出的大豆抗氧化肽具有较强的还原能力、能清除羟基自由基、抑制邻苯三酚自氧化,并能够对脂质体过氧化和油脂过氧化具有一定的清除作用能力.     

大豆功能肽的研究进展

大豆功能肽是以大豆分离蛋白或者豆粕为原料酶解生成的具有生理功能的小分子量肽类。大豆功能肽的分子量小、溶解性好,在食品工业中的广泛应用。并且,具有降低血清胆固醇、降低血压、消除疲劳作用和抗氧化等许多活性作用。本文对大豆功能肽的特性、制备方法以及生物学活性等方面进行综述。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.